Objective:To study the risk factors and prevention measurements of complication of post-operation cognitive dysfunction(POCD)during transurethral resection of prostate(TURP). Methods:1 052 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients received TURP were retrospectively collected from 2005.7 to 2009.11,including 66 cases diagnosed of POCD. There were 11 evaluation indexes including of age,IPSS score,BMI,cardiopulmonary comorbidities,ASA score,volume of prostate,average operation time,anaesthesia way,transfusion in per-operation or not,second operation or not in short term,suffering psychosis or overdose or not. All above were analyzed with Chi-square test for mono-factor and two dimensional logistic regression analysis for multi-factor. Results:Chi-square test found that age over 73 years,IPSS score over 26,ASA score over Ⅱ,volume of prostate over 40 gram,average operational time over 46 min,comorbidities of cardiopulmonary,anaesthesia way,suffering psychosis or overdose and second operation in short term were significantly related to POCD(P < 0.05)except for other factors of BMI and transfusion in per-operation or not. Logistic regression found age over 73 years,ASA score over II,comorbidities of cardiopulmonary,anaesthesia way and suffering psychosis or overdose were significantly related to POCD(P < 0.05). Conclusion:Risk factors of POCD during TURP included age over 73 years,ASA rank score over II,comorbidities of cardiopulmonary,anaesthesia way(general anaesthesia)and suffering psychosis or overdose. Screen of the risk factors related to POCD will be useful for early diagnosis of POCD and prevention of other complication.