Thyroid hormones (THs) have an important influence on metabolism, growth and energy expenditure in the human body and also play a key role in intestinal function. The thyroid gland mainly produces the thyroid prohormone tetraiodothyronine (T4) and a small amount of the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3).T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues, which influences cellular function by regulating gene expression through binding to nuclear receptors. Thyroid hormones are important for the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, intestinal immune function, and regulation of the intestinal microbiota. Altered intestinal function affects thyroid function, and the balance of intestinal flora is critical for thyroid hormone metabolism. Thyroid hormones maintain intestinal health by regulating the function of intestinal epithelial cells and stem cells, and influence the occurrence and development of intestinal-related diseases.