In the recent years，as the center of energy metabolism，the role of hypothalamus in the development of obsity has been increasingly emphasised. Hypothalamic neural stem cells（htNSCs）which control adult neurogenesis play a crucial role in sensing the metabolic state of the body and maintaining energy balance by altering differentiation pathways，exosome functions，and mitigating inflammatory. By studying the hypothalamus and htNSCs，we can gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind energy metabolism disorders in obesity and identify potential therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic syndrome.