Objective：To understand the height development，trend and urban - rural inequality of Uygur primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 in Xinjiang. Methods：The height of 18 112 Uygur primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 in Xinjiang by national students fitness and health survey report in 1985，2000，2010，and 2019 were selected，which were divided into four groups：urban boys，rural boys，urban girls，and rural girls. The growth increment at each stage，the growth rate every ten years，the age at peak height velocity and the coefficient of variation were calculated. The differences were analyzed by one - way ANOVA. Results：From 1985 to 2019，the height of Uyghur primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 years in Xinjiang showed an overall increasing trend. The average height of urban boys，rural boys，urban girls，and rural girls increased by 7.59，5.27，6.00，and 2.88 cm（all P ＜ 0.001）. The growth increment of each age group was different，and the growth rate of boys and urban students were larger. From 2010 to 2019，the height growth of urban students were the fastest（boys 4.65 cm/10 years，girls 4.97 cm/10 years），and that of rural students were the fastest（boys 4.04 cm/10 years，girls 3.22 cm/10 years）from 1985 to 2000. From 2000 to 2010，the height of boys and girls increased negatively. The age at peak height velocity of urban boys，rural boys and rural girls are relatively stable except that of urban girls enhanced，and there were downward trend in recent years. The average height of gender difference of 18-year-old Uyghur urban students increased from 11.39 cm in 1985 to 14.20 cm in 2019，and that of rural students increased from 11.44 cm in 1985 to 13.26 cm in 2019. The growth potential of rural students was large. The height inequality was measured by the coefficient of variation of height（CV-h）. The results show that rural CV-h had decreased，while urban CV-h had increased in the past 34 years. Since 2010，CV - h of urban students was larger than rural students，and boys was larger than girls in all survey years. Conclusion：The height of Uyghur primary and secondary school students aged 7- 18 years continues to increase，and the overall growth rate has slowed down，especially in rural areas，but the urban growth rate has increased；Uyghurs students have obvious height inequalities between urban and rural areas. The difference between urban and rural areas is expanding，and the inequality within urban areas is expanding，while that in rural areas is decreasing. More attention should be paid to these regional differences，and policies and strategies should be formulated to reduce height inequality.