Objective:To analyze the effects of BMSCs transplantation on early osteoarthritis in rabbits. Methods:Seventy-two New Zealand white rabbits were randomly and equally divided into normal control group, early osteoarthritis control group and BMSCs transplantation group. Injection of BMSCs was given to the rabbits in the transplantation group on the fourth week after arthritis induction. The general information of animals,serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels,MRI,gross morphological and pathohistological changes were observed as well as Mankin scores. Results:Compared with the early osteoarthritis group,the rabbits of BMSCs group had a better gait;the serum TNF-αand IL-1β levels were decreased;MRI showed the diminution of low signal area,the thickness of articular cartilage got close to normal and without arthroedema; The surface of articular cartilage became evenness by gross morphology but the luster below the mark;histopathology indicated hyalo-chondrogenesis and to line up in order with equal thickness. Conclusion:BMSCs can induced into chondrocytes in articular cavity and be effective for early osteoarthritis in rabbits.