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通讯作者:

陆超,E-mail:luchaodoctor@163.com

中图分类号:R733.71

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)10-1402-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221008

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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 18
YOON J H,KIM H J,MIN G J,et al.Progressive hyper⁃ leukocytosis is a relevant predictive marker for differentia⁃ tion syndrome,early death,and subsequent relapse in acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):11935
参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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ARNOULD C,PHILIPPE C,BOURDON V,et al.The sig⁃ nal transducer and activator of transcription STAT5b gene is a new partner of retinoic acid receptor alpha in acute promyelocytic⁃like leukaemia[J].Hum Mol Genet,1999,8(9):1741-1749
参考文献 22
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:总结儿童及青少年急性早幼粒细胞白血病诊治中的主要并发症,分析其发生的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析 2010年1月—2021年5月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的43例初诊急性早幼粒细胞白血病儿童及青少年病例,总结分析各类并发症的发病率,根据分化综合征临床诊断标准分为分化综合征组和非分化综合征组,采用多因素Logistic回归分析分化综合征发生的危险因素,采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析评估患者的累积无事件生存率和总生存期。结果:43例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者中,与非分化综合征组比较,分化综合征组的维甲酸诱导后血清铁蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白蛋白都高于非分化综合征组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示,外周血白细胞数(white blood cell,WBC)最高值(WBCmax)、血清铁蛋白、LDH和IL-6显著升高是诱导治疗期间发生分化综合征的独立危险因素(P < 0.01)。高危组和低危组累积总生存率和无事件生存率相比,差异无统计学意义。结论:儿童及青少年急性早幼粒细胞白血病诊治过程中可出现出血和分化综合征等多种并发症。维甲酸诱导治疗后的WBC、LDH、血清铁蛋白和 IL-6 等炎症因子过度升高是发生分化综合征的危险因素。

    Abstract

    Objective:To summarize the major complications of acute promyelocytic leukemia in children and adolescents and to analyze the risk factors. Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed for children and adolescents with primary acute promyelocytic leukemia admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2010 to May 2021. The incidences of various complications were summarized. The risk factors for the occurrence of differentiation syndrome was evaluated with logistic multi- variate regression. Kaplan -Meier survival analysis was used to assesse the cumulative event -free survival(EFS)and overall survival (OS)of the patients. Results:In 43 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia,the levels of serum ferritin,lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),interleukin-6(IL-6)and albumin(ALB)in the differentiation syndrome group were significantly higher than those in the non-differentiation syndrome group(P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that WBCmax,serum ferritin, LDH and IL-6 were significantly increased,which were independent risk factors for differentiation syndrome during induction treatment (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in cumulative OS rate and EFS rate between high - risk group and low - risk group. Conclusion:Various complications including bleeding and differentiation syndrome may be observed during the initial period and duration of therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia in children and adolescents. Excessive increases of leukocyte count and inflammatory factors such as LDH,serum ferritin and IL-6 after retinoic acid induction therapy are the risk factors for the occurrence of differentiation syndrome.

  • 急性早幼粒细胞白血病是急性髓系白血病预后极佳的亚型,French⁃American⁃British(FAB)协作组分类为M3型。早幼粒细胞白血病在儿童与青少年中发病率一般占髓系白血病的10%~15%[1-3]。分子遗传学方面研究显示早幼粒细胞白血病是由于15号与17号染色体易位,造成早幼粒细胞白血病基因(promyelocytic leukemia gene,PML)与维甲酸受体基因(retinoic acid receptor gene alpha,RARα)发生了融合,经典型恶性白细胞克隆性增加[14]。新近的研究显示RARα也与NPM1、NUMA1、PLZF、STAT5b等基因融合,形成变异型急性早幼粒细胞白血病[5-9]。近年来,尽管随着维甲酸、砷剂、蒽环类化疗药物的综合使用,早幼粒细胞白血病的治愈率已大幅度上升,但是仍然有一部分患者在诊治过程中死于各种并发症,如分化综合征、弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)、重症感染、心脏疾病等[10-12]。本研究总结了南京医科大学第一附属医院十多年来儿童与青少年的急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床资料,重点分析了各种并发症及其发生的危险因素,探讨其防范策略,以期提高儿童及青少年患者的生存率。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集南京医科大学第一附属医院2010年1月 —2021年5月收治的急性早幼粒细胞白血病儿童及青少年病例共43例。所有患者均经细胞形态学、细胞遗传学和分子生物学确诊。其中,男26例,女17例,中位年龄9.8岁(2~18岁)。诊断标准为:具有典型的急性早幼粒细胞白血病的细胞形态学表现、免疫组化过氧化酶染色强阳性、流式细胞术分析免疫学表型为CD33、CD13、CD117等阳性[1]。染色体核型分析t(15;17)或荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)或反转录⁃ PCR(reverse transcription PCR,RT⁃PCR)示PML⁃RARα阳性为经典型早幼粒细胞性白血病。检验STAT5b ⁃RARα、 PLZF⁃RARα、MUMA⁃RARα、NPM⁃RARα、F1P1L1⁃RARα 等融合基因,分析变异型早幼粒细胞白血病。危险度分组:①低危组:诱导诊治前外周血白细胞数 (white blood cell,WBC)≤10×109 个/L;②高危组:诱导诊治前外周血WBC> 10×109 个/L。43例患儿治疗前均签署化疗知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 化疗方案

  • 34例采用卫生部2010版儿童与成人APL临床治疗指南,9例采用上海儿童医学中心SCMC APL⁃2010方案化疗[13]。基本方案:①诱导治疗:联合使用全反式维甲酸(all⁃trans retinoic acid,ATRA; 1.5mg/m2,d1-28)和三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide,ATO; 0.2mg/kg,d1-28),发病时WBC> 10×109 个/L或第8天后WBC> 20 × 109 个/L,予柔红霉素(daunorubicin, DNR;40mg/m2,d1-10)和阿糖胞苷(cytarabine,Ara⁃c; 100mg/m2,d8-12)。②巩固治疗:DNR(40mg/m2, d1-3),Ara⁃c(100mg/m2,每周1次,d1-7)。③标准治疗:ATRA(25mg/m2,d1-28),Ara⁃c(25mg/m2,每12h 1次,d8-12),高三尖杉(3mg/m2,d1-7),ATO(0.2mg/kg, d1-14),休疗14d,Arc⁃c(75mg/m2,每12h 1次,d8-12) 和巯嘌呤(75mg/m2,d1-7)4个疗程。中枢神经系统白血病的预防治疗为:诱导治疗期间,鞘内注射1次甲氨喋呤(methotrexate,MTX)+阿糖胞苷+地塞米松。完全缓解后,巩固治疗期间每阶段各1次,维持治疗期间每3个月鞘注1次。

  • 1.2.2 并发症诊断标准、疗效与不良反应事件分析

  • 分化综合征的诊断标准参照文献[10],症状体征包括不明原因发热、体重增加、呼吸困难、低血压、肾功能不全、多浆膜腔积液、胸部影像学检查提示肺间质浸润,并排除肺部感染、肺出血、充血性心力衰竭等。在诊断分化综合征的当天检测血清乳酸脱氢酶 (lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、血清铁蛋白(serum ferritsn,SF)、C反应蛋白 (C⁃reactive protein,CRP)、降钙素原(procalcitonin, PCT)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃2、IL⁃4、IL⁃6、 IL ⁃10及肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor⁃α, TNF⁃α)等炎症指标。总生存期(overall survival, OS):指患者从诊断到各种原因死亡的时间。无事件生存期(event free survival,EFS):指白细胞疾病自诊断到复发或死亡的时间间隔。

  • 1.2.3 随访

  • 利用门急诊病历和网络等随访预后,分析骨髓细胞形态学,根据免疫荧光原位杂交或RT⁃PCR等方法测定PML/RARα定性或定量结果、脑脊液细胞学等,总结是否复发、死亡原因、是否发生不良事件等。随访时间截至2021年5月30日,随访时间0.1~10.0年,中位随访时间7.5年。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS23软件进行分析,对服从正态分布或近似正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,对不服从正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用非参数检验。计数资料用例数表示,组间比较运用卡方检验或Fisher精确概率法检验。进行受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)及曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC) 评估分析。多因素风险分析采用Logistic回归模型。利用Kaplan⁃Meier法进行生存分析,绘制生存曲线。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 分组与染色体核型分析

  • 43例急性早幼粒细胞白血病儿童及青少年,初发WBC> 10×109 个/L 15例,< 10×109 个/L 28例。中位WBC 12.1×109 个/L,中位血小板数46.5×109 个/L,中位血红蛋白60.5g/L。高危组15例,低危组28例。 43例患者流式细胞免疫学表型分析示CD13、CD33、 CD117阳性表达。骨髓染色体核型分析示42例为经典型或伴有t(15;17)易位的复杂核型。1例为STAT5b⁃RARα基因融合阳性(图1示红绿色融合,可显为黄色),其染色体分析示变异核型:46,XY,del (5)(q32)/46,XY(图2)。

  • 图1 荧光原位杂交实验显示STAT5b⁃RARα融合基因阳性(×400)

  • Fig.1 Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated a positive expression of STAT5b ⁃ RARα fusion gene(×400)

  • 图2 染色体核型分析

  • Fig.2 Chromosome karyotype analysis

  • 2.2 并发症分析

  • 初发病时,43例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者中有40例表现为不同程度的鼻腔、牙龈、皮肤、黏膜、结膜出血,有发热13例、肺出血5例、肝功能不全25例、心衰2例、肾功能不全3例;诱导缓解和维持治疗期间,发生分化综合征14例,达到DIC的临床决策支持系统(clinical decision support system, CDSS)评分≥6分者15例,56例次出现骨髓抑制合并菌血症或脓毒症,7例次发生重度肺出血,5例需机械通气治疗,5例颅内出血,2例抽搐,2例渗出性出血性视网膜病(予眼病专科玻璃体切割手术)。5例消化道出血,32例肝功能损害,9例心肌损害,2例QT间期延长。

  • 2.3 分化综合征的临床特点

  • 14 例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者在使用维甲酸治疗后,表现为不同程度的外周血白细胞逐渐升高(14 例),发热(11 例),呼吸困难或呼吸窘迫 (12 例),胸腔积液(10例),心包积液(8例),肺水肿 (8例),低血压(6例),全身水肿(12例),骨痛(6例),头痛(6例),心力衰竭(7例),肾功能不全(6例),渗出性出血性视网膜病(4例),达到了分化综合征的诊断标准,作为分化综合征组,其余29 例为非分化综合征组。两组比较,分化综合征组的血清铁蛋白、LDH、IL⁃6、ALB等,都高于非分化综合征组,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05)。性别、初诊时WBC、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、血小板(platelet,PLT)、部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、PCT、IL⁃2、IL⁃4、IL⁃10、CRP、维甲酸诱导后WBC最高值(WBCmax),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表1)。

  • 2.4 分化综合征临床特点的ROC曲线分析

  • 对分化综合征患者的临床检测指标进行ROC曲线分析,结果显示,WBCmax、血清铁蛋白、LDH、 IL⁃6、ALB等ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.951、 0.869、0.813、0.830、0.751,P均< 0.05。其最高约登指数对应cut⁃off值分别为WBCmax≥49.5×109 个/L、血清铁蛋白≥3 499.5ng/mL、LDH ≥2 243.5U/L、 IL⁃6 ≥801.25pg/mL、ALB≤27.95g/L,即分化综合征风险发生的临界值。CRP的AUC小于0.7,为0.617,临床风险评估价值小(图3)。

  • 2.5 多因素Logistic分析分化综合征发生的危险因素

  • 对43例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者进行多因素Logistic逐步回归分析。结果显示,WBCmax≥49.5 × 109 个/L、血清铁蛋白≥3 499.5ng/mL、LDH≥2 243.5U/L、IL⁃6≥801.25pg/mL,是诱导治疗期间发生分化综合征的独立危险因素(P< 0.01)。而初诊WBC、ALB、 TNF⁃ α、CRP不是分化综合征发生的影响因素 (P> 0.05,表2)。

  • 表1 分化综合征组与非分化综合征组临床特点比较

  • Table1 The comparation of clinical characteristics of the differentiation syndrome group and the non ⁃ differentiation syndrome group

  • 2.6 长期生存分析

  • 43例患者死亡4例。其中1例初诊即有颅内出血、抽搐、昏迷、肺出血,予机械通气治疗后抢救无效死亡;1例早期复发,融合基因STAT5b ⁃RARα阳性,为变异型早幼粒细胞白血病,对维甲酸诱导治疗不敏感;1例晚期复发死亡;1例患者及家属依从性差,不能按序完成全部疗程,反复复发后死亡。

  • 第一疗程诱导完全39例,完全缓解率90.7%。高危组和低危组累积OS率分别为(86.5±8.9)%和 (91.7±5.7)%,两组比较,χ2=0.343,P=0.558,差异无统计学意义。高危组和低危组累积EFS率分别为 (80.2±10.3)%和(88.0±6.6)%,两组比较,χ2=0.562, P=0.454,差异无统计学意义。生存曲线见图4。

  • 3 讨论

  • 近年来,随着临床诊疗技术的提高,大部分急性早幼粒细胞白血病已可以治愈。本研究分析近年临床资料显示除4例死亡外,其余39例都长期生存,尤其是低危组累积OS和EFS都较高。但大量临床研究资料表明急性早幼粒细胞白血病最危险的阶段是初发初治阶段[1114-16],患者早期发生的并发症包括急性出血、DIC、分化综合征、重症感染、肾功能损害等。本研究对象中大部分患者发病时就有多种部位的出血,其中5例早期发生颅内出血,1例死亡。这表明出凝血功能障碍造成出血是危及患者生命的重要原因,早期识别危险因素是关键。

  • 本研究中43例患儿予维甲酸诱导治疗期间, 14例发生分化综合征,达32.55%。尽管予以紧急对症处理后都达缓解,但1例12岁女孩出现了呼吸困难、发热、大量胸腔积液、心包积液、腹水、浮肿、心衰、肝肾功能损害、重症胰腺炎、消化道出血,给予机械通气、血细胞分离机分离白细胞,多次抢救后挽回生命,并在缓解后进行眼科玻璃体切割手术治疗渗出性出血性视网膜病。研究表明,分化综合征是急性早幼粒细胞白血病使用维甲酸诱导治疗早期的重要并发症,也是造成死亡的危险因素[17-19]。本研究中,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示维甲酸诱导治疗后外周血白细胞超过49.5×109 个/L、血清铁蛋白、LDH及IL⁃6升高,是诱导治疗期间发生分化综合征的独立危险因素。这与国内外临床研究结果基本一致。分化综合征的发病机制尚不完全清楚,但一般认为是维甲酸诱导治疗后引起的过度炎症反应造成的,体内白细胞介素和干扰素大量释放,组胺蛋白G升高。患者临床症状表现为严重的毛细血管渗透,广泛水肿,胸腹腔积液,继而发展为呼吸困难、呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭、肾功能衰竭而致死。

  • 图3 分化综合征临床特点的ROC曲线分析

  • Fig.3 The ROC curve analysis of clinical characteristics of differentiation syndrome

  • 表2 急性早幼粒细胞白血病发生分化综合征的Logistic多因素逐步回归分析结果

  • Table2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of differentiation syndrome in APL

  • 图4 高危组和低危组的生存曲线

  • Fig.4 Survival curve of high⁃risk group and low⁃risk group

  • 本研究发现1例发生了多种并发症,表现为多器官功能衰竭,融合基因为STAT5b⁃RARα阳性,核型分析结果不是经典型(t 15;17)染色体易位,可能是一种变异型早幼粒细胞白血病,也有可能是肿瘤溶解综合征导致的多器官功能衰竭,患者对化疗有高度的反应,使肿瘤细胞死亡,大量细胞内成分溢出到血液中,导致急性肾损伤和多器官功能障碍[20]。临床研究资料表明变异型早幼粒细胞白血病对维甲酸治疗不敏感,预后较差[5-6]。Arnould等[21] 报道了STAT5b是维甲酸受体RARα的伴侣基因。STAT5b 的14、15、16号外显子与RARα的3号外显子融合,形成同源或异源二聚体,募集SMRT蛋白,继而抑制RAR/RXR转录,使髓系早期细胞分化阻滞,导致变异型APL的发生。Strehl等[22]研究表明,STAT5b/RARα导致的变异型急性早幼粒细胞白血病对维甲酸和砷剂治疗无反应。N⁃CoR与STAT5b氨基端的卷曲螺旋结构域结合,使之对维甲酸治疗不敏感。这类患者容易复发,病情恶化进展较早。所以建议该变异型急性早幼粒细胞白血病早期治疗后尽快进行造血干细胞移植。

  • 综上,DIC造成的颅内出血和维甲酸诱导治疗期间导致的分化综合征是儿童或青少年急性早幼粒细胞白血病的重要并发症。积极控制并发症是提高APL治愈率的关键。尽早处理颅内出血等致死性出血,积极纠正纤溶亢进和血小板减少,尽早输注新鲜冰冻血浆、纤维蛋白原、血小板等预防出凝血障碍。在维甲酸诱导治疗的首个疗程期间要密切观测患者外周血白细胞总数及炎症反应的指标,包括IL⁃6、血清铁蛋白等,及时给予糖皮质激素防治分化综合征。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] CONNEELY S E,STEVENS A M.Advances in pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Children(Basel),2020,7(2):11

    • [3] OSMAN A E G,ANDERSON J,CHURPEK J E,et al.Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in adults[J].J Oncol Pract,2018,14(11):649-657

    • [4] LO⁃COCO F,CICCONI L,VOSO M T.Progress and criti⁃ calities in the management of acute promyelocytic leuke⁃ mia[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(59):99221-99222

    • [5] HUSSAIN L,MAIMAITIYIMING Y,ISLAM K,et al.Acute promyelocytic leukemia and variant fusion pro⁃ teins:PLZF⁃RARα fusion protein at a glance[J].Semin Oncol,2019,46(2):133-144

    • [6] MANNAN A,MUHSEN I N,BARRAGÁN E,et al.Geno⁃ typic and phenotypic characteristics of acute promyelocyt⁃ ic leukemia translocation variants[J].Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther,2020,13(4):189-201

    • [7] LIM J,CHOI J H,PARK E M,et al.Interaction of promy⁃ elocytic leukemia/p53 affects signal transducer and acti⁃ vator of transcription ⁃ 3 activity in response to oncostatin M[J].Korean J Physiol Pharmacol,2020,24(3):203-212

    • [8] PETERSON J F,HE R R,NAYER H,et al.Characteriza⁃ tion of a rarely reported STAT5B/RARA gene fusion in a young adult with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia with resistance to ATRA therapy[J].Cancer Genet,2019,237:51-54

    • [9] ZHANG C,WANG Y,LIU B,et al.Clinical characteris⁃ tics of acute promyelocytic leukemia with the STAT5BRARA fusion gene[J].Blood Cells Mol Dis,2018,69:71-73

    • [10] STAHL M,TALLMAN M S.Differentiation syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukaemia[J].Br J Haematol,2019,187(2):157-162

    • [11] MINAMIGUCHI H,FUJITA H,ATSUTA Y,et al.Predic⁃ tors of early death,serious hemorrhage,and differentia⁃ tion syndrome in Japanese patients with acute promyelo⁃ cytic leukemia[J].Ann Hematol,2020,99(12):2787-2800

    • [12] REYHANOGLU G,HUGHES B,KING K E,et al.Differ⁃ entiation syndrome,a side effect from the therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Cureus,2020,12(12):e12042

    • [13] 王卓,沈树红,汤燕静,等.SCMC APL⁃2010方案治疗44例儿童急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床总结[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2019,21(11):1073-1078

    • [14] ZHANG L,TOMSULA J,GARCIA A,et al.Fatal intracra⁃ nial hemorrhage in a young pregnant patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Ann Clin Lab Sci,2019,49(1):94-96

    • [15] NAYMAGON L,MOSHIER E,TREMBLAY D,et al.Pre⁃ dictors of early hemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leuke⁃ mia[J].Leuk Lymphoma,2019,60(10):2394-2403

    • [16] NAYMAGON L,MASCARENHAS J.Hemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leukemia:can it be predicted and prevented?[J].Leuk Res,2020,94:106356

    • [17] GASPAROVIC L,WEILER S,HIGI L,et al.Incidence of differentiation syndrome associated with treatment regi⁃ mens in acute myeloid leukemia:a systematic review of the literature[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(10):3342

    • [18] YOON J H,KIM H J,MIN G J,et al.Progressive hyper⁃ leukocytosis is a relevant predictive marker for differentia⁃ tion syndrome,early death,and subsequent relapse in acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):11935

    • [19] TANG L,CHAI W,YE F,et al.HMGB1 promotes differ⁃ entiation syndrome by inducing hyperinflammation via MEK/ERK signaling in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(16):27314-27327

    • [20] WEBSTER J S,KAPLOW R.Tumor lysis syndrome:im⁃ plications for oncology nursing practice[J].Semin Oncol Nurs,2021,37(2):151136

    • [21] ARNOULD C,PHILIPPE C,BOURDON V,et al.The sig⁃ nal transducer and activator of transcription STAT5b gene is a new partner of retinoic acid receptor alpha in acute promyelocytic⁃like leukaemia[J].Hum Mol Genet,1999,8(9):1741-1749

    • [22] STREHL S,KÖNIG M,BOZTUG H,et al.All⁃trans reti⁃ noic acid and arsenic trioxide resistance of acute promy⁃ elocytic leukemia with the variant STAT5B⁃RARA fusion gene[J].Leukemia,2013,27(7):1606-1610

  • 参考文献

    • [1] RYAN M M.Acute promyelocytic leukemia:a summary [J].J Adv Pract Oncol,2018,9(2):178-187

    • [2] CONNEELY S E,STEVENS A M.Advances in pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Children(Basel),2020,7(2):11

    • [3] OSMAN A E G,ANDERSON J,CHURPEK J E,et al.Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in adults[J].J Oncol Pract,2018,14(11):649-657

    • [4] LO⁃COCO F,CICCONI L,VOSO M T.Progress and criti⁃ calities in the management of acute promyelocytic leuke⁃ mia[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(59):99221-99222

    • [5] HUSSAIN L,MAIMAITIYIMING Y,ISLAM K,et al.Acute promyelocytic leukemia and variant fusion pro⁃ teins:PLZF⁃RARα fusion protein at a glance[J].Semin Oncol,2019,46(2):133-144

    • [6] MANNAN A,MUHSEN I N,BARRAGÁN E,et al.Geno⁃ typic and phenotypic characteristics of acute promyelocyt⁃ ic leukemia translocation variants[J].Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther,2020,13(4):189-201

    • [7] LIM J,CHOI J H,PARK E M,et al.Interaction of promy⁃ elocytic leukemia/p53 affects signal transducer and acti⁃ vator of transcription ⁃ 3 activity in response to oncostatin M[J].Korean J Physiol Pharmacol,2020,24(3):203-212

    • [8] PETERSON J F,HE R R,NAYER H,et al.Characteriza⁃ tion of a rarely reported STAT5B/RARA gene fusion in a young adult with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia with resistance to ATRA therapy[J].Cancer Genet,2019,237:51-54

    • [9] ZHANG C,WANG Y,LIU B,et al.Clinical characteris⁃ tics of acute promyelocytic leukemia with the STAT5BRARA fusion gene[J].Blood Cells Mol Dis,2018,69:71-73

    • [10] STAHL M,TALLMAN M S.Differentiation syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukaemia[J].Br J Haematol,2019,187(2):157-162

    • [11] MINAMIGUCHI H,FUJITA H,ATSUTA Y,et al.Predic⁃ tors of early death,serious hemorrhage,and differentia⁃ tion syndrome in Japanese patients with acute promyelo⁃ cytic leukemia[J].Ann Hematol,2020,99(12):2787-2800

    • [12] REYHANOGLU G,HUGHES B,KING K E,et al.Differ⁃ entiation syndrome,a side effect from the therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Cureus,2020,12(12):e12042

    • [13] 王卓,沈树红,汤燕静,等.SCMC APL⁃2010方案治疗44例儿童急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床总结[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2019,21(11):1073-1078

    • [14] ZHANG L,TOMSULA J,GARCIA A,et al.Fatal intracra⁃ nial hemorrhage in a young pregnant patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Ann Clin Lab Sci,2019,49(1):94-96

    • [15] NAYMAGON L,MOSHIER E,TREMBLAY D,et al.Pre⁃ dictors of early hemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leuke⁃ mia[J].Leuk Lymphoma,2019,60(10):2394-2403

    • [16] NAYMAGON L,MASCARENHAS J.Hemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leukemia:can it be predicted and prevented?[J].Leuk Res,2020,94:106356

    • [17] GASPAROVIC L,WEILER S,HIGI L,et al.Incidence of differentiation syndrome associated with treatment regi⁃ mens in acute myeloid leukemia:a systematic review of the literature[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(10):3342

    • [18] YOON J H,KIM H J,MIN G J,et al.Progressive hyper⁃ leukocytosis is a relevant predictive marker for differentia⁃ tion syndrome,early death,and subsequent relapse in acute promyelocytic leukemia[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):11935

    • [19] TANG L,CHAI W,YE F,et al.HMGB1 promotes differ⁃ entiation syndrome by inducing hyperinflammation via MEK/ERK signaling in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(16):27314-27327

    • [20] WEBSTER J S,KAPLOW R.Tumor lysis syndrome:im⁃ plications for oncology nursing practice[J].Semin Oncol Nurs,2021,37(2):151136

    • [21] ARNOULD C,PHILIPPE C,BOURDON V,et al.The sig⁃ nal transducer and activator of transcription STAT5b gene is a new partner of retinoic acid receptor alpha in acute promyelocytic⁃like leukaemia[J].Hum Mol Genet,1999,8(9):1741-1749

    • [22] STREHL S,KÖNIG M,BOZTUG H,et al.All⁃trans reti⁃ noic acid and arsenic trioxide resistance of acute promy⁃ elocytic leukemia with the variant STAT5B⁃RARA fusion gene[J].Leukemia,2013,27(7):1606-1610