Objective: To evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of rural residents in China and analyze health-related factors. Methods: EQ-5D instrument was used to measure the health state. Results: People’s health in east, middle and west China were different obviously. Women’s health was worse than men. People with higher education had better health while low-income population were meeting more health problems. More people had problems at the dimensions of “pain/discomfort” and “anxiety/depression”. Conclusions: Health policy making should pay more attention to people’s main health problems. Health of vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, low-income people should be protected as a top priority in order to improve equity in health.