The 3D brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells（hPSCs），including embryonic stem cells（ESCs）and induced pluripotent stem cells（iPSCs），provides a new research model for brain development and neurological diseases. The iPSC reprogramming technology combined with 3D brain organoids technology can help researchers obtain syngeneic stem cells from patients directly and differentiate the iPSCs into almost any cells including neurons. The 3D brain organoids have become a bridge from animal experiments to clinical trials. This article reviews the history from the emergence of pluripotent stem cell technology to the birth and development of 3D brain organoids，and introduces the classic models of brain development and neurological diseases using 3D brain organoids as tools，and briefly mentions other applications of 3D brain organoids and the research progress of the related technologies. The limitations and future directions of 3D brain organoids are also discussed.