Abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a pathogen that seriously endangers the health of infants and young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. There are no specific drugs or ideal vaccines for it. The virus is divided into two subtypes, A and B, with different antigenicities, and it shows periodic epidemics with a heavy global disease burden. The pre-F protein is a key target for vaccine development, and the level of specific antibodies it induces is closely related to immune protection. Children usually have higher antibody levels, while infants and the elderly have lower immunity. The prevention and control measures during the COVID-19 period significantly changed the epidemic pattern of RSV, causing a general decline in antibody levels in the population. The overall distribution of antibodies in the post-pandemic era is still unclear. Neutralizing antibodies are important indicators for evaluating protective effects, but existing detection methods still have deficiencies in terms of throughput, standardization, and accuracy, and there is a lack of an ideal unified solution. Current research mainly focuses on the antibody response after vaccination, confirming its subtype cross-reactivity and dynamic changes, but the changing patterns of neutralizing antibodies after natural infection are not well understood. In addition, the influencing factors of antibody levels and the short-term dynamic changes before and after the epidemic season have not been adequately studied. This article systematically reviews the virological and epidemiological characteristics of RSV, the research progress of the pre-F protein, the influencing factors of antibody levels in the population, and the current research status of neutralizing antibodies.