During embryonic development, the eyes originate from the neural tube and share a common origin with the brain, resulting in highly similar anatomical structures and functional characteristics. In recent years, increasing evidence has revealed significant pathological correlations between ocular degenerative diseases and central nervous system neurodegenerative disorders. Typical ocular degenerative diseases—such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy—are not only major causes of visual impairment and blindness but also share close mechanistic links with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This article systematically explores the potential common pathological pathways between the brain and the eye in neurodegenerative diseases. It elaborates on the intrinsic connections between ocular and cerebral degeneration from the perspectives of toxic protein accumulation, myeloid cell dysfunction, abnormal activation of inflammatory responses, synaptic dysfunction, and impairment of lymphatic clearance systems. The aim is to provide new perspectives and research insights into the mechanisms, early intervention, and targeted treatment of neurodegenerative diseases affecting both the eye and the brain.