Objective: To observe the effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) on the gene expressions of transcription factors (PDX-1, PAX-6 and NKx2.2) in freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets and investigate the associated physiological and therapeutic implication of GLP-1. Methods: The isolated rat islets were incubated with 10 nmol/L GLP-1 for 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. Total cellular RNA was extracted and the expressions of PDX-1, PAX-6 and NKx2.2 gene were detected by semiquantity RT-PCR. Results: Compared with the control group, the PDX-1, PAX-6 and NKx2.2 gene expressions were significantly increased after co-cultured with GLP-1 for 1 day (P ＜ 0.05). The effect was shown in a time-dependent manner. All three gene expressions reached the peak on the 5th day. Conclusion: GLP-1 can improve the function of pancreatic islet by regulating the gene expressions of transcription factors in β cells.