Non-vesicular extracellular nanoparticle (NVEP) are newly discovered nanoscale-sized particles released by cells. Two types of NVEPs with important intercellular communication functions are exomere (EM) and supermere (SM). They differ from extracellular vesicle (EV) in that they are not enclosed by a plasma membrane and have a smaller diameter. Both EMs and SMs contain various signaling molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and their primary function is to realize intercellular communication. The EMs or SMs transport signal molecules to target cells, and are taken up by the target cells, thereby regulating the phenotype and function of the cells. This review mainly focused on the latest research progress of EMs and SMs in the aspects of cell biology, pathophysiology, pathogenesis and potential value.