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通讯作者:

冯文焕,E-mail:fengwh501@163.com

中图分类号:R589.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)10-1482-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221022

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目录contents

    摘要

    我国儿童青少年肥胖患者迅速增加,合并多种肥胖并发症,增加成年后肥胖及相关并发症发病风险,减少预期寿命。目前国内尚无药物批准用于儿童青少年减重治疗,代谢手术是生活方式干预无效的中重度肥胖儿童青少年患者可选用的减重措施。国内外研究显示,此类人群代谢术后,有效减重,改善、逆转2型糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压等肥胖相关并发症,围手术期并发症发生率与成人类似,术后补充和监测营养元素利于减少远期营养不良相关并发症,同时需关注患者的精神心理状态。本文综述国内外儿童青少年代谢手术开展情况、手术适应证、禁忌证、术式及随访要求。

    Abstract

    Obesity is increasing rapidly among children and adolescents in China,which is associated with multiple obesity complications,the risk of obesity and related complications in adulthood,and reduction of life expectancy. Nowadays,no medication is approved for weight loss in children and adolescents in China. Metabolic surgery has been considered as weight loss treatment for children and adolescents with moderate to severe obesity when lifestyle interventions are ineffective. Studies in China and other countries have shown that children and adolescents with moderate and severe obesity achieved substantial weight loss after metabolic surgery,accompanied with improvement,even reversal of obesity - related complications such as type 2 diabetes,dyslipidemia and hypertension,etc. and similar perioperative complication as adults. Postoperative appropriate nutrient supplement and monitoring are beneficial to reduce the long - term malnutrition complications,and patients’mental health also need to be monitored. This article reviewed the development of metabolic surgery in children and adolescents in China and abroad,and also indications, contraindications,surgical procedures and follow-up requirements.

  • 全球儿童青少年肥胖患病率近十余年来迅猛增长[1-2]。相较于1975年,2016年全球5~19岁男性儿童青少年肥胖患病率由0.9%增至7.8%,女性由0.7%增至5.6%[1]。2002—2012年,我国6~17岁儿童青少年超重占比由4.5%增至9.6%,肥胖占比由2.1%增至6.4%,2017年北京中小学超重率达到15.9%,肥胖患病率16.9%,已与美国持平[2]

  • 研究显示儿童青少年肥胖危害不亚于成人,该人群体重指数(body mass index,BMI)每增加5个单位,空腹血糖水平受损和高血压风险分别增加15%和10%[3],同时增加非酒精性脂肪肝(non⁃alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)、胃食管反流病(gastro⁃ esophageal reflux disease,GERD)及精神疾病发病率[4-6]。青少年肥胖显著增加成年后肥胖及相关并发症患病率,儿童青少年肥胖持续至成年,伴发2型糖尿病(type2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)及高血压的风险分别为正常成人的4.5倍和15.98倍[7-9],同时更容易伴有高尿酸血症及高脂血症[10],预期寿命可减少6~20年[11]

  • 饮食和体育锻炼等生活方式干预是肥胖儿童青少年主要减重方式,但对中重度肥胖者减重及改善肥胖相关并发症效果有限,国内尚无药物批准用于此类患者减重治疗[12]。随着微创代谢手术技术的日渐成熟,代谢手术已广泛应用于中重度肥胖成人患者,并在中重度肥胖儿童青少年中逐步开展[13-14],国内外多项随访研究证实儿童青少年肥胖病施行代谢手术的有效性和安全性,但该年龄组患者手术适应证、禁忌证、手术方式、围手术期及术后随访注意事项各国间是否存在差异尚不明确。本文综述儿童青少年代谢手术临床进展,对比国内外相关指南及共识,旨在为此类人群代谢手术规范开展提供依据。

  • 1 儿童青少年代谢手术全球开展现状

  • 1.1 国外开展现状

  • 国外儿童青少年代谢手术研究文章主要来自美国。根据美国代谢与肥胖认证和质量改进项目数据库统计,2015—2018年美国共有3 846例10~19岁儿童青少年接受代谢手术,在符合手术适应证肥胖儿童青少年中的占比为0.18%[14]

  • 美国多中心、前瞻性青少年减重手术纵向评估 (teen longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery, Teen⁃LABS)项目发表了多项肥胖儿童青少年代谢手术研究结果。代谢手术与内科治疗对比研究显示,13~18岁肥胖患者代谢术后2年,手术组(30例) BMI下降29.0%,内科治疗组(63例)BMI增加3.7%,手术组糖化血红蛋白从6.8%降至5.5%,内科治疗组由6.4%增至7.8%[15];161例青少年与396例成人代谢手术对比研究揭示,代谢术后5年, 13~19岁儿童青少年T2DM及高血压缓解率为86%和68%,显著高于25~50岁成人的53%和41%[16]; 228例13~19岁肥胖儿童青少年患者代谢术后3年体重下降27%,生活质量显著改善,T2DM、高血压、高脂血症缓解率分别为95%、74%和66%,86%的患者肾功能改善[17];13~15岁和16~19岁肥胖儿童青少年患者代谢术后5年,T2DM、高血压、高脂血症缓解率和体重下降无明显差异[18]。美国青少年胃旁路术长期随访项目(follow ⁃up of adolescent bariatric surgery at 5plus years,FABS⁃5+)结果显示,58例平均年龄17.1岁青少年术后5~12年(平均随访时间8年),BMI下降29%,T2DM、高血压、高脂血症缓解率分别为88%、76%、64%[19]

  • 其他肥胖相关并发症,Teen⁃LABS项目242例青少年(平均年龄17岁)代谢术后2年,运动能力明显改善,步行相关肌肉骨骼疼痛感明显减轻[20]。美国平均年龄16.9岁肥胖青少年,术后5个月睡眠呼吸暂停综合征缓解率为66%(15/23)[21];欧洲13~17岁肥胖伴NAFLD青少年基于其意愿采用不同干预措施随访1年,20例接受腹腔镜下袖状胃切除术 (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG),非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non⁃alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)完全缓解,其中18例合并Ⅱ期肝纤维化亦完全缓解; 53例单纯生活方式干预者,NASH及肝纤维化未改善[22]。肥胖儿童青少年容易伴发心理问题,瑞典研究发现,88例13~18岁肥胖青少年代谢术后2年,其焦虑、抑郁、激惹明显减少,自尊、自我接受度明显改善[23];美国一组平均年龄17.8岁肥胖青少年,代谢术后6个月,BMI明显下降,但与非手术组相比,抑郁和焦虑评分变化不明显[24],提示代谢术后仍需持续关注患者的精神心理状态。

  • 围手术期并发症方面,2019年美国国家外科质量改善数据分析报告称,儿童青少年代谢术后30d内手术相关并发症发生率为2.59%,以尿路感染 (0.7%)和浅表手术部位感染(0.6%)最常见;手术方式包括开腹手术和腹腔镜手术,再入院率和再手术率分别为3.9%和1.6%[25]。美国多中心、回顾性代谢手术研究显示,术后30d内,不论腹腔镜下胃旁路术(laparoscopic Roux ⁃en ⁃Y gastric bypass,LRYGB) 还是LSG,术后死亡率、主要并发症、再入院、再干预和再手术率,青少年与成人类似[26-27]。在术后长期并发症方面,Teen⁃LABS研究发现,术后2年儿童青少年低铁蛋白血症患病率较成人更高(48%vs.29%),术后5年内腹部再手术率是成人的2倍,死亡率类似(1.9%vs.1.8%)[16];术后3年低铁蛋白血症、高转铁蛋白血症、维生素B12缺乏症、维生素A缺乏症患病率较术前分别升高52%、13%、8%、7%,而血清白蛋白、叶酸、维生素D及甲状旁腺素水平无改变,13%患者再次手术[17];术后5年,相较于13~15岁患者,16~19岁患者高转铁蛋白血症和维生素D缺乏症患病率更高[18]。美国FABS⁃5+研究发现,术后5~12年,78%、69%、63%、46%和16%的患者分别存在血清维生素D、铁、铁蛋白、血红蛋白、维生素B12水平降低,45%的患者血清甲状旁腺激素水平升高[19]

  • 手术方式与并发症关系方面,美国3 571例年龄小于21岁接受代谢手术的肥胖患者,术后30d主要并发症发生率(包括再手术、再干预、重症监护、吻合口瘘等),LRYGB高于LSG(4.57%vs.0.91%),接受LRYGB者手术时间和住院时间更长,分别为 (109.45min vs.65.62min)和(1.76d vs.1.47d),该研究认为不排除与接受LRYGB术式者术前BMI更高并伴有更多肥胖相关并发症有关[28]。在1 983例年龄小于19岁接受代谢手术的肥胖青少年中,El Chaar发现与LRYGB相比,LSG术后30d严重不良事件、再干预和再入院率更少,分别为(2.9%vs.6.5%)、 (1.2%vs.3%)和(2.6%vs.5.6%)[29]。同时,也有研究显示,与LSG相比,接受LRYGB患者面临更高的营养素缺乏风险,特别是铁元素和维生素B12 [30]。 Teen⁃LABS项目对比了67例平均年龄16.4岁接受垂直袖状胃切除术(vertical sleeve gastrectomy,VSG) 与161例平均年龄16.6岁接受LRYGB的青少年肥胖患者,发现相较于RYGB患者,术后5年接受VSG的患者GERD患病率更高(24%vs.8%),缓解率更低(50%vs.78%),同时中重度GERD发病率增加4倍[31]

  • 术后体重维持方面,2017年Meta分析显示,美国肥胖儿童青少年LRYGB和LSG术中期(3~5年) 减重效果类似,但长期(> 5年)减重效果LRYGB更优[32]。意大利13~18岁代谢手术患者研究表明,术后5年LSG减重优于可调节胃束带术和胃内球囊术[33]。美国234例13~19岁代谢手术研究发现,术后6个月患者暴饮暴食行为开始增多,影响减重效果,可能造成体重反弹[34]。美国FABS⁃5+项目随访了50例平均年龄17岁代谢手术患者,发现更高的生活质量评分利于术后减重及体重维持[35]

  • 1.2 国内开展现状

  • 国内肥胖儿童青少年代谢手术病例数尚无报道,但相关文献逐年增加。2015年王存川团队报道10例13~18岁青少年代谢术后1年BMI下降11kg/m2,血尿酸水平下降14%[36],同年,梁辉团队[37] 报道28例14~18岁青少年术后9个月接受LRYGB者BMI下降14kg/m2,接受LSG者BMI下降11kg/m2,两种术式短期减重效果类似。

  • 2018年丁明星团队报道16例13~21岁儿童青少年代谢术后3年随访研究,无中转开腹及术中并发症,术后1个月、6个月、1年、2年、3年BMI(较术前BMI下降率)分别下降5.21kg/m2 (12.58%)、 10.34kg/m2(24.96%)、13.69kg/m2(33.05%)、15.70kg/m2 (37.90%)和15.71kg/m2(37.93%),术后3年体重下降40.60kg(较术前下降33.14%),血清甘油三酯下降42.41%,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇下降42.43%,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高23.19%,术后3年无严重并发症发生[38]

  • 本中心17例13~19岁中重度肥胖青少年代谢术后6个月体重下降32.51kg(较术前下降27.26%), BMI下降10.58kg/m2(较术前下降26.31%),患者糖脂代谢、肝功能、血尿酸和肌酐水平显著改善,术前并发NAFLD者全部逆转、血压明显改善,术后3例并发胆石症,术后血清维生素D明显上升,无严重手术并发症[39]

  • 国内一项纳入5例平均年龄为19岁的Prader⁃ Willi综合征患者代谢术后10年随访研究显示,术后2年患者体重下降24.7%,而术后第3年患者体重开始反弹,至第10年恢复至术前水平,合并症无缓解[40]

  • 上述研究初步表明,代谢手术对于我国肥胖儿童青少年患者是安全的,可有效减重并改善肥胖相关并发症,但对Prader⁃Willi综合征患者疗效不确切[36-40]

  • 2 国内外儿童青少年代谢手术共识及指南对比

  • 2019 年我国发布了首部儿童及青少年肥胖病外科指南,美国、欧洲及意大利均发表过儿童青少年代谢手术共识或指南。

  • 2.1 手术适应证与禁忌证

  • 从表1可见各国均谨慎制定肥胖儿童青少年代谢手术适应证,考虑到BMI随儿童青少年年龄增长而增加,基于BMI的手术适应证可能不利于预后风险评估,美国和欧洲指南中以与正常同等年龄、性别组百分比体重和BMI相比,较低者为代谢手术适应证,可能是一种更合理的手术指征推荐。

  • 各国肥胖儿童青少年代谢手术禁忌证与其成人类似[41-4345-47]。国内指南禁忌证为:与外科手术相关禁忌证;伴随严重精神心理疾病,无法坚持术后生活方式和营养素补充方案;已怀孕或者计划在术后12~18个月怀孕;患者或其父母不能理解手术获益与风险[41]。此外,美国与欧洲指南还规定医源性肥胖、术前1年有药物滥用史为手术禁忌证[42-43]

  • 表1 国内外儿童青少年肥胖病代谢手术适应证

  • Table1 Indications of metabolic surgery for obesity in children and adolescents in China and other countries

  • 2.2 手术方式和时机

  • 我国及美国指南都推荐LSG及LRYGB为儿童青少年代谢手术方式,不推荐可调节胃绑带手术和胆胰转流术;美国指南对合并中重度GERD儿童青少年推荐LRYGB,我国指南没有特别提出这点[41-42]。但根据我国肥胖及2型糖尿病外科治疗指南和实际手术情况,对于存在中重度GERD的患者,国内手术医生会优先选择LRYGB,其他患者首选LSG[45]

  • 美国指南建议存在手术适应证,且排除禁忌证后,尽早手术,利于减重、缓解肥胖相关并发症[42]。国外内指南均建议术前需经包括减重代谢外科医生、内分泌科医生、儿科医生、心理医生及麻醉师等多学科团队充分评估,告知肥胖危害、手术风险、获益及术后需要生活方式改变等,与患者及其父母充分沟通后,再行手术治疗[41-44]。欧洲共识建议与患者及其父母分别沟通,减少手术认知差异[43]

  • 2.3 术后随访和管理

  • 各国指南均要求代谢术后强化饮食管理、合理运动、长期甚至终身服用营养补充剂,防治术后并发症[41-44]。国内指南要求术后2周、1个月、3个月、 6个月、12个月随访,之后每年随访1次,观察生长发育情况、营养水平及肥胖合并症等;对于重度肥胖患者还建议监测血清肌酸激酶和尿量,防止横纹肌溶解,术后1个月复查胆囊超声排除胆囊结石[4145]。美国指南建议术后2个月检测血清铁、钙、磷、甲状旁腺素、碱性磷酸酶、叶酸、铁蛋白、总铁结合力、维生素B1、B12和B6、维生素A、维生素D,术后6个月及以后每年都要复查血清镁、锌及上述指标;强化钙和维生素D补充,利于骨骼生长发育,术后6个月内需补充维生素B1;对于伴有精神症状(包括抑郁、焦虑、易怒、自杀企图等)术后精神症状不稳定患者,加强监测和护理[42]。欧洲共识除推荐补充复合营养素外,强调关注骨代谢和神经系统并发症,并建议术后6个月内应用熊去氧胆酸预防胆石形成[43]

  • 3 总结

  • 中重度肥胖儿童青少年代谢手术近十年发展迅速,该年龄组患者术后有效减重,缓解、逆转肥胖相关并发症,阻止成年后肥胖发生,围手术期并发症发生率与成人类似,但术后营养素缺乏较普遍。手术方式以LSG和LRYGB为主,LSG手术时间及住院时间更短,术后并发症发生率更低,LRYGB长期减重及改善GERD更具优势。儿童青少年处于生长发育特殊阶段,肥胖的发生与生活方式、社会因素相关,代谢手术适应证选择应较成人更为谨慎,应在生活方式改变、心理干预及其他治疗无效时采用。不同国家手术适应证的BMI切点有一定差异,禁忌证和手术方式类似,均强调术前多学科评估,与患者及家属充分沟通,强化术后规律随访,注重患者及家属治疗配合,重视营养素补充和精神心理问题。我国儿童青少年代谢手术数量有限,小样本短期研究显示患者获益与其他国家类似,未来多中心、大样本、长期随访研究将有助于明确我国肥胖儿童青少年代谢手术的长期效应。此外探索减重效率更好,并发症更少的术式也是此类人群代谢手术的未来发展趋势。

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