The classification of central nervous system diseases is complicated and the harm is serious. Due to the existence of blood brain barrier (BBB), the treatment of central nervous system diseases has great difficulties in drug delivery. Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS), as a new drug delivery system that delivers drugs into the blood circulation through the skin, has played a huge role in the treatment of central nervous system diseases in recent years. Due to its unique advantages of painless and convenient administration, transdermal patch has good patient compliance and therapeutic effect, and significantly reduces the first pass effect and adverse reactions. This paper reviews the application of transdermal patches in the treatment of central nervous system diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and mental diseases, and focuses on the research progress of new technologies such as nanocarriers and microneedles in improving the efficiency of drug delivery. However, individual differences and long-term drug safety are still urgent problems to be solved. Future research should focus on the development of new drug delivery technology and clinical transformation application, so as to promote the further development of TDDS in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.