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通讯作者:

马晶晶,E-mail:mjj7698@126.com

中图分类号:R574.62

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)11-1553-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221108

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参考文献 14
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)患者精神心理及迷走神经功能改变,并分析其与临床特征的关系,为CD 的综合治疗提供依据。方法:纳入2014年1月—2018年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院确诊为CD的患者共124例,并纳入年龄及性别匹配的104例健康对照。收集CD患者的临床资料,采用CD疾病活动指数评估CD患者疾病活动情况,采用广泛性焦虑障碍量表、抑郁症筛查量表评估精神心理状况,并对48例CD患者和17例健康对照进行心率变异性分析评估迷走神经功能,分析高频(high frequency,HF)、低频(low frequency,LF)、LF/HF及HF/(HF+LF)数据。通过皮尔森相关分析及斯皮尔曼相关分析、有序Logistic回归分析患者焦虑抑郁及迷走神经功能与临床特征间的关系。结果:124例CD患者中,焦虑发生比例为 42.7%(53/124),抑郁发生比例为 27.4%(34/124);而对照组焦虑发生比例 8.7%(9/104),抑郁发生比例为 16.3%(17/104)。 CD患者焦虑、抑郁发生比例均显著高于对照组(P 焦虑<0.001,P 抑郁=0.046)。肛周手术史与CD患者焦虑评分呈正相关(OR= 5.405,95%CI:1.213~24.085,P =0.027),疾病复发≥2 次也与 CD 患者焦虑评分呈正相关(OR=3.887,95%CI:1.242~12.166,P = 0.020)。肠道手术史(OR=5.491,95%CI:1.356~22.243,P =0.017)和上消化道病变(OR=4.774,95%CI:1.529~14.910,P =0.007)与 CD患者抑郁评分呈正相关。CD患者HF/(HF+LF)为0.490±0.151,显著低于对照组(0.661±0.092,P <0.001),提示迷走功能减弱,迷走神经功能与焦虑(r =-0.377,P =0.008)、抑郁(r =-0.350,P =0.015)呈负相关。结论:CD患者焦虑、抑郁发生率升高,迷走神经功能下降。CD患者迷走神经功能水平可能与焦虑、抑郁严重程度呈负相关。

    Abstract

    Objective:The aim of this study was to assess the disorder of psychopsychological and vagus nerve function in patients with Crohn’s disease(CD)and analyze the relationship with clinical characteristics of CD patients so as to provide evidence for the comprehensive treatment of CD. Methods:A total of 124 CD patients were enrolled in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2014 and December 2018. A total of 104 healthy controls matched by age and sex were also included. Disease activities were evaluated by the Crohn’s disease activity index(CDAI). Anxiety and depression were assessed by Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD -7)and Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ -9). Vagal nerve function was evaluated by heart rate variability (HRV)in 48 CD patients and 17 healthy controls. High frequency(HF),low frequency(LF),LF/HF and HF/(HF+LF)were analyzed. Pearson correlation analysis,Spearman correlation analysis and ordinal logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the possible link among the incidence of anxiety and depression,vagus nerve function and clinical features of CD patients. Results:Among the 124 CD patients,the incidence of anxiety and depression was 42.7%(53/124)and 27.4%(34/124),which was significantly higher than that in the control group[8.7%(9/104)and 16.3%(17/104)],P value were<0.001 and 0.046 respectively. Perianal surgery history(OR= 5.405,95%CI:1.213~24.085,P =0.027)and frequency of recurrence≥2(OR=3.887,95%CI:1.242~12.166,P =0.020)were positive factors for the escalation of anxiety grades. Enterectomy surgery history(OR=5.491,95%CI:1.356~22.243,P =0.017)and upper GI tract involvement(OR=4.774,95% CI:1.529~14.910,P =0.007)were positive factors for the escalation of depression grades. The average value of HF/(LF+HF)of CD patients was 0.490±0.151,which was significantly lower than that of control group(0.661±0.092, P <0.001). Vagal activity had negative correlation with symptom of anxiety(r =-0.377,P =0.008)and depression(r =-0.350,P =0.015). Conclusion:CD patients had increased incidence of anxiety and depression and showed vagus nerve dysfunction. The function of vagus nerve had negative correlation with severity of anxiety and depression in CD patients.

    关键词

    炎症性肠病焦虑抑郁迷走神经

    Keywords

    Crohn’s diseaseanxietydepressionvagal

  • 炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种反复发作的慢性消化道非特异性炎症性疾病,主要包括克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)。其病因及发病机制目前尚不完全明确,研究显示精神心理因素和自主神经功能失调可能参与IBD的发病[1]。IBD患者常伴有精神心理异常,且精神心理异常增加患者疾病复发的风险[2]。另有研究提示CD患者可能存在自主神经功能异常[3],近年来研究发现迷走神经可以参与调节肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)⁃ α的生成,维持免疫稳态,改善肠道炎症[4]。因此本研究旨在评估CD患者精神心理状况及迷走神经功能,并分析患者临床特征与精神心理以及迷走神经功能间的相关性,为 CD 精神心理辅助治疗的应用提供依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 纳入2014年1月—2018年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院就诊的CD患者124例。纳入标准:根据IBD诊断与治疗的共识意见[5-6],确诊为CD;年龄18~65岁。排除标准:自主神经功能障碍的相关病史(如周围神经病变、糖尿病、迷走神经切断、甲状腺功能异常、淀粉样变性、哮喘、心力衰竭、肾功能不全、酒精中毒);正在服用的药物影响迷走神经功能(如抗胆碱药、抗心律失常药、α或β阻断剂、抗生素);既往患有精神性疾病或者服用抗焦虑、抑郁药物;胃肠道手术病史(与CD及并发症不相关);有严重心、肺、肾疾病病史;合并恶性肿瘤的患者;妊娠、哺乳期患者。选择同期体检中心招募的无胃肠道病变者共 104 例作为对照组,排除标准同上所述。本研究通过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批(伦理号 2014⁃SR⁃040),所有受试者签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • 通过查阅病历系统收集患者入院时一般资料:包括年龄、性别、病程、诊断、既往病史、教育程度、职业性质、职业紧张度、实验室指标、内镜资料、影像资料、治疗药物等;通过查阅体检中心系统收集对照组一般资料:包括年龄、性别等。

  • 1.2.2 CD疾病临床活动评估和临床分型

  • 通过克罗恩病疾病活动指数(Crohn’s disease active index,CDAI)及蒙特利尔分型评估CD患者的临床活动度和临床分型[5-6]。CDAI<150 分为临床缓解,150~220分为轻度活动,>220~450分为中度活动,>450 分为重度活动。临床分型参照蒙特利尔分型标准:A1 代表≤16 岁,A2 代表17~40 岁,A3 代表>40岁;L1代表病变累及回肠末端,L2代表病变累及结肠,L3代表病变累及回结肠,L4代表病变累及上消化道;B1代表病变为非狭窄非穿透型,B2 代表病变为狭窄型,B3代表病变为穿透型。

  • 1.2.3 精神心理评估

  • 广泛性焦虑障碍量表(Generalized Anxiety Dis⁃ order,GAD⁃7)用于评价患者过去2周受焦虑情绪影响的频率,总分为0~21分,分数越高提示焦虑程度越严重。5~9分为轻度焦虑,10~14分为中度焦虑, 15~21 分为重度焦虑,总分≥10 分认为焦虑具有临床意义[7]。抑郁症筛查量表(Patient Health Ques⁃ tionnaire,PHQ⁃9)是评价患者过去2周抑郁情绪出现的频率,总分为0~27分,分数越高提示抑郁程度越严重,5~9 分为轻度抑郁,10~14 分为中度抑郁,15~21 分为重度抑郁,总分≥10分认为具有临床意义[8]

  • 1.2.4 迷走神经功能评估

  • 采用心率变异性(heartrate variability,HRV)检测评估迷走神经功能。HRV检测为一种简单、无创的方法可用于评估迷走神经功能[9]。患者平卧10 min 后,采用电脑动态记录心电信号,用频域分析法,得出高频(high frequency,HF)频带(0.15~0.40 Hz)、低频(low frequency,LF)频带(0.04~0.15 Hz)。LF 和 HF功率分量的测量以功率的绝对值(平方毫秒)进行,并计算 LF/HF 及 HF/(HF+LF)。LF 主要代表交感神经活动,HF代表迷走神经活动,LF/HF 越高提示交感神经水平越高,HF/(HF+LF)越高代表迷走神经水平越高[10]。入组人群中,48例CD患者与17例对照者接受HRV检测。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS 22.0进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,分类数据采用百分比表示;正态分布数据两组间比较用独立样本t检验,多组间比较用方差分析;非正态分布数据两组间和多组间比较均用非参数检验;率的比较用卡方检验;正态分布计量资料相关性分析用皮尔森相关分析,非正态分布计量资料或等级资料相关性分析用斯皮尔曼相关分析;影响因素分析中将抑郁、焦虑状态程度作为因变量,选用比例优势模型,通过平行线检验后进行有序Logistic回归分析; P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 CD患者一般资料及临床特征

  • 本研究共纳入符合条件的CD患者124例,年龄 (29.9±10.7)岁,男 89 例(71.8%)。缓解期者 70 例 (56.5%),轻度活动者26例(21.0%),中重度活动者 28例(22.6%)。47例(37.9%)CD患者有手术史,其中 14 例(11.3%)患者有肠道手术史,33 例(26.6%) 患者有肛周手术史(表1)。对照组 104 例年龄为 (29.8±9.8)岁,男78例(75.0%)。CD组与对照组的年龄(P =0.976)以及性别构成(P =0.584)无明显差异。

  • 2.2 CD患者焦虑及抑郁发生情况

  • CD 患者焦虑发生(GAD ⁃7≥10)比例为 42.7% (53/124),对照组为8.7%(9/104),CD患者发生焦虑比例显著高于对照组(χ2 =33.197,P <0.001);CD 组抑郁发生(PHQ⁃9≥10)比例为27.4%(34/124),而对照组为16.3%(17/104),CD患者抑郁发生比例也高于对照组(χ2 =3.994,P =0.046)。

  • CD患者活动期与缓解期焦虑发生比例分别为 42.6%、42.9%;抑郁发生比例分别为 24.1% 及 30.0%,活动期与缓解期焦虑、抑郁的发生比例无显著差异(χ2 =0.001、0.538,P =0.976、0.463);且不同疾病活动状态与患者的焦虑及抑郁发生的严重程度无明显差异(χ2 =2.328、2.751,P =0.688、0.618,表2)。

  • 表1 124例CD患者基本情况

  • Table1 Clinical characteristics of 124 patients with CD

  • 对发生焦虑的严重程度进行比较,发现 CD 患者中度(GAD⁃7评分10~14分)以及重度(GAD⁃7评分 15~21 分)焦虑发生比例均高于对照组(χ2 = 33.355,P < 0.001)。对发生抑郁的严重程度进行比较,发现CD患者中度(PHQ⁃9评分10~14分)和重度 (PHQ⁃9评分15~21分)抑郁发生比例与对照无明显差异(χ2 =4.038,P =0.133,表2)。

  • 2.3 CD患者焦虑及抑郁发生的危险因素分析

  • 对 CD 患者的临床特征与焦虑、抑郁进行有序 Logistic 分析,肛周手术史与CD患者焦虑评分升高正相关(OR=5.405,95%CI:1.213~24.085,P =0.027,图1),疾病复发≥2次也是CD患者焦虑评分升高的正相关因素(OR=3.887,95% CI:1.242~12.166,P =0.02 0,图1)。肠道手术史(OR=5.491,95% CI: 1.356~22.243,P =0.017,图2)和上消化道病变(OR= 4.774,95%CI:1.529~14.910,P =0.007,图2)是CD患者抑郁评分升高的正相关因素。

  • 2.4 CD患者自主神经功能改变

  • 对48例 CD患者及17例健康对照者进行HRV 评估后发现,CD 患者 LF/HF 明显高于对照组 (1.465±1.610 vs. 0.541±0.220,t =-3.876,P <0.001),提示交感功能活性增高,而CD患者的HF/(HF+LF) 为 0.490±0.151,较对照 0.661±0.092 明显降低(t = 4.376,P <0.001),提示迷走功能减低(表3)。进一步分析 CD 患者的 LF/HF 以及 HF/(HF+LF)水平与疾病活动的关系,发现CD患者LF/HF与疾病是否临床活动的相关系数r =-0.123、P =0.405,HF/(HF+LF) 与疾病是否临床活动的相关系数r =0.120、P =0.418,无统计学意义。

  • 表2 CD患者与对照组焦虑、抑郁发生比较

  • Table2 Comparison of incidence of depression and anxiety in patients with CD and control

  • 与对照组相比,**P <0.001。

  • 图1 CD患者发生焦虑严重程度危险因素分析

  • Figure1 Analysis of risk factors related to severity of anxiety in patients with CD

  • 图2 CD患者发生抑郁严重程度危险因素分析

  • Figure2 Analysis of risk factors related to severity of depression in patients with CD

  • 2.5 自主神经功能与焦虑、抑郁的相关性

  • 对 CD 患者 LF/HF 改变与焦虑、抑郁间关系分析,发现 LF/HF 与焦虑评分(r =0.360,P =0.012)及抑郁评分(r =0.299,P =0.039)具有相关性。对 CD 患者 HF/(HF+LF)与焦虑、抑郁间关系分析,发现 HF/(HF+LF)与焦虑(r =-0.377,P =0.008)、抑郁(r =-0.350,P =0.015)均呈负相关,提示 CD 患者迷走神经功能降低与焦虑、抑郁发生可能有关(图3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • CD是一种慢性非特异性消化道炎症性疾病,具有病程长、反复发作的特点,其病因与发病机制尚不明确。近年来精神心理因素在CD发病中的作用越来越受到重视。本研究发现 CD 患者焦虑、抑郁发生比例分别为42.7%和27.4%,明显高于对照组,提示CD患者有较高的焦虑、抑郁发生,结果与既往文献报道焦虑、抑郁的发生率为27%~36%相当[11]。本研究中未发现焦虑及抑郁症状在CD患者活动期和缓解期间有显著差异。但有研究提示,活动期 IBD 患者相较于缓解期患者焦虑、抑郁更常见[12]。新近研究发现IBD的疾病活动与精神心理障碍相互影响。起病时无焦虑症状的活动期IBD,后期焦虑的发生风险增加近 6 倍,而伴焦虑症状的缓解期 IBD患者,后期出现疾病活动,需要治疗升级的风险增加1.82倍[13]。亦有文献提示抑郁增加IBD的患病风险[14],降低治疗依从性[15],而用抗抑郁药以及进行心理治疗有助于减轻 IBD 患者病情严重程度[16-17]。因此IBD患者的精神心理状况值得关注,对IBD患者心理健康的干预可能有助于提高IBD的治疗效果。

  • 表3 CD患者与正常对照组HRV的比较

  • Table3 Comparison of HRV in patients with CD and control

  • 图3 CD患者焦虑、抑郁状态与自主神经功能的相关性分析

  • Figure3 The correlation between scores of anxiety or depression and autonomic nerve function in patients with CD

  • 既往有关IBD患者发生精神心理障碍的危险因素相关研究提示,IBD相关手术史为患者发生焦虑抑郁的危险因素[18],肛周手术史与缓解期 CD 患者发生焦虑呈正相关[19]。本研究发现,肛周手术史以及多次复发是 CD 患者焦虑加重的影响因素,肠道手术史以及上消化道病变可能为抑郁加重的影响因素,这与既往研究结果一致。关于IBD住院患者的研究提示,担心再次手术、手术造口以及住院治疗本身均为患者焦虑、抑郁发生的危险因素[19]。 Ananthakrishnan等[20] 研究发现肛周病变的IBD患者更容易发生焦虑以及抑郁,一项探索性研究也提示肛周瘘管以及对于再干预的不确定性都会影响患者的精神健康[21],且肛周疾病为预测CD发展至致残阶段的因素之一[22]。因此合并肛周病变、肛周或肠道手术的CD患者更易出现精神心理障碍,应重视对具有高危因素的CD患者进行精神心理评估和管理。

  • 迷走神经可通过抑制多种免疫细胞过度生成 TNF⁃α等多种促炎因子的表达,发挥迷走抗炎作用,激活迷走神经通路可以降低结肠炎小鼠模型中炎症因子如TNF⁃α、白介素6(interleukin 6,IL⁃6)的生成,减轻肠道炎症[4]。既往研究发现与缓解期CD患者相比,活动期患者LF降低,且与患者外周血白蛋白以及 IL⁃6 水平呈负相关[23]。新近一项研究表明 LF/HF与UC患者疾病活动相关且能够预测疾病复发[24]。本研究采用 HRV 评估 CD 患者迷走神经功能,发现CD患者迷走神经功能较对照组明显降低,但未发现HRV与疾病临床活动之间的相关性,这可能与研究中HRV检测样本量有限有关。

  • 近年来研究发现迷走神经功能失调与焦虑及抑郁的发生也具有相关性,焦虑、抑郁患者 IL⁃6、 TNF⁃α等炎症因子水平出现不同程度的升高,可能参与了IBD的发病机制[325-26]。本研究发现CD患者迷走神经功能与焦虑、抑郁均呈负相关。目前植入式迷走神经脉冲式起搏发生装置已被批准用于治疗抑郁症[27]。另一项初步研究表明,迷走神经刺激 (vagus nerve stimulation,VNS)可缓解一些 IBD 患者的临床症状和内镜表现[28],有学者提出VNS可能成为治疗IBD的新方法[29]

  • 综上所述,本研究结果提示精神心理、迷走神经功能与CD之间具有一定的联系,随着对CD患者精神心理状态、迷走神经功能的深入了解,有助于在 CD 患者综合管理策略中制定包括精神心理、迷走神经功能评估的个体化治疗。

  • 本研究尚存在一定不足之处。研究中采用 GAD⁃7以及PHQ⁃9筛查问卷评估患者焦虑、抑郁状态,并且量表中筛查抑郁的一些症状如食欲和疲劳的改变与 CD 症状重叠,因此可能在一定程度上高估了焦虑和抑郁的发生。另外本研究是一项小样本的单中心研究,HRV检测样本量较少,分析的参数有局限性,仍有待扩大样本量进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MOGILEVSKI T,BURGELL R,AZIZ Q,et al.Review ar⁃ ticle:the role of the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis and therapy of IBD[J].Aliment Pharmacol⁃ Ther,2019,50(7):720-737

    • [2] JORDI S B U,LANG B M,AUSCHRA B,et al.Depres⁃ sive symptoms predict clinical recurrence of inflammatory bowel disease[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2022,28(4):560-571

    • [3] PELLISSIER S,DANTZER C,CANINI F,et al.Psycho⁃ logical adjustment and autonomic disturbances in inflam⁃ matory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome[J].Psychoneuroendocrinology,2010,35(5):653-662

    • [4] BONAZ B,SINNIGER V,PELLISSIER S.Therapeutic po⁃ tential of vagus nerve stimulation for inflammatory bowel diseases[J].Front Neurosci,2021,15:650971

    • [5] 中华医学会消化病学分会炎症性肠病学组.炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2012年·广州)[J].胃肠病学,2012,17(12):763-781

    • [6] 中华医学会消化病学分会炎症性肠病学组.炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2018 年,北京)[J].中华消化杂志,2018,38(5):292-311

    • [7] MUGHAL A Y,DEVADAS J,ARDMAN E,et al.A sys⁃ tematic review of validated screening tools for anxiety dis⁃ orders and PTSD in low to middle income countries[J].BMC Psychiatry,2020,20(1):338

    • [8] LEVIS B,BENEDETTI A,THOMBS B D,et al.Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire ⁃9(PHQ ⁃9)for screening to detect major depression:individual participant data meta⁃ analysis[J].BMJ,2019,365:l1476

    • [9] SCHNEIDER M,SCHWERDTFEGER A.Autonomic dys⁃ function in posttraumatic stress disorder indexed by heart rate variability:a meta ⁃analysis[J].Psychol Med,2020,50(12):1937-1948

    • [10] BURR R L.Interpretation of normalized spectral heart rate variability indices in sleep research:a critical review[J].Sleep,2007,30(7):913-919

    • [11] KIM E S,CHO K B,PARK K S,et al.Predictive factors of impaired quality of life in Korean patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease:association with functional gastrointestinal disorders and mood disorders[J].J Clin Gastroenterol,2013,47(4):38-44

    • [12] HU S,CHEN Y,CHEN Y,et al.Depression and anxiety disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].Front Psychiatry,2021,12:714057

    • [13] GRACIE D J,GUTHRIE E A,HAMLIN P J,et al.Bi⁃di⁃ rectionality of brain ⁃ gut interactions in patients with in⁃ flammatory bowel disease[J].Gastroenterology,2018,154(6):1635-1646

    • [14] FROLKIS A D,VALLERAND I A,SHAHEEN A,et al.Depression increases the risk of inflammatory bowel dis⁃ ease,which may be mitigated by the use of antidepres⁃ sants in the treatment of depression[J].Gut,2019,68(9):1606-1612

    • [15] KHAN S,RUPNIEWSKA E,NEIGHBORS M,et al.Real⁃ world evidence on adherence,persistence,switching and dose escalation with biologics in adult inflammatory bow⁃ el disease in the United States:a systematic review[J].J Clin Pharm Ther,2019,44(4):495-507

    • [16] MIKOCKA ⁃ WALUS A,PRADY S L,POLLOK J,et al.Adjuvant therapy with antidepressants for the manage⁃ ment of inflammatory bowel disease[J].Cochrane Data⁃ base Syst Rev,2019,4:CD012680

    • [17] GRACIE D J,IRVINE A J,SOOD R,et al.Effect of psy⁃ chological therapy on disease activity,psychological comorbidity,and quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Lan⁃ cet Gastroenterol Hepatol,2017,2(3):189-199

    • [18] GAO X,TANG Y,LEI N,et al.Symptoms of anxiety/de⁃ pression is associated with more aggressive inflammatory bowel disease[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):1440

    • [19] MACONI G,GRIDAVILLA D,VIGANÒ C,et al.Perianal disease is associated with psychiatric co ⁃ morbidity in Crohn’s disease in remission[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2014,29(10):1285-1290

    • [20] ANANTHAKRISHNAN A N,GAINER V S,CAI T X,et al.Similar risk of depression and anxiety following sur⁃ gery or hospitalization for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2013,108(4):594-601

    • [21] ADEGBOLA S O,DIBLEY L,SAHNAN K,et al.Burden of disease and adaptation to life in patients with Crohn’s perianal fistula:a qualitative exploration[J].Health Qual Life Outcomes,2020,18(1):370

    • [22] WANG H,WU Y,YE C,et al.Perianal disease onset age is associated with distinct disease features and need for intestinal resection in perianal Crohn’s disease:a ten ⁃ year hospital ⁃ based observational study in China[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2021,21(1):376

    • [23] ENGEL T,BEN⁃HORIN S,BEER⁃GABEL M.Autonomic dysfunction correlates with clinical and inflammatory ac⁃ tivity in patients with Crohn’s disease[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2015,21(10):2320-2326

    • [24] HIRTEN R P,DANIELETTO M,SCHEEL R,et al.longi⁃ tudinal autonomic nervous system measures correlate with stress and ulcerative colitis disease activity and predict flare[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2021,27(10):1576-1584

    • [25] COLLINS S M.Interrogating the gut⁃brain axis in the con⁃ text of inflammatory bowel disease:a translational ap⁃ proach[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2020,26(4):493-501

    • [26] 瞿秋霜,李晶晶,梅刚,等.老年抑郁障碍患者细胞因子及免疫相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(10):1278-1282

    • [27] BOTTOMLEY J M,LEREUN C,DIAMANTOPOULOS A,et al.Vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)therapy in patients with treatment resistant depression:A systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Compr Psychiatry,2019,98:152-156

    • [28] BONAZ B,SINNIGER V,HOFFMANN D,et al.Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn’s disease:a 6⁃month fol⁃ low⁃up pilot study[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2016,28(6):948-953

    • [29] BONAZ B,SINNIGER V,PELLISSIER S.Vagus nerve stimulation:a new promising therapeutic tool in inflamma⁃ tory bowel disease[J].J Intern Med,2017,282:46-63

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MOGILEVSKI T,BURGELL R,AZIZ Q,et al.Review ar⁃ ticle:the role of the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis and therapy of IBD[J].Aliment Pharmacol⁃ Ther,2019,50(7):720-737

    • [2] JORDI S B U,LANG B M,AUSCHRA B,et al.Depres⁃ sive symptoms predict clinical recurrence of inflammatory bowel disease[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2022,28(4):560-571

    • [3] PELLISSIER S,DANTZER C,CANINI F,et al.Psycho⁃ logical adjustment and autonomic disturbances in inflam⁃ matory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome[J].Psychoneuroendocrinology,2010,35(5):653-662

    • [4] BONAZ B,SINNIGER V,PELLISSIER S.Therapeutic po⁃ tential of vagus nerve stimulation for inflammatory bowel diseases[J].Front Neurosci,2021,15:650971

    • [5] 中华医学会消化病学分会炎症性肠病学组.炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2012年·广州)[J].胃肠病学,2012,17(12):763-781

    • [6] 中华医学会消化病学分会炎症性肠病学组.炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2018 年,北京)[J].中华消化杂志,2018,38(5):292-311

    • [7] MUGHAL A Y,DEVADAS J,ARDMAN E,et al.A sys⁃ tematic review of validated screening tools for anxiety dis⁃ orders and PTSD in low to middle income countries[J].BMC Psychiatry,2020,20(1):338

    • [8] LEVIS B,BENEDETTI A,THOMBS B D,et al.Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire ⁃9(PHQ ⁃9)for screening to detect major depression:individual participant data meta⁃ analysis[J].BMJ,2019,365:l1476

    • [9] SCHNEIDER M,SCHWERDTFEGER A.Autonomic dys⁃ function in posttraumatic stress disorder indexed by heart rate variability:a meta ⁃analysis[J].Psychol Med,2020,50(12):1937-1948

    • [10] BURR R L.Interpretation of normalized spectral heart rate variability indices in sleep research:a critical review[J].Sleep,2007,30(7):913-919

    • [11] KIM E S,CHO K B,PARK K S,et al.Predictive factors of impaired quality of life in Korean patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease:association with functional gastrointestinal disorders and mood disorders[J].J Clin Gastroenterol,2013,47(4):38-44

    • [12] HU S,CHEN Y,CHEN Y,et al.Depression and anxiety disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].Front Psychiatry,2021,12:714057

    • [13] GRACIE D J,GUTHRIE E A,HAMLIN P J,et al.Bi⁃di⁃ rectionality of brain ⁃ gut interactions in patients with in⁃ flammatory bowel disease[J].Gastroenterology,2018,154(6):1635-1646

    • [14] FROLKIS A D,VALLERAND I A,SHAHEEN A,et al.Depression increases the risk of inflammatory bowel dis⁃ ease,which may be mitigated by the use of antidepres⁃ sants in the treatment of depression[J].Gut,2019,68(9):1606-1612

    • [15] KHAN S,RUPNIEWSKA E,NEIGHBORS M,et al.Real⁃ world evidence on adherence,persistence,switching and dose escalation with biologics in adult inflammatory bow⁃ el disease in the United States:a systematic review[J].J Clin Pharm Ther,2019,44(4):495-507

    • [16] MIKOCKA ⁃ WALUS A,PRADY S L,POLLOK J,et al.Adjuvant therapy with antidepressants for the manage⁃ ment of inflammatory bowel disease[J].Cochrane Data⁃ base Syst Rev,2019,4:CD012680

    • [17] GRACIE D J,IRVINE A J,SOOD R,et al.Effect of psy⁃ chological therapy on disease activity,psychological comorbidity,and quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Lan⁃ cet Gastroenterol Hepatol,2017,2(3):189-199

    • [18] GAO X,TANG Y,LEI N,et al.Symptoms of anxiety/de⁃ pression is associated with more aggressive inflammatory bowel disease[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):1440

    • [19] MACONI G,GRIDAVILLA D,VIGANÒ C,et al.Perianal disease is associated with psychiatric co ⁃ morbidity in Crohn’s disease in remission[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2014,29(10):1285-1290

    • [20] ANANTHAKRISHNAN A N,GAINER V S,CAI T X,et al.Similar risk of depression and anxiety following sur⁃ gery or hospitalization for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2013,108(4):594-601

    • [21] ADEGBOLA S O,DIBLEY L,SAHNAN K,et al.Burden of disease and adaptation to life in patients with Crohn’s perianal fistula:a qualitative exploration[J].Health Qual Life Outcomes,2020,18(1):370

    • [22] WANG H,WU Y,YE C,et al.Perianal disease onset age is associated with distinct disease features and need for intestinal resection in perianal Crohn’s disease:a ten ⁃ year hospital ⁃ based observational study in China[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2021,21(1):376

    • [23] ENGEL T,BEN⁃HORIN S,BEER⁃GABEL M.Autonomic dysfunction correlates with clinical and inflammatory ac⁃ tivity in patients with Crohn’s disease[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2015,21(10):2320-2326

    • [24] HIRTEN R P,DANIELETTO M,SCHEEL R,et al.longi⁃ tudinal autonomic nervous system measures correlate with stress and ulcerative colitis disease activity and predict flare[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2021,27(10):1576-1584

    • [25] COLLINS S M.Interrogating the gut⁃brain axis in the con⁃ text of inflammatory bowel disease:a translational ap⁃ proach[J].Inflamm Bowel Dis,2020,26(4):493-501

    • [26] 瞿秋霜,李晶晶,梅刚,等.老年抑郁障碍患者细胞因子及免疫相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(10):1278-1282

    • [27] BOTTOMLEY J M,LEREUN C,DIAMANTOPOULOS A,et al.Vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)therapy in patients with treatment resistant depression:A systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Compr Psychiatry,2019,98:152-156

    • [28] BONAZ B,SINNIGER V,HOFFMANN D,et al.Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn’s disease:a 6⁃month fol⁃ low⁃up pilot study[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2016,28(6):948-953

    • [29] BONAZ B,SINNIGER V,PELLISSIER S.Vagus nerve stimulation:a new promising therapeutic tool in inflamma⁃ tory bowel disease[J].J Intern Med,2017,282:46-63