Objective：To analyze the correlation between peripheral blood nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptor protein 3（NLRP3）inflammasome-cysteine protease 1（Caspase-1）-interleukin 1β（IL-1β）signaling axis and lung cancer. Methods： From June 2021 to August 2023，72 patients with lung cancer in our hospital（lung cancer group）and 72 healthy subjects（healthy control group）were selected. The levels of NLRP3，Caspase-1，IL-1β in peripheral blood and peripheral blood of lung cancer control and healthy group subjects were compared and analyzed. The levels of pulmonary function[forced expiratory volume in one second （FEV₁），forced vital capacity（FVC），and ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity（FEV₁/FVC）] were compared. The correlation between peripheral blood NLRP3 and IL - 1β levels and FEV₁，FVC and FEV₁/FVC was analyzed. Results：The levels of FEV₁，FVC and FEV₁/FVC in lung cancer group were significantly lower than those in healthy control group（P ＜ 0.05）. The relative mRNA expression levels of Nlrp3，Caspase-1 and IL-1β，as well as the secretion levels of Caspase-1 and IL-1β in peripheral blood of lung cancer group were significantly higher than those of healthy control group（P ＜ 0.05）. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Nlrp3 gene mRNA relative expression levels in peripheral blood were significantly negatively correlated with FEV₁/FVC in lung cancer group（P ＜ 0.05）. The peripheral blood IL -1β secretion levels were significantly positively correlated with FEV₁ and FEV₁/FVC in lung cancer group（P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusion：Nlrp3 gene mRNA relative expression level in peripheral blood monocytes and peripheral blood IL-1β secretion level are positively correlated with the progression of lung cancer and can reflect the progression of lung cancer to a certain extent，which has potential reference value for the screening and diagnosis of lung cancer.