Based on the descriptive analysis of human resources allocation in professional public health institutions in Jiangsu Province, Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve and Theil index were used to analyze the fairness of all kinds of health personnel allocation according to resident population and geographical area, which would provide basis for optimizing human resources allocation in professional public health institutions. The number of personnel in professional public health institutions in Jiangsu province was 7.79 per 10 000 population, but there were great differences among different cities. The Gini coefficient was fairly distributed by population and geographical area, which was less than 0.4 except for management personnelwhich is 0.533. Theil index showed that the regional contribution rate of human resources in professional public health institutions in Jiangsu province ranged from 68.76% to 72.01%. The differences of health human resources in professional public health institutions in Jiangsu province were mainly regional differences, and the fairness of health human resources allocation in some regions did not accord with the level of economic development and practical needs. It is necessary to reform personnel and authority, improve promotion mechanism and optimize human resources allocation in professional public health institutions with policy support as orientation.