Objective：To analyze the necessity of setting up a special department of cardiovascular disease in county level hospitals of Guizhou province. Methods：Seven counties in Guizhou Province were randomly selected as the study area，and a detailed list of the cost of new rural cooperative medical system (NRCMS) was obtained from agricultural cooperative agency of each county in 2015—2016. Data were analyzed by using SPSS20.0 software. Results：From 2015 to 2016，the number of hospitalized patients with cardiovascular disease in 7 counties and the number of patients flowing out the county both showed an increasing trend. The total cost of hospitalization in and out the county，self-paid and compensatory expenses were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion：Promoting of the specialist construction for cardiovascular disease in county-level hospitals with relatively mature conditions is of great significance，either for the patient，the hospital，the new rural cooperative medical fund，or the spirit of national health care reform.