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通讯作者:

周文娣,E-mail:hayyzhwd@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R725.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)11-1572-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221111

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 5
PEINKHOFER M,BOSSINI B,PENCO A,et al.Reduc⁃ tion in pediatric growth hormone deficiency and increase in central precocious puberty diagnoses during COVID 19 pandemics[J].Ital J Pediatr,2022,48(1):1-6
参考文献 6
LIU G,GUO J,ZHANG X,et al.Obesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty:a case ⁃ control study[J].BMC Pediatr,2021,21(1):1-8
参考文献 7
李娜,刘煜.性激素与生物钟系统关系的研究进展 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(5):774-778
参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
HADDAD N G,EUGSTER E A.Peripheral precocious pu⁃ berty including congenital adrenal hyperplasia:causes,consequences,management and outcomes[J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2019,33(3):101273
参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
张静,陈瑞敏,袁欣,等.黄体生成素基础值对不同体质量指数女童中枢性性早熟的诊断价值[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2020,35(20):1566-1570
参考文献 12
BONCOMPAGNI A,MCNEILLY J,MURTAZA M,et al.Clinical utility of urinary gonadotrophins in hypergonado⁃ trophic states as Turner syndrome[J].J Pediatr Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2020,33(11):1373-1381
参考文献 13
KOLBY N,BUSCH A S,AKSGLAEDE L,et al.Nocturnal urinary excretion of FSH and LH in children and adoles⁃ cents with normal and early puberty[J].J Clin Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2017,102(10):3830-3838
参考文献 14
ZUNG A,BURUNDUKOV E,ULMAN M,et al.The diag⁃ nostic value of first ⁃ voided urinary LH compared with GNRH ⁃ stimulated gonadotropins in differentiating slowly progressive from rapidly progressive precocious puberty in girls[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2014,170(5):749-758
参考文献 15
YÜCE Ö,BIDECI A,ÇELIK N,et al.Diagnostic value of urinary luteinizing hormone levels in the monitoring of precocious puberty treatment[J].Arch Endocrinol Metab,2020,64(2):121-127
参考文献 16
DEMIR A,VOUTILAINEN R,STENMAN U H,et al.First morning voided urinary gonadotropin measurements as an alternative to the GnRH test[J].Horm Res Pae⁃ diatr,2016,85(5):301-308
参考文献 17
SHIM Y S,AN S H,LEE H J,et al.Random urinary go⁃ nadotropins as a useful initial test for girls with central precocious puberty[J].Endocr J,2019,66(10):891-903
参考文献 18
ZHAN S,HUANG K,WU W,et al.The use of morning urinary gonadotropins and sex hormones in the manage⁃ ment of early puberty in chinese girls[J].J Clin Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2021,106(11):e4520-e4530
参考文献 19
YU H K,LIU X,CHEN J K,et al.Pelvic ultrasound in diag⁃ nosing and evaluating the efficacy of gonadotropin⁃releas⁃ ing hormone agonist therapy in girls with idiopathic cen⁃ tral precocious puberty[J].Front Pharmacol,2019,10:104
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨晨尿联合盆腔超声及血清基础促性腺激素(gonadotropin,Gn)水平检测在女童中枢性性早熟(central pre- cocious puberty,CPP)初步诊断中的意义。方法:以就诊于南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院的83例性早熟女童为研究对象,收集年龄、骨龄、盆腔超声、血清基础Gn等资料,对可疑CPP女童行促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH) 激发试验,根据结果分为CPP组和非CPP组。同期留取所有病例晨尿3 mL,测定Gn水平。采用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行统计分析,并绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线。结果:①CPP 组晨尿黄体生成素(luteinzing hor- mone,LH)、卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)显著高于非CPP组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。②晨尿LH与血清LH峰值、子宫容积、卵巢容积呈正相关(P均< 0.001);晨尿LH/FSH比值与血清LH/FSH峰值比、子宫容积、卵巢容积呈正相关(P均< 0.001)。③用于诊断CPP的晨尿LH、子宫容积的ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)、界值、灵敏度和特异度分别为0.879、2.12 U/L、82.1%、88.0%;0.935、1.87 cm3 、87.2%、88.0%;血清基础LH≥0.3 U/L诊断CPP的灵敏度为89.7%,特异度为 80.0%。④晨尿LH、血基础LH及子宫容积联合诊断CPP时,AUC、灵敏度和特异度分别为0.977、92.3%、96.0%,均高于单一指标。结论:晨尿LH、血清基础LH联合子宫容积可作为女童CPP初步筛查指标,且无创、便捷,可进一步提高CPP初步诊断效能,具有一定的临床应用价值。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the diagnostic value of morning urine combined with pelvic ultrasound and serum basal urinary gonadotropin(Gn)levels of girls with central precocious puberty(CPP). Methods:Total 83 girls with precocious puberty attending our hospital were enrolled in this study. The age,bone age,the uterus ultrasonic,basal serum Gn levels and other related informations were collected. For girls with suspected CPP,gonadotropin - releasing hormone(GnRH)stimulation test was performed. Then 83 girls were divided into CPP group and non -CPP group according to the results of GnRH test. At the same time, morning urine from all patients were also collected. Then,the Gn levels were detected by immunochemiluminometric assays. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the data,and receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)was drawn. Results:①The levels of luteinzing hormone(LH)and follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)of morning urine in CPP group were significantly higher than those in non-CPP group(P < 0.05). ②The LH levels in morning urinary were positively correlated with peak LH levels in the serum, uterine volume and ovarian volume(P < 0.001);urinary LH/FSH ratios were also positively correlated with peak LH/FSH ratios in the serum,uterine volume and ovarian volume(P < 0.001). ③The area under ROC curve(AUC),threshold,sensitivity and specificity of morning urine LH for diagnosis of CPP were 0.879,2.12 U/L,82.1% ,88.0% ,respectively;and AUC,threshold,sensitivity and specificity of uterine volume for diagnosis of CPP were 0.935,1.87 cm3 ,87.2%,88.0%,respectively;the sensitivity and specificity of serum basal LH(≥0.3 U/L)for CPP diagnosis were 89.7% and 80.0%,respectively. ④The AUC,sensitivity and specificity of the combination of morning urine LH,uterine volume and blood - based LH for diagnosis of CPP were 0.977,92.3% and 96.0% , respectively. Conclusion:Morning urine LH combined with uterine volume and blood-based LH can be used as preliminary screening indicators for CPP in girls,which is non - invasive and convenient. These indicators can further improve the preliminary diagnostic efficacy of CPP,and have certain clinical application value.

  • 性早熟是指女孩 8 岁前、男孩 9 岁前出现第二性征的发育。根据下丘脑⁃垂体⁃性腺轴(hypotha⁃ lamic pituitary gonadal axis,HPGA)功能是否提前启动,可分为中枢性性早熟(central precocious puberty, CPP)和外周性性早熟。近年来 CPP 发病率逐年升高,已成为危害儿童身心健康最常见的内分泌疾病之一。促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin⁃releasing hormone,GnRH)激发试验是诊断CPP的“金标准”[1],需要反复多次静脉抽血,过程繁复,成本高。因此如何更加方便、无创、经济地明确诊断成为性早熟的重要研究内容。尽管血基础黄体生成素(luteinz⁃ ing hormone,LH)水平临床意义有限,但> 0.2 U/L 可视为 HPGA 启动达青春期水平[2]。研究表明,尿促性腺激素(gonadotropin,Gn)水平与血液中相应激素的水平有良好的相关性。尿标本留取无创、方便,近年来国内外学者对尿Gn水平在性早熟中的应用展开了广泛研究,但目前尚无统一标准。本研究拟通过对不同类型性早熟女童晨尿、盆腔超声检查来探讨其在CPP女童初步诊断中的价值。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2021年1月—2022年3月就诊于南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院儿科的83例性早熟女童作为研究对象。收集年龄、身高、体重、Tanner分期等资料,检测血清基础Gn、泌乳素、雌二醇、胰岛素样生长因子 1(insulin like growth factor 1,IGF⁃1)等水平;同时行盆腔超声检查,由具有丰富超声诊断经验的专业医师评估子宫容积、卵巢容积、卵泡数量等。纳入标准:①女童8岁前出现乳房发育;②患儿及其家长充分了解本项研究,告知其利弊,并获得知情同意。排除标准:①由肿瘤、肾上腺疾病、性腺疾病或中枢神经系统疾病、甲状腺功能减退等原因引起的继发性CPP患儿;②存在泌尿系统疾病的患儿;③在此次就诊前服用过影响 HPGA 的药物者。此项研究通过南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院医学伦理委员会批准(KY⁃2022⁃056⁃01)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床数据及分组

  • 病史采集及体格检查:由专业的小儿内分泌科医师对受试女童进行详尽的病史询问及性特征相关体格检查。按Tanner标准进行乳房分期,采用G⁃P 标准图谱判断骨龄。

  • 分组:按照CPP诊断与治疗专家共识(2015)[1],结合患儿临床症状及体征,对可疑 CPP 女童行 GnRH 激发试验,根据激发试验结果分为 CPP 组和非CPP组。

  • GnRH激发试验:所用药物为醋酸曲普瑞林(达必佳,0.1 mg/支,辉凌制药有限公司,德国),在激发试验前检测基础性激素水平,皮下注射醋酸曲普瑞林 2.5 μg/kg,最大 100 μg,依次在注射后 0、30、60、 90、120 min抽取静脉血2 mL,免疫化学发光法测定血清LH、卵泡刺激素(follicle⁃stimulating hormone,FSH)。

  • 1.2.2 尿LH、FSH测定

  • 嘱受检患儿睡前排空膀胱,激发试验前留取次日晨尿 3 mL,并立即存放于 4℃标本专用冰箱中。3 000 r/min 离心 10 min 后,收集上清液,储存于-80℃冰箱中,记录总尿量。用免疫化学发光法 (化学发光免疫分析仪,型号MAGLUMI X8,深圳新兴产业生物医学工程股份有限公司)检测尿 LH、 FSH值。尿LH检测范围为0.1~250.0 U/L;尿FSH检测范围为0.1~400.0 U/L。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行分析。定性资料以百分比表示,两组样本比较采用卡方检验。对于正态分布的连续性变量,以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,两组样本比较用独立样本t检验,相关分析采用 Pearson 相关分析;对于非正态的连续性变量,以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,两组样本比较用 Man⁃Whitney U 检验,相关分析运用 Spearman 秩相关分析。绘制受试者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线,并采用 Logistic 回归探讨单指标与联合指标在诊断女童 CPP 中的作用。所有检验均采用双侧检验,P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般临床资料

  • 共纳入性早熟患儿 83 例,对可疑 CPP 女童行 GnRH激发试验,根据激发试验结果及临床症状、体征分为 CPP 组和非 CPP 组,其中 CPP 患儿 48 例,年龄(8.48±1.20)岁;非 CPP 患儿 35 例,年龄(6.96± 1.25)岁。两组年龄、身高、体重、骨龄、基础Gn(LH、 FSH)、IGF⁃1、子宫容积、卵巢容积及垂体高度比较差异均有统计学意义(P 均< 0.05);体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、泌乳素(prolactin,PRL)差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 两组女童晨尿Gn水平的比较

  • CPP 组晨尿 LH、晨尿 FSH 的可检出率分别为 81.3%、100.0%,非CPP组晨尿LH、晨尿FSH的可检出率分别为71.4%、100.0%。CPP组女童晨尿LH水平高于非 CPP 组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001); CPP组女童晨尿FSH水平高于非CPP组,差异有统计学意义(P =0.008,表2)。

  • 表1 CPP组与非CPP组一般资料的比较

  • Table1 Comparison of general information between the CPP and non⁃CPP groups

  • 表2 CPP组与非CPP组晨尿Gn浓度及可检出率

  • Table2 The concentrations and detectable rates of mor ⁃ ning urinary Gn in the CPP and non ⁃ CPP groups

  • 2.3 晨尿Gn与GnRH激发试验血Gn、子宫容积、卵巢容积等的相关性分析

  • 对受试者晨尿 Gn 与 GnRH 激发试验血 Gn、子宫容积及卵巢容积进行Spearman相关性分析,结果显示,患儿的晨尿LH水平与GnRH 激发试验血LH 峰值、子宫容积及卵巢容积呈正相关,均有统计学意义(P均< 0.001);晨尿LH/FSH与GnRH激发试验血LH/FSH峰值比、子宫容积及卵巢容积呈正相关,均有统计学意义(P均< 0.001,图1)。

  • 2.4 晨尿 Gn、子宫容积等在女童 CPP 诊断中的 ROC曲线分析

  • ROC 曲线分析比较晨尿 LH、晨尿 FSH、晨尿 LH/FSH比值及子宫容积、卵巢容积诊断女童CPP的价值(图2),发现子宫容积具有较高的AUC及灵敏度,晨尿LH/FSH比值具有较高的特异度(表3)。

  • 图1 晨尿LH、晨尿LH/FSH与GnRH激发试验血LH峰值、LH/FSH峰值比、子宫容积及卵巢容积的相关性分析

  • Figure1 Correlation analysis of morning urine LH,morning urine LH/FSH and GnRH excitation test LH peak,LH/FSH peak ratio,uterine volume and ovarian volume

  • 图2 晨尿LH、FSH、LH/FSH比值及子宫容积、卵巢容积、联合指标Y诊断女童CPP的ROC曲线

  • Figure2 ROC curves of morning urine LH,FSH,LH/FSH and uterine volume,fovarian volume,joint in⁃ dex Y for the diagnosis of CPP in girls

  • 2.5 晨尿LH与血清基础LH及子宫容积联合检查在女童CPP筛查中的效能分析

  • 儿科内分泌协会国际联盟的最新指南指出,血清基础 LH 在 0.30~0.83 U/L 时,若临床表现无法确定性早熟类型,需要行激发试验[2]。本研究中血清基础LH≥0.3 U/L时诊断CPP的灵敏度为89.7%,特异度为80.0%。

  • 以GnRH激发试验结果诊断是否为CPP为因变量,以晨尿LH、血清基础LH及子宫容积为自变量,进行多因素Logstic 回归分析(表4),根据回归模型生成晨尿LH、血清基础LH、子宫容积3项指标的回归方程:Y=0.538×晨尿 LH+2.532×血清基础 LH+ 2.332×子宫容积-6.853,以该回归方程作为诊断CPP 的联合指标,并以联合指标 Y 进行 ROC 曲线分析 (图2),其 AUC、灵敏度、特异度分别为 0.977、9 2.3%、96.0%,均高于单一指标,因此三者联合诊断效能最高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

  • 表3 晨尿Gn、子宫容积及卵巢容积诊断女童CPP的临界值、灵敏度与特异度

  • Table3 Threshold values,sensitivity and specificity of morning urinary Gn,uterine volume and ovarian volume for the diagnosis of CPP in girls

  • 表4 晨尿LH、血基础LH及子宫容积的Logistic回归方程拟合结果

  • Table4 Logistic regression equation fitting results of morning urine LH,blood base LH and uterine volume

  • 3 讨论

  • 近些年国内外研究显示,性早熟的发病率一直在上升[3-4],尤其2020年疫情后,女童发病率上升较男童更为显著[5],可能与超重、肥胖发生率增加以及夜灯习惯、生物钟改变有关[6-7]。性早熟对儿童存在一系列不可忽视的危害:女孩初潮年龄提前、骨骺早愈合,影响患儿成年期终身高;第二性征过早发育、性成熟可引起心理问题甚至出现异常的社会行为[8];也有研究发现性早熟与代谢综合征、后发的生殖器官肿瘤等相关[9],因此,性早熟引起越来越多儿科内分泌医生及家长的重视。

  • 目前常用基础或 GnRH 刺激试验后的血清 LH 水平来评估HPGA的活动,以协助诊断或者明确性早熟的类型。Heo等[10] 认为基础血清LH水平可以作为女性 CPP 筛查的指标;在张静等[11] 的研究中,血LH基础值可用于不同BMI女童CPP的诊断。虽然检测血清基础LH水平相对简单,但由于Gn脉冲式分泌的特点,随机血清LH和FSH水平一般较低,往往不能进行有效鉴别,故存在一定局限性。而传统的金标准需要 GnRH 刺激,小剂量 GnRH 本身即具有促性发育的作用;而且激发试验需要反复多次抽血,方法及过程比较繁琐,成本高,依从性较差。近年来,证据表明尿和血清这两类标本的Gn水平具有相关性[12-15]。尿液收集具有便捷、无创、可重复性强等优点,相较于静脉采血,优势显而易见。研究显示,尿Gn水平与青春期性发育存在一定相关性, Demir等[16] 发现尿LH和尿LH/FSH比值在区分青春期早期和青春期前状态方面与GnRH激发试验表现相同,为尿液Gn检测替代血清 Gn在临床中的应用提供了依据。

  • 本研究发现,CPP组女童晨尿Gn水平显著高于非 CPP 组女童,与临床女童的性发育程度相一致。本研究还发现晨尿 LH 水平与激发试验血清 LH 峰值、晨尿LH/FSH比值与激发试验LH/FSH峰值比都具有中等相关性,与Demir等[16] 的研究结果相似,但在 Boncompagni 等[12] 的研究中,尿和血清两类标本的Gn水平却有较强的相关性,考虑可能与标本储存条件及检测试剂盒不同有关。本研究通过ROC 曲线比较晨尿LH、晨尿FSH、晨尿LH/FSH对女童CPP 的诊断价值,发现晨尿LH与晨尿LH/FSH比值的诊断价值优于晨尿FSH,但结合血LH/FSH比值的意义,故以晨尿LH价值最优,其最佳临界值为2.12 U/L,灵敏度为 82.1%,特异度为 88.0%。Shim 等[17] 留取患儿随机时间尿液标本,通过ROC曲线分析,发现随机尿LH诊断CPP最佳临界值为0.20 U/L;Zhan等[18] 研究晨尿LH的临界值为1.74 U/L时,预测激发试验阳性结果的灵敏度为69.4%,特异度为75.3%。本研究晨尿LH诊断女童CPP的最佳临界值为2.12 U/L,较其他文献报道略高,考虑与以下因素有关:①本研究为晨尿,而Shim等[17] 留取的为随机尿;②检测方法均为免疫化学发光法,但检测所用的试剂盒不同。

  • CPP诊断与治疗共识指出子宫长度3.4~4.0 cm,卵巢容积1~3 mL,并见多个直径≥4 mm的卵泡,提示青春发育[1];Yu等[19] 研究发现,子宫容积是鉴别CPP 患者与正常女孩的最佳超声参数。本研究通过 ROC曲线分析,发现子宫容积诊断CPP较卵巢容积具有更高的灵敏度及特异度,因此本研究对晨尿LH 水平、子宫容积以血清基础LH值联合检测,发现晨尿LH水平、血清基础LH及子宫容积三者联合可以作为女童CPP的初步筛查指标,进一步提高CPP初步诊断效能,因此具有一定的临床应用价值。

  • 综上所述,晨尿联合子宫容积及血清基础Gn水平,提高了女童 CPP 初步诊断效能,且尿液留取方便、无创、可重复性好,患儿无畏惧心理,同时减轻了家长的经济负担。因此,晨尿Gn水平在女童CPP 初步筛查中有着良好的应用前景。但本研究病例数尚少,且未监测CPP治疗、随访过程中尿Gn的水平变化,有待扩大样本量,增加病例随访,以进一步明确其在CPP诊断、治疗、随访中的临床应用价值。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组《中华儿科杂志》编辑委员会.中枢性性早熟诊断与治疗共识 [J].中华儿科杂志,2015,53(6):412-418

    • [2] BANGALORE K K,FUQUA J S,ROGOL A D,et al.Use of gonadotropin ⁃ releasing hormone analogs in children:update by an international consortium[J].Horm Res Pae⁃ diatr,2019,91(6):357-372

    • [3] 李长春,郑永华,沈红蕾,等.上海金山区儿童性早熟发病情况及影响因素研究[J].中国妇幼健康研究,2020,31(10):1301-1307

    • [4] KIM Y J,KWON A,JUNG M K,et al.Incidence and prev⁃ alence of central precocious puberty in korea:an epidemi⁃ ologic study based on a national database[J].J Pediatr,2019,208:221-228

    • [5] PEINKHOFER M,BOSSINI B,PENCO A,et al.Reduc⁃ tion in pediatric growth hormone deficiency and increase in central precocious puberty diagnoses during COVID 19 pandemics[J].Ital J Pediatr,2022,48(1):1-6

    • [6] LIU G,GUO J,ZHANG X,et al.Obesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty:a case ⁃ control study[J].BMC Pediatr,2021,21(1):1-8

    • [7] 李娜,刘煜.性激素与生物钟系统关系的研究进展 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(5):774-778

    • [8] KAPLOWITZ P B.Update on precocious puberty:Who should be treated?[J].Adv Pediatr,2020,67:93-104

    • [9] HADDAD N G,EUGSTER E A.Peripheral precocious pu⁃ berty including congenital adrenal hyperplasia:causes,consequences,management and outcomes[J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2019,33(3):101273

    • [10] HEO S,LEE Y S,YU J.Basal serum luteinizing hormone value as the screening biomarker in female central preco⁃ cious puberty[J].Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab,2019,24(3):164-171

    • [11] 张静,陈瑞敏,袁欣,等.黄体生成素基础值对不同体质量指数女童中枢性性早熟的诊断价值[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2020,35(20):1566-1570

    • [12] BONCOMPAGNI A,MCNEILLY J,MURTAZA M,et al.Clinical utility of urinary gonadotrophins in hypergonado⁃ trophic states as Turner syndrome[J].J Pediatr Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2020,33(11):1373-1381

    • [13] KOLBY N,BUSCH A S,AKSGLAEDE L,et al.Nocturnal urinary excretion of FSH and LH in children and adoles⁃ cents with normal and early puberty[J].J Clin Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2017,102(10):3830-3838

    • [14] ZUNG A,BURUNDUKOV E,ULMAN M,et al.The diag⁃ nostic value of first ⁃ voided urinary LH compared with GNRH ⁃ stimulated gonadotropins in differentiating slowly progressive from rapidly progressive precocious puberty in girls[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2014,170(5):749-758

    • [15] YÜCE Ö,BIDECI A,ÇELIK N,et al.Diagnostic value of urinary luteinizing hormone levels in the monitoring of precocious puberty treatment[J].Arch Endocrinol Metab,2020,64(2):121-127

    • [16] DEMIR A,VOUTILAINEN R,STENMAN U H,et al.First morning voided urinary gonadotropin measurements as an alternative to the GnRH test[J].Horm Res Pae⁃ diatr,2016,85(5):301-308

    • [17] SHIM Y S,AN S H,LEE H J,et al.Random urinary go⁃ nadotropins as a useful initial test for girls with central precocious puberty[J].Endocr J,2019,66(10):891-903

    • [18] ZHAN S,HUANG K,WU W,et al.The use of morning urinary gonadotropins and sex hormones in the manage⁃ ment of early puberty in chinese girls[J].J Clin Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2021,106(11):e4520-e4530

    • [19] YU H K,LIU X,CHEN J K,et al.Pelvic ultrasound in diag⁃ nosing and evaluating the efficacy of gonadotropin⁃releas⁃ ing hormone agonist therapy in girls with idiopathic cen⁃ tral precocious puberty[J].Front Pharmacol,2019,10:104

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组《中华儿科杂志》编辑委员会.中枢性性早熟诊断与治疗共识 [J].中华儿科杂志,2015,53(6):412-418

    • [2] BANGALORE K K,FUQUA J S,ROGOL A D,et al.Use of gonadotropin ⁃ releasing hormone analogs in children:update by an international consortium[J].Horm Res Pae⁃ diatr,2019,91(6):357-372

    • [3] 李长春,郑永华,沈红蕾,等.上海金山区儿童性早熟发病情况及影响因素研究[J].中国妇幼健康研究,2020,31(10):1301-1307

    • [4] KIM Y J,KWON A,JUNG M K,et al.Incidence and prev⁃ alence of central precocious puberty in korea:an epidemi⁃ ologic study based on a national database[J].J Pediatr,2019,208:221-228

    • [5] PEINKHOFER M,BOSSINI B,PENCO A,et al.Reduc⁃ tion in pediatric growth hormone deficiency and increase in central precocious puberty diagnoses during COVID 19 pandemics[J].Ital J Pediatr,2022,48(1):1-6

    • [6] LIU G,GUO J,ZHANG X,et al.Obesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty:a case ⁃ control study[J].BMC Pediatr,2021,21(1):1-8

    • [7] 李娜,刘煜.性激素与生物钟系统关系的研究进展 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(5):774-778

    • [8] KAPLOWITZ P B.Update on precocious puberty:Who should be treated?[J].Adv Pediatr,2020,67:93-104

    • [9] HADDAD N G,EUGSTER E A.Peripheral precocious pu⁃ berty including congenital adrenal hyperplasia:causes,consequences,management and outcomes[J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2019,33(3):101273

    • [10] HEO S,LEE Y S,YU J.Basal serum luteinizing hormone value as the screening biomarker in female central preco⁃ cious puberty[J].Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab,2019,24(3):164-171

    • [11] 张静,陈瑞敏,袁欣,等.黄体生成素基础值对不同体质量指数女童中枢性性早熟的诊断价值[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2020,35(20):1566-1570

    • [12] BONCOMPAGNI A,MCNEILLY J,MURTAZA M,et al.Clinical utility of urinary gonadotrophins in hypergonado⁃ trophic states as Turner syndrome[J].J Pediatr Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2020,33(11):1373-1381

    • [13] KOLBY N,BUSCH A S,AKSGLAEDE L,et al.Nocturnal urinary excretion of FSH and LH in children and adoles⁃ cents with normal and early puberty[J].J Clin Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2017,102(10):3830-3838

    • [14] ZUNG A,BURUNDUKOV E,ULMAN M,et al.The diag⁃ nostic value of first ⁃ voided urinary LH compared with GNRH ⁃ stimulated gonadotropins in differentiating slowly progressive from rapidly progressive precocious puberty in girls[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2014,170(5):749-758

    • [15] YÜCE Ö,BIDECI A,ÇELIK N,et al.Diagnostic value of urinary luteinizing hormone levels in the monitoring of precocious puberty treatment[J].Arch Endocrinol Metab,2020,64(2):121-127

    • [16] DEMIR A,VOUTILAINEN R,STENMAN U H,et al.First morning voided urinary gonadotropin measurements as an alternative to the GnRH test[J].Horm Res Pae⁃ diatr,2016,85(5):301-308

    • [17] SHIM Y S,AN S H,LEE H J,et al.Random urinary go⁃ nadotropins as a useful initial test for girls with central precocious puberty[J].Endocr J,2019,66(10):891-903

    • [18] ZHAN S,HUANG K,WU W,et al.The use of morning urinary gonadotropins and sex hormones in the manage⁃ ment of early puberty in chinese girls[J].J Clin Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2021,106(11):e4520-e4530

    • [19] YU H K,LIU X,CHEN J K,et al.Pelvic ultrasound in diag⁃ nosing and evaluating the efficacy of gonadotropin⁃releas⁃ ing hormone agonist therapy in girls with idiopathic cen⁃ tral precocious puberty[J].Front Pharmacol,2019,10:104