Objective：To evaluate the effect of a new collagen-type artificial bone graft on the repair of alveolar bone defect after single tooth extraction. Methods：A total of 89 patients with a single molar planned to be extracted at our institution were included and randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was implanted with the new collagen-type bone graft while the control group was implanted with Bio-Oss collagen immediately after tooth extraction. After then，all wounds were coated by the absorbable biological membrane. The height，width and density of alveolar bone were tested by CBCT immediately and 6 months after surgery，and clinical examinations were conducted three times during the period. Results：There was no significant difference in the change of alveolar bone height and width between the experimental group and the control group（P > 0.05）. In the experimental group，the lingual bone height decreased by（0.75 ± 0.95）mm，while no significant change was found in the buccal bone height and the width. In the control group，the height decreased by（0.54 ± 1.47）mm in the buccal and decreased by（1.20 ± 1.18）mm in the lingual，whereas bone width did not change significantly. Bone density of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group immediately after surgery（P < 0.01），but no significant differences were found between the two groups 6 months after surgery（P > 0.05）. Clinical examination showed that there was no significant difference in wound healing score between the two groups. Conclusion：The new collagen-type artificial bone graft has similar effects to Bio-Oss collagen on the repair of alveolar bone defect after extraction，and is slightly better in preservation of the buccal bone.