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通讯作者:

柳卫,E-mail:nuclearmedicine@163.com

中图分类号:R814.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)10-1459-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221018

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
KIDNEY DISEASE:IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES(KDIGO)CKD⁃MBD UPDATE WORK GROUP.KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis,evaluation,prevention,and treatment of chronic kidney disease⁃mineral and bone disorder(CKD⁃MBD)[J].Kid⁃ ney Int Suppl,2017,7(1):1-59
参考文献 8
吴宏飞,王笑云,徐正铨,等.慢性肾衰致重症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的外科治疗(附10例报告)[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2002,22(2):83-86
参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
周前,徐竞英,刘世贞.99T cm⁃MIBI显像定位诊断功能亢进性异位甲状旁腺[J].中华核医学杂志,2003,23(1):22-24
参考文献 11
KOBERSTEIN W,FUNG C,ROMANIUK K,et al.Accu⁃ racy of dual phase single ⁃ photon emission computed to⁃ mography/computed tomography in primary hyperparathy⁃ roidism:correlation with serum parathyroid hormone lev⁃ els[J].Can Assoc Radiol J,2016,67(2):115-121
参考文献 12
曾鸣,柳卫,王宁宁,等.99m Tc⁃MIBI SPECT⁃CT技术在甲状旁腺切除术前定位诊断中的增益价值[J].中华肾脏病杂志,2017,33(2):86-91
参考文献 13
PAPANIKOLAOU V,VROCHIDES D,IMVRIOS G,et al.Tc ⁃ 99m sestamibi accuracy in detecting parathyroid tis⁃ sue is increased when combined with preoperative labora⁃ tory values:a retrospective study in 453 Greek patients with chronic renal failure who underwent parathyroidecto⁃ my[J].Transplant Proc,2008,40(9):3163-3165
参考文献 14
BERBER E,PARIKH R,BALLEM N,et al.Factors con⁃ tributing to negative parathyroid localization:an analysis of 1000 patients[J].Surgery,2008,144(1):74-79
参考文献 15
CANALEJO A,HERNÁNDEZ A,ALMADÉN Y,et al.The effect of a high phosphorus diet on the parathyroid cell cycle[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,1998,13(Suppl 3):19-22
参考文献 16
DENDA M,FINCH J,SLATOPOLSKY E.Phosphorus ac⁃ celerates the development of parathyroid hyperplasia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in rats with renal failure [J].Am J Kidney Dis,1996,28(4):596-602
参考文献 17
ALMADEN Y,FELSENFELD A J,RODRIGUEZ M,et al.Proliferation in hyperplastic human and normal rat parathyroid glands:role of phosphate,calcitriol,and gen⁃ der[J].Kidney Int,2003,64(6):2311-2317
参考文献 18
CENTENO P P,HERBERGER A,MUN H C,et al.Phos⁃ phate acts directly on the calcium ⁃ sensing receptor to stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion[J].Nat Com⁃ mun,2019,10(1):4693
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)99m 锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99m Tc-MIBI) 显像的相关影响因素。方法:回顾性分析在南京医科大学第一附属医院接受手术治疗的482例肾性SHPT患者的临床资料,以术后病理为对照,比较不同显像方案(A组:仅行99m Tc-MIBI双时相法平面显像;B组:在A组显像基础上加做早期相SPECT/CT) 对SHPT诊断效能的差异。根据影像与病理结果是否一致,再将B组患者分为完全诊断组(MIBI诊断结果与病理结果完全一致)与部分诊断组(MIBI诊断的腺体数目少于病理结果),进一步分析临床特征和生化指标对MIBI显像的影响。结果:在SHPT 诊断效能分析中,B组的灵敏度、特异度、准确度和阳性预测值均高于A组(81.9% vs.70.3%;97.1% vs.60.0%;82.2% vs.69.9%; 99.9% vs.97.9%,P < 0.01),但两组阴性预测值差异无统计学意义(6.8% vs.10.2%,P > 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析示,血清磷离子水平是预测MIBI显像假阴性的独立危险因素(OR=0.57,95%CI:0.372~0.866,P = 0.007)。ROC曲线显示,当血清磷离子水平 < 1.97 mmol/L时,99m Tc-MIBI 双时相法平面显像加早期相SPECT/CT诊断SHPT发生漏诊的风险增加。结论:99m Tc-MIBI 双时相法平面显像加做早期相SPECT/CT可提高SHPT患者功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体的检出灵敏度及准确度。影像结果的判断应当结合血清磷离子水平,当血清磷离子水平较低时,MIBI显像存在漏诊的可能,影像医生和临床医生都须予以关注。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate what factors could affect the accuracy of preoperative99m Tc-methoxy isobutylisonitrile(99m Tc-MIBI) imaging in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT). Methods:The clinical characteristics of 482 renal SHPT patients undergoing surgical treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. Postoperative pathology was used as control,different imaging schemes(Group A:only 99m Tc-MIBI dual-phase plane imaging;Group B: group A plus early phase SPECT/CT)were compared. In addition,patients in group B were divided into completely identified group and partly identified group,and the effects of clinical characteristics on MIBI imaging were analyzed. Results:In general,the sensitivity,specificity and diagnostic consistency of group B were higher than that of group A(81.9% vs.70.3%;97.1% vs.60.0%; 82.2% vs.69.9%;99.9% vs.97.9%,P < 0.01 respectively). However,there was no significant difference in negative predictive value (6.8% vs.10.2%,P > 0.05). Serum phosphorus ion level was an independent risk factor for predicting false negative MIBI imaging (OR=0.57,95% CI:0.372~0.866,P =0.007). The risk of misdiagnosing on 99m Tc - MIBI dual - phase plane imaging plus early phase SPECT/CT was increased when the level of serum phosphorus ion was lower than 1.97 mmol/L. Conclusion:99m Tc -MIBI dual -phase plane imaging plus early phase SPECT/CT can improve the sensitivity and accuracy of hyperfunctional parathyroid tissue detection in SHPT patients. The judgment of imaging results should be combined with the level of serum phosphorus ion. When the level of serum phosphorus ion is lower than 1.97 mmol/L,imaging doctors and clinicians should concentrate on the possibility of misdiagnosing hyperfunctional parathyroid.

  • 继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyper⁃ parathyroidism,SHPT)是慢性肾功能衰竭常见并发症之一,严重影响患者生活质量。药物治疗很难控制疾病进展,最终必须行甲状旁腺切除术(parath⁃ thyroidectomy,PTX)。甲状旁腺数量及位置都存在变异,异位的比例可高达30%[1],对于异位到胸骨后等部位的异位甲状旁腺,超声具有一定局限性。目前,影响术前定位的因素主要包括诊断技术。常用的 99m锝⁃甲氧基异丁腈(99m Tc⁃methoxy isobutylisoni⁃ trile,99m Tc⁃MIBI)显像诊断技术包括双时相法平面显像、单光子发射型计算机断层成像(single ⁃ photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)及单光子发射计算机断层显像/电子计算机X射线断层扫描融合显像(single⁃photon emission computed tomog⁃rphy/computed tomography,SPECT/CT)。除诊断技术外,影响MIBI显像诊断准确度的其他常见因素有:甲状旁腺⁃甲状腺活性比、病变的位置、病变的大小、线粒体功能和p⁃糖蛋白的表达[2]。因此,本研究旨在探讨继发性甲状旁腺亢进 99m Tc⁃MIBI显像的影响因素。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性纳入2010年3月—2016年10月因SHPT在南京医科大学第一附属医院接受PTX治疗并且成功的482例患者。根据既往研究[3],PTX成功判定标准为①血清甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone, PTH)术后第1周< 50.0pg/mL;②术后6个月内,血清PTH水平< 300.0pg/mL。纳入标准:患者均有活性维生素D治疗抵抗或者因高钙、高磷血症无法接受冲击治疗,符合甲状旁腺切除的手术指征[4]。排除标准:PTX术后出现SHPT持续存在或复发以及图像质量不佳。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 显像方法

  • 显像剂为99m Tc⁃MIBI,要求放化纯度> 95%。显像设备为西门子Symbia T6SPECT/CT仪,配低能高分辨率平行孔准直器。

  • 99m Tc ⁃MIBI双时相法平面显像:静脉注射740MBq 99m Tc⁃MIBI后约10~20min行早期相颈胸部平面静态采集,矩阵128×128,放大2.57,每帧采集计数1 000k;2h后以同样条件进行延迟相颈胸部图像采集。②SPECT/CT显像:于早期平面显像后进行SPECT/CT图像采集。SPECT双探头置于180°位置,探头视野涵盖患者颈部及上胸部,旋转180°,双探头共采集48帧,20s/帧,矩阵128×128,放大1.0。 SPECT采集完成后,检查床自动进床到位,匹配CT扫描视野和SPECT显像视野,进行CT透射扫描。 CT检查条件为120kV,80mA,矩阵512×512,层厚3.75mm,螺距为1。图像重建采用OSEM迭代技术,并进行衰减校正。通过计算机处理获得SPECT与CT各自以及两者融合的矢状面、冠状面、横断面图像。

  • 1.2.2 图像分析

  • 图像解读由2名经验丰富的核医学医师完成,读片范围包括颈部与上纵隔。99m Tc⁃MIBI双时相法平面诊断标准:早期相示甲状腺、甲状腺外的颈部或纵隔区可见单个或多个异常放射性浓聚区;延迟相示该放射性分布区仍浓聚者为阳性;未显示异常放射性浓聚区为阴性。SPECT/CT示在异常放射性浓聚区见软组织密度结节影判为阳性[5]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 数据分析采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件。连续变量以均数±标准差(x-±s)或中位数(四分位数) [MP25P75)]表示,分类变量以数量和比例表示。对不同组之间连续变量用独立样本t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验;分类变量用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法检验。采用多因素Logistic回归分析对SPECT/CT的漏诊进行预测。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料

  • 本研究纳入482例SHPT患者,其中男性269例 (269/482,55.8%),平均年龄(46.9±11.3)岁。A组为仅接受过99m Tc⁃MIBI双时相法平面显像,共72例; B组为在A组显像基础上加做早期相SPECT/CT,共410例。两组患者之间除体重及血清钙离子水平 (P=0.014,P=0.027)外,其他术前指标无统计学差异(表1)。

  • 表1 两组患者临床基线资料及实验室检查结果

  • Table1 Clinical characteristics and laboratory results of groups A and B

  • 2.2 两组患者术前MIBI显像诊断效能对比

  • 以术后病理证实的甲状旁腺数目为“金标准”, A、B两组进一步各自分为①真阳性组(true positive, TP):MIBI显像阳性,病理证实为功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体;②真阴性组(true negative,TN):MIBI显像阴性,病理证实为正常甲状旁腺;③假阳性组(false positive,FP):MIBI显像阳性,病理结果显示为非亢进甲状旁腺腺体;④假阴性组(false negative,FN): MIBI显像阴性,病理证实为功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体。B组的灵敏度、特异度、准确度和阳性预测值均高于A组(81.9%vs.70.3%,P< 0.001;97.1%vs.60.0%,P=0.002;82.2%vs.69.9%,P< 0.001;99.9%vs.97.9%,P=0.001)。两组间阴性预测值差异无统计学意义(6.8%vs.10.2%,P> 0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 B组MIBI显像漏诊功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体的影响因素分析

  • 为进一步分析B组MIBI显像漏诊的相关影像因素,剔除1例(将淋巴结误诊为功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体)后,余409例。根据影像判断的功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体数目与病理结果是否一致,分为①完全诊断(completely identified,CI)组:MIBI显像诊断结果与病理结果完全一致,共222例;②部分诊断 (partly identified,PI)组:MIBI诊断结果小于病理结果,即影像存在漏诊现象,共187例。CI组和PI组仅在年龄、透析时间及血清磷离子水平的差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05),其他参数差异无统计学意义 (表3)。

  • 表2 两组患者术前MIBI显像诊断效能对比

  • Table2 Comparison of preoperative MIBI imaging’s diagnostic efficacy between the two groups

  • 表3 CI组和PI组的一般资料比较

  • Table3 Clinical characteristics of groups CI and PI

  • 将年龄、性别、透析时间、术前血清PTH、血清钙离子、血清磷离子及碱性磷酸酶水平纳入构建多因素Logistic回归方程。结果发现,仅术前血清磷离子水平对MIBI显像漏诊的影响有统计学意义 (OR=0.532,95%CI:0.372~0.866,P=0.011);年龄、性别、透析时间、术前血清PTH水平、术前血清钙离子水平、术前碱性磷酸酶水平均对MIBI显像漏诊的影响无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。

  • 血清磷离子的ROC曲线结果显示:曲线下面积为0.575,最佳截点为1.97,灵敏度75.7%,特异度59.6%。血清磷离子水平≥1.97mmol/L的漏诊率 (40.2%),低于血清磷离子水平< 1.97mmol/L的漏诊率(57.6%),且差异有统计学意义(P=0.001,图1、2)。

  • 图1 血清磷离子预测MIBI显像漏诊的价值分析

  • Fig.1 Signification of serum phosphorus ion in predicting missed diagnosis of MIBI imaging

  • 图2 SHPT患者99m Tc⁃MIBI SPECT/CT显像图

  • Fig.2 99m Tc⁃MIBI SPECT/CT of a SHPT patient

  • 3 讨论

  • SHPT是慢性肾功能衰竭严重的并发症,其主要特征是血清甲状旁腺激素水平持续升高和甲状旁腺增生[6]。国家肾脏基金会肾脏疾病预后质量倡议(KDOQI)建议严重的SHPT,在药物治疗无效时可进行PTX治疗[7-8]。但是,PTX术后出现SHPT持续存在或复发的概率很高[9]。甲状旁腺数量及位置的变异是影响手术成功的主要因素之一[1],所以对于SHPT患者术前定位变得至关重要。

  • 目前用于诊断功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体的诊断技术包括超声、99m Tc⁃MIBI平面显像、SPECT/CT、CT、 MRI及PET⁃CT等。其中,超声、99m Tc⁃MIBI平面显像、SPECT/CT逐渐成为SHPT术前定位的主要诊断技术。超声检查因受操作人员经验及技术的干扰,可能导致结果准确度不高。甲状旁腺位置变异多,约5%~10%甲状旁腺位于颈部超声的盲区(如上纵隔、胸骨后)而不能被发现;此外,对于复发需再次手术的SHPT患者,其颈部解剖结构发生紊乱,导致超声很难进行术前定位[10]。与99m Tc⁃MIBI双平面显像相比,SPECT/CT融合技术可以将组织器官功能的变化与精确的解剖结构信息相结合,对疾病进行定位,从而帮助手术定位[11]。本研究结果表明,与 99m Tc⁃MIBI双时相法平面显像相比,99m Tc⁃MIBI双时相法平面显像加做早期相SPECT/CT的灵敏度、特异度和准确度显著增加,与既往研究结论一致[11-12]。这表明CT断层扫描可以提高发现功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体的灵敏度和准确度,这将有助于减少在外科手术中寻找功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体的时间,减少喉返神经或其他相邻结构破坏的可能性,有利于提高PTX手术效率[12]

  • 除了诊断技术外,影响MIBI显像诊断准确度的其他常见因素有:甲状旁腺⁃甲状腺活性比、病变的位置、病变的大小、线粒体功能和p⁃糖蛋白的表达[2]。除此以外,其他一些影响因素也受到关注。Papanikolaou等[13] 研究证实,随着患者年龄增长,血清PTH水平降低,MIBI显像的灵敏度会增加。在另一项研究中,Berber等[14] 指出,除腺体大小外,体重指数是预测MIBI检测功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体的独立危险因素。本研究首次发现,血清磷离子水平是预测MIBI显像漏诊功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体的独立危险因素。相较于部分诊断组,完全诊断组的PTH轻度增高,但血清钙离子水平并没有增高,由此推测血清磷离子水平可能直接影响甲状旁腺,即高水平的血清磷离子可以直接刺激甲状旁腺增生。本研究结果表明,当SPHT患者血清磷离子水平< 1.97mmol/L时,MIBI显像漏诊的可能性增加。既往文献表明,血清磷离子对甲状旁腺细胞增殖的直接刺激作用已经在肾功能减退的动物[15-16] 及体外实验[17] 得到证实。最近研究表明,在缺乏细胞外钙离子敏感性的甲状旁腺特异性小鼠的实验中发现血清磷离子对甲状旁腺的直接影响是由钙敏感受体 (Ca⁃sensing receptor,CaSR)介导的。高水平的磷离子可阻止CaSR的激活,从而导致即使在血清钙离子水平正常情况下,血清磷离子仍能刺激PTH分泌[18]。这可能是血清磷较低情况下导致MIBI显像发生漏诊的原因。

  • 由于本研究是回顾性研究,可能存在潜在的选择偏倚。因此,需要更多的前瞻性研究和更大的队列研究来支持目前的发现。另外,目前对于血清磷离子对甲状旁腺细胞增殖的机制尚未完全了解,还需要大数据进一步证实。

  • 总之,99m Tc⁃MIBI双时相法平面显像加做早期相SPECT/CT可以更有效、更灵敏地检测出SHPT患者功能亢进的甲状旁腺腺体。血清磷离子水平是预测SPECT/CT漏诊功能亢进甲状旁腺腺体的独立危险因素。当血清磷离子水平< 1.97mmol/L时,MIBI显像发生漏诊的可能性增加,影像医生和临床医生都须予以关注。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 鲁瑶,孙小亮,张凌.继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的手术指征与治疗难点[J].临床外科杂志,2020,28(3):214-216

    • [2] NODA S,ONODA N,KASHIWAGI S,et al.Strategy of operative treatment of hyperparathyroidism using US scan and(99m)Tc ⁃ MIBI SPECT/CT[J].Endocr J,2014,61(3):225-230

    • [3] ZHANG L,XING C,SHEN C,et al.Diagnostic accuracy study of intraoperative and perioperative serum intact PTH level for successful parathyroidectomy in 501 sec⁃ ondary hyperparathyroidism patients[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:26841

    • [4] LAU W L,OBI Y,KALANTAR⁃ZADEH K.Parathyroid⁃ ectomy in the management of secondary hyperparathyroid⁃ ism[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2018,13(6):952-961

    • [5] 杨玲,丁浩源,蔡亮,等.99m Tc⁃MIBI SPECT/CT在甲状旁腺功能亢进症中的应用价值[J].中国临床医学影像杂志,2021,32(1):5-9

    • [6] CUNNINGHAM J,LOCATELLI F,RODRIGUEZ M.Sec⁃ ondary hyperparathyroidism:pathogenesis,disease pro⁃ gression,and therapeutic options[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(4):913-921

    • [7] KIDNEY DISEASE:IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES(KDIGO)CKD⁃MBD UPDATE WORK GROUP.KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis,evaluation,prevention,and treatment of chronic kidney disease⁃mineral and bone disorder(CKD⁃MBD)[J].Kid⁃ ney Int Suppl,2017,7(1):1-59

    • [8] 吴宏飞,王笑云,徐正铨,等.慢性肾衰致重症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的外科治疗(附10例报告)[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2002,22(2):83-86

    • [9] RICHARDS M L,WORMUTH J,BINGENER J,et al.Parathyroidectomy in secondary hyperparathyroidism:is there an optimal operative management?[J].Surgery,2006,139(2):174-180

    • [10] 周前,徐竞英,刘世贞.99T cm⁃MIBI显像定位诊断功能亢进性异位甲状旁腺[J].中华核医学杂志,2003,23(1):22-24

    • [11] KOBERSTEIN W,FUNG C,ROMANIUK K,et al.Accu⁃ racy of dual phase single ⁃ photon emission computed to⁃ mography/computed tomography in primary hyperparathy⁃ roidism:correlation with serum parathyroid hormone lev⁃ els[J].Can Assoc Radiol J,2016,67(2):115-121

    • [12] 曾鸣,柳卫,王宁宁,等.99m Tc⁃MIBI SPECT⁃CT技术在甲状旁腺切除术前定位诊断中的增益价值[J].中华肾脏病杂志,2017,33(2):86-91

    • [13] PAPANIKOLAOU V,VROCHIDES D,IMVRIOS G,et al.Tc ⁃ 99m sestamibi accuracy in detecting parathyroid tis⁃ sue is increased when combined with preoperative labora⁃ tory values:a retrospective study in 453 Greek patients with chronic renal failure who underwent parathyroidecto⁃ my[J].Transplant Proc,2008,40(9):3163-3165

    • [14] BERBER E,PARIKH R,BALLEM N,et al.Factors con⁃ tributing to negative parathyroid localization:an analysis of 1000 patients[J].Surgery,2008,144(1):74-79

    • [15] CANALEJO A,HERNÁNDEZ A,ALMADÉN Y,et al.The effect of a high phosphorus diet on the parathyroid cell cycle[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,1998,13(Suppl 3):19-22

    • [16] DENDA M,FINCH J,SLATOPOLSKY E.Phosphorus ac⁃ celerates the development of parathyroid hyperplasia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in rats with renal failure [J].Am J Kidney Dis,1996,28(4):596-602

    • [17] ALMADEN Y,FELSENFELD A J,RODRIGUEZ M,et al.Proliferation in hyperplastic human and normal rat parathyroid glands:role of phosphate,calcitriol,and gen⁃ der[J].Kidney Int,2003,64(6):2311-2317

    • [18] CENTENO P P,HERBERGER A,MUN H C,et al.Phos⁃ phate acts directly on the calcium ⁃ sensing receptor to stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion[J].Nat Com⁃ mun,2019,10(1):4693

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 鲁瑶,孙小亮,张凌.继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的手术指征与治疗难点[J].临床外科杂志,2020,28(3):214-216

    • [2] NODA S,ONODA N,KASHIWAGI S,et al.Strategy of operative treatment of hyperparathyroidism using US scan and(99m)Tc ⁃ MIBI SPECT/CT[J].Endocr J,2014,61(3):225-230

    • [3] ZHANG L,XING C,SHEN C,et al.Diagnostic accuracy study of intraoperative and perioperative serum intact PTH level for successful parathyroidectomy in 501 sec⁃ ondary hyperparathyroidism patients[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:26841

    • [4] LAU W L,OBI Y,KALANTAR⁃ZADEH K.Parathyroid⁃ ectomy in the management of secondary hyperparathyroid⁃ ism[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2018,13(6):952-961

    • [5] 杨玲,丁浩源,蔡亮,等.99m Tc⁃MIBI SPECT/CT在甲状旁腺功能亢进症中的应用价值[J].中国临床医学影像杂志,2021,32(1):5-9

    • [6] CUNNINGHAM J,LOCATELLI F,RODRIGUEZ M.Sec⁃ ondary hyperparathyroidism:pathogenesis,disease pro⁃ gression,and therapeutic options[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(4):913-921

    • [7] KIDNEY DISEASE:IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES(KDIGO)CKD⁃MBD UPDATE WORK GROUP.KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis,evaluation,prevention,and treatment of chronic kidney disease⁃mineral and bone disorder(CKD⁃MBD)[J].Kid⁃ ney Int Suppl,2017,7(1):1-59

    • [8] 吴宏飞,王笑云,徐正铨,等.慢性肾衰致重症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的外科治疗(附10例报告)[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2002,22(2):83-86

    • [9] RICHARDS M L,WORMUTH J,BINGENER J,et al.Parathyroidectomy in secondary hyperparathyroidism:is there an optimal operative management?[J].Surgery,2006,139(2):174-180

    • [10] 周前,徐竞英,刘世贞.99T cm⁃MIBI显像定位诊断功能亢进性异位甲状旁腺[J].中华核医学杂志,2003,23(1):22-24

    • [11] KOBERSTEIN W,FUNG C,ROMANIUK K,et al.Accu⁃ racy of dual phase single ⁃ photon emission computed to⁃ mography/computed tomography in primary hyperparathy⁃ roidism:correlation with serum parathyroid hormone lev⁃ els[J].Can Assoc Radiol J,2016,67(2):115-121

    • [12] 曾鸣,柳卫,王宁宁,等.99m Tc⁃MIBI SPECT⁃CT技术在甲状旁腺切除术前定位诊断中的增益价值[J].中华肾脏病杂志,2017,33(2):86-91

    • [13] PAPANIKOLAOU V,VROCHIDES D,IMVRIOS G,et al.Tc ⁃ 99m sestamibi accuracy in detecting parathyroid tis⁃ sue is increased when combined with preoperative labora⁃ tory values:a retrospective study in 453 Greek patients with chronic renal failure who underwent parathyroidecto⁃ my[J].Transplant Proc,2008,40(9):3163-3165

    • [14] BERBER E,PARIKH R,BALLEM N,et al.Factors con⁃ tributing to negative parathyroid localization:an analysis of 1000 patients[J].Surgery,2008,144(1):74-79

    • [15] CANALEJO A,HERNÁNDEZ A,ALMADÉN Y,et al.The effect of a high phosphorus diet on the parathyroid cell cycle[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,1998,13(Suppl 3):19-22

    • [16] DENDA M,FINCH J,SLATOPOLSKY E.Phosphorus ac⁃ celerates the development of parathyroid hyperplasia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in rats with renal failure [J].Am J Kidney Dis,1996,28(4):596-602

    • [17] ALMADEN Y,FELSENFELD A J,RODRIGUEZ M,et al.Proliferation in hyperplastic human and normal rat parathyroid glands:role of phosphate,calcitriol,and gen⁃ der[J].Kidney Int,2003,64(6):2311-2317

    • [18] CENTENO P P,HERBERGER A,MUN H C,et al.Phos⁃ phate acts directly on the calcium ⁃ sensing receptor to stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion[J].Nat Com⁃ mun,2019,10(1):4693