Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (HNRNPF) is a widely expressed RNA-binding protein primarily localized in the nucleus. It plays a crucial role in the maturation of mRNA precursors, facilitating their conversion into functional mRNAs through the recognition and binding of specific RNA sequences. Additionally, it regulates mRNA nuclear transport, enhances expression stability, and influences the transmission of tumor-related signaling pathways. HNRNPF exhibits abnormal expression in various malignant tumors and is strongly correlated with a poor prognosis. It actively participates in crucial biological processes including tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, thereby potentially serving as both a therapeutic target and a clinical prognostic marker. This paper aims to conduct a systematic review of the molecular structure, molecular function, expression patterns, and prognostic implications of HNRNPF in malignant neoplasms, along with its associated mechanism of action. The ultimate objective is to generate novel insights for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of malignant neoplasms.