Chronic diseases have become the“top killers”of human health，with their incidence and absolute death numbers continuously rising，posing a significant challenge to prevention and control. Insulin resistance（IR），a core pathological driver of chronic diseases，disrupts glucolipid metabolism. The triglyceride-glucose（TyG）index quantifies this dysregulation through integrated triglycerides and fasting glucose measurements，providing significant predictive value for cardiovascular risks and adverse events. This paper summarizes the latest research on the associations between the TyG index，its related derivatives（such as long -term dynamic changes in the TyG index and TyG combined with anthropometric measures），and mortality risk from major chronic diseases，including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases，cancers，and respiratory diseases. It specifically focuses on evaluating the predictive value of these indices across diverse populations and for specific causes of death. This review aims to provide a scientific basis for risk assessment and early identification of high-risk individuals for chronic diseases，and to promote the further application of TyG-related biomarkers in the field of disease prognosis prediction.