Cerebral small vessel disease（CSVD）is a series of age-related vascular disease that involves in a variety of pathologies. Increasing evidence has shown that CSVD is closely related to the occurrence of cognitive function. At present，the pathogenesis of CSVD and how it affects cognition are not yet fully understood，so there are no established treatment strategies for either preventing or treating CSVD. Combining the definition，classification，pathophysiology，and animal models of CSVD，this article reviews the clinical research and treatment of CSVD and related cognitive dysfunction.