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通讯作者:

许隽颖,E-mail:doctorxyj123@163.com

中图分类号:R735.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)12-1681-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221206

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参考文献 15
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究蓬乱蛋白相关形态形成活化因子(dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis,DAAM)1和DAAM2在胰腺癌中的表达及临床意义。方法:购买胰腺癌组织芯片(HPanA120Su02),包含66例癌及54例癌旁样本;采用免疫组织化学法检测 DAAM1、DAAM2 在胰腺癌及癌旁组织中的表达水平;下载癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库中 DAAM1、DAAM2及细胞程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PDL1)等免疫检查点分子的表达谱数据;采用t检验、 χ2 检验、log-rank检验、相关性分析等统计学方法分别分析DAAM1、DAAM2在癌与癌旁组织间表达的差异,二者的共表达关系,与临床病理参数、预后的关系,及其与免疫检查点分子表达的相关性。结果:相较于癌旁组织,DAAM1、DAAM2在胰腺癌中的表达均显著上调(P < 0.001),且胰腺癌组织中DAAM1与DAAM2的表达呈显著正相关(P < 0.001);DAAM1表达水平与肿瘤分化程度 (P =0.062)和患者生存状态(P =0.061)存在一定相关性,但差异无统计学意义,与其他临床病理参数无显著相关性(P > 0.05),而DAAM2表达水平与各项临床病理参数均无显著相关性(P > 0.05);TCGA数据库中,DAAM1及DAAM2与PDL1等多个免疫检查点的表达呈显著正相关(P < 0.001)。结论:DAAM1、DAAM2在胰腺癌中的表达显著上调,与PDL1等免疫检查点的表达呈正相关,可能是胰腺癌发生、发展及免疫逃避的关键调控因素。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the expression and clinical significance of dishevelled - associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (DAAM1)and DAAM2 in pancreatic cancer. Methods:Pancreatic cancer tissue microarray(TMA,HPanA120Su02)was obtained from OUTDO BioTech(Shanghai),including 66 tumor samples and 54 adjacent samples. Immunohistochemistry(IHC)was used to detect the expression levels of DAAM1 and DAAM2 in pancreatic cancer and para-tumor tissues. Expression profiles of DAAM1,DAAM2, PDL1 and other immune checkpoints were downloaded from the TCGA database. Statistical methods,such as t -test,χ2 test,log-rank test and correlation analysis,were used to analyze the differential expression of DAAM1 and DAAM2 between tumor and adjacent samples,the co -expression pattern of DAAM1 and DAAM2,and their association with clinicopathological parameters,prognosis and expression levels of immune checkpoints. Results:Compared with the adjacent tissues,the expression of DAAM1 and DAAM2 in pancreatic cancer were significantly upregulated(P < 0.001),and the expression levels of DAAM1 and DAAM2 in pancreatic cancer tissue were significantly positively correlated(P < 0.001). There was marginally significant in the correlation between DAAM1 expression and tumor differentiation(P =0.062)and survival status(P =0.061),but DAAM1 expression was not significantly correlated with other clinic-pathological parameters(P > 0.05). However,DAAM2 expression was not related to any clinic-pathological parameters (P > 0.05). In the TCGA database,DAAM1 and DAAM2 were positively correlated with the expression levels of multiple immune checkpoints(P < 0.001). Conclusion:The expression of DAAM1 and DAAM2 are significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer,and positively correlated with the expression levels of multiple immune checkpoints,which may be a critical regulatory factor for the oncogenesis,progression and immune evasion in pancreatic cancer.

    关键词

    DAAM1DAAM2胰腺癌预后免疫检查点

  • 胰腺癌是一种恶性程度高、诊断和治疗较为困难的消化系统常见恶性肿瘤。2020年世界范围内有超过40万人死于胰腺癌,5年总生存率仅约9%[1]。近年来,胰腺癌的发病率和病死率显著增加[2]。根据美国癌症协会发布的最新统计数据,到2020年,美国有约57 600例新发胰腺癌病例和近50 000例死亡病例[2]。在中国,胰腺癌的发病率逐年上升,在男性中已成为排名第7位的恶性肿瘤,且其病死率在全人群肿瘤相关死亡中同样排名第7位[3]。尽管治疗策略不断发展,靶向治疗、免疫治疗逐渐走进肿瘤治疗领域[4],但胰腺癌的预后仍未得到显著改善。因此,进一步探究胰腺癌发生、发展的分子机制及寻找新的治疗靶点和生物标志物对胰腺癌的防治有非常重要的意义。

  • 蓬乱蛋白相关形态形成活化因子(dishevelled⁃ associated activator of morphogenesis,DAAM)是形成素蛋白的亚类,共包括 2 个家族成员,分别为 DAAM1及DAAM2。既往研究表明,DAAM家族成员在恶性肿瘤发生、发展中起重要作用。DAAM1在乳腺癌[5-6]、胶质瘤[7] 中响应分泌蛋白Wnt5a的刺激,并诱发下游小G蛋白RhoA的活化,从而增强肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。DAAM2可驱动泛素连接酶E3 基因VHL(Von Hippel⁃Landau)的降解进而上调缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia⁃inducible factor 1α,HIF⁃1α)的表达,促进胶质瘤、肝癌的进展[8-9]。然而,目前为止尚无关于DAAM家族成员在胰腺癌中的研究报道。

  • 癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA) 提供了共33种肿瘤的高通量检测数据。近年来,基于TCGA数据库的分析很大程度上助力了肿瘤标志物的研究[10-11]。本研究通过TCGA数据挖掘及免疫组化染色,分析DAAM1和DAAM2在胰腺癌样本中的表达及其临床价值,并率先探究了DAAM家族与免疫检查点的关系,提示DAAM家族可能是调控胰腺癌免疫逃避的关键因素。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 胰腺癌组织芯片(HPanA120Su02,上海芯超生物科技有限公司)。HPanA120Su02 芯片包含 66 例癌及54例癌旁样本。组织芯片的使用由上海芯超生物科技有限公司临床研究伦理委员会批准通过 (审批编号:YBM⁃05⁃02)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 免疫组化染色

  • 取胰腺癌组织芯片进行免疫组化(immuno⁃ chemistry,IHC)染色。过程如下:按常规方法进行脱蜡,水合,将切片用二甲苯浸泡5 min,更换二甲苯后再浸泡 5 min。分别在无水乙醇中浸泡 5 min、 95%乙醇中浸泡 5 min、85%乙醇中浸泡 5 min、70% 乙醇中浸泡5 min,PBS浸洗3 min×3次。柠檬酸钠缓冲液抗原修复,滴3%H2O2⁃甲醇溶液灭活内源性过氧化物酶,1% BSA 工作液封闭,滴加一抗 (DAAM1:1∶200稀释,武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; DAAM2:1∶50稀释,武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司)。 4℃孵育过夜,PBS缓冲液冲洗3次,滴加二抗,37℃ 孵育30 min,PBS缓冲液冲洗3次。DAB反应染色,冲洗后苏木精复染,干燥封片检测。用Aperio病理扫描程序对染色的切片进行扫描拍照。

  • 1.2.2 免疫组化结果判读

  • 由专业病理分析人员在 HALO 程序辅助下采用 12 分制独立对 DAAM1 及 DAAM2 染色结果进行半定量分析,将染色阳性细胞百分比评为 0~4 分: 0(< 5%)、1(6%~25%)、2(26%~50%)、3(51%~75%) 和 4(> 75%),将染色强度评为 0~3 分:0(阴性)、 1(弱)、2(中)、3(强)。免疫反应性评分(immunore⁃ activity score,IRS)为阳性细胞的百分比评分和染色强度评分的乘积。

  • 1.2.3 癌症基因组图谱数据下载与分析

  • 从 UCSC Xena(https://xenabrowser.net/datapag⁃ es/)下载TCGA数据库胰腺癌RNA测序数据。基因表达采用log2(x+1)标准化的RSEM形式表示。提取 DAAM1、DAAM2、PDL1、PDL2、CD80、CD86 等基因表达数据。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 本研究所涉及的数据分析均采用SPSS 26.0软件进行;部分生物信息学分析和图像可视化采用R语言进行;计量资料在统计图中以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示;计量资料的两两比较采用独立样本 t 检验或Mann⁃Whitney检验;DAAM1和DAAM2表达与临床病理参数的关系采用χ2 检验分析;生存分析采用 log⁃rank 检验;两指标间相关性采用 Pearson 相关性分析。P < 0.05(双尾)为差异具有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 胰腺癌及癌旁组织中DAAM1和DAAM2的表达

  • 采用IHC检测66例胰腺癌组织及54例癌旁组织中DAAM1、DAAM2的表达水平。结果显示,胰腺癌组织中 DAAM1、DAAM2 蛋白的表达量均显著高于癌旁组织(P < 0.001,图1)。

  • 通过分析TCGA数据库中DAAM1及DAAM2的表达数据,DAAM1与DAAM2 mRNA 表达呈显著正相关(P < 0.001,图2A);IHC 染色结果表明, DAAM1 与 DAAM2 蛋白表达亦呈显著正相关(P < 0.00 1,图2B)。

  • 2.2 胰腺癌组织中 DAAM1 和 DAAM2 表达与患者临床病理参数间的关系

  • 卡方检验结果表明,DAAM1表达状态与肿瘤分化程度(P =0.062)和患者生存状态(P =0.061)的相关性存在一定统计学趋势,与其他临床病理参数无显著相关性(P > 0.05,表1);DAAM2表达状态与各项病理参数均无显著相关性(P > 0.05,表1)。

  • 2.3 胰腺癌组织中 DAAM1 和 DAAM2 表达与患者预后的关系

  • Kaplan ⁃Meier 法分析表明,TCGA 数据库中, DAAM1 mRNA高表达与胰腺癌患者较短的总生存期(overall survival,OS)显著相关(P =0.041,图3A),而DAAM2 mRNA表达与胰腺癌患者OS无显著相关性(P > 0.05,图3B);此外,DAAM1蛋白高表达与胰腺癌患者较短的 OS 显著相关(P =0.047,图3C),而 DAAM2 蛋白表达与胰腺癌患者 OS 无显著相关性 (P > 0.05,图3D)。

  • 图1 胰腺癌及癌旁组织中DAAM1和DAAM2的表达

  • Figure1 Expression levels of DAAM1 and DAAM2 in pancreatic cancer and adjacent tissues

  • 图2 胰腺癌中DAAM1和DAAM2的表达的相关性

  • Figure2 Correlation of expression levels of DAAM1 and DAAM2 in pancreatic cancer

  • 表1 DAAM1、DAAM2表达水平和胰腺癌临床病理参数的关系

  • Table1 Association of DAAM1 DAAM2 expression and clinical features in pancreatic cancer

  • 图3 DAAM1、DAAM2表达与胰腺癌预后的关系

  • Figure3 Associations of DAAM1,DAAM2 expression and prognosis of pancreatic cancer

  • 2.4 胰腺癌组织中 DAAM1 和 DAAM2 与免疫检查点表达的相关性

  • TCGA数据库分析结果表明,DAAM1及DAAM2 与PDL1、PDL2、CD80、CD86等多个免疫检查点分子的表达呈显著正相关(P < 0.001,图4)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 形成素蛋白 DAAM 因其在脊椎动物胚胎发育早期原胚肠形成中的作用被率先报道[12]。DAAM家族共包括DAAM1和DAAM2两个成员,二者的经典功能为调控肌动蛋白聚合和解聚,在肌动蛋白依赖的细胞行为中起到至关重要的调控作用[12-13]。据现有报道,DAAM蛋白可作为Wnt/PCP通路中的信号转导分子[14],响应Wnt5a、Wnt11等多个Nnt通路的起始信号,进而促进肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭[515]。Wnt 信号通路在胰腺癌发生、发展中起到重要作用。例如,LINC01133 可通过经典的 Wnt/β⁃catenin 通路促进肿瘤细胞的上皮间充质转化,进而促进胰腺癌的进展[16]。但作为非经典 Wnt 信号通路之一,DAAM 所在Wnt/PCP通路在胰腺癌中的研究报道较少。此外,DAAM 蛋白的一些非经典作用被逐渐揭示,如 DAAM1在新型冠状病毒(SARS⁃CoV⁃2)感染过程中起到重要作用[17];DAAM2可驱动泛素连接酶E3基因VHL的降解进而上调HIF⁃1α的表达,提示其在基因表达调控过程中可能起到一定作用[8]。然而,迄今为止,尚未有研究关注胰腺癌中DAAM家族的作用。

  • 图4 DAAM1、DAAM2 mRNA表达与胰腺癌中免疫检查点表达的相关性

  • Figure4 Correlation of DAAM1,DAAM2 mRNA and immune checkpoints expression in pancreatic cancer

  • 本研究发现,胰腺癌组织中DAAM1、DAAM2蛋白的表达量均显著高于癌旁组织,且二者表达呈显著正相关。研究提示DAAM1和DAAM2有共同调控因素,如miR⁃335可同时靶向DAAM1和DAAM2 [18-19],这可能是 DAAM1 和 DAAM2 表达呈正相关的原因之一。DAAM1表达状态与肿瘤分化程度和患者生存状态的相关性存在一定统计学趋势,与其他临床病理参数无显著相关性,而 DAAM2 表达状态与各项临床病理参数均无显著相关性。Kaplan⁃Meier分析表明,DAAM1 mRNA及蛋白高表达与胰腺癌患者较短的OS显著相关,但DAAM2不是胰腺癌中的预后因子,与胰腺癌预后无关。我们既往在胃癌中的研究表明DAAM2与胃癌患者预后相关,DAAM1与其预后无关[20],这与胰腺癌中的研究结果相反,提示DAAM1和DAAM2的作用可能存在组织间差异。

  • 免疫治疗是肿瘤领域新兴的治疗策略,而免疫检查点的表达是决定免疫治疗的关键因素之一[21-22]。在本研究中,试图探索 DAAM 蛋白与包括 PDL1 在内的免疫检查点分子表达的相关性。通过对TCGA 数据库的分析,我们发现 DAAM1 和 DAAM2 与 PDL1、PDL2、CD80、CD86等多个免疫检查点呈显著正相关。既往研究结果表明在不同免疫状态的宫颈癌样本中,DAAM2 表达显著失调,通过与 RI⁃ POR2、SORBS1 和 CXCL8 组合,四者构成的预后标志物不仅可以预测宫颈癌患者的预后,同时可以预测肿瘤对化疗及免疫治疗的反应[23]。此外,形成素家族FMNL蛋白在胃癌中与免疫检查点分子表达及免疫细胞浸润丰度呈正相关,但机制不明[24]。以上提示,形成素蛋白家族可能参与了肿瘤免疫逃避的调控过程。

  • 本研究首次分析了 DAAM 蛋白在胰腺癌中的表达及临床意义,表明DAAM1和DAAM2在胰腺癌组织中高表达,且 DAAM1 与患者较差的预后密切相关。因此,临床上通过检测胰腺癌组织中DAAM1 的表达量,或可作为一种新型的预测胰腺癌患者预后的分子标志物。此外,本研究发现DAAM蛋白与免疫检查点PDL1之间存在共表达关系,提示DAAM 蛋白可能是调控胰腺癌免疫微环境的关键因素。综上所述,DAAM蛋白可能是胰腺癌发生、发展、免疫逃避等过程中的重要调控因素,可作为胰腺癌靶向治疗新的候选靶点。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 唐榕,施思,张波,等.2020 年胰腺癌研究及诊疗新进展[J].中国癌症杂志,2021,31(1):1-10

    • [2] SIEGEL R L,MILLER K D,JEMAL A.Cancer statistics,2020[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2020,70(1):7-30

    • [3] SUN D,CAO M,LI H,et al.Cancer burden and trends in China:a review and comparison with Japan and South Ko⁃ rea[J].Chin J Cancer Res,2020,32(2):129-139

    • [4] FOLEY K,KIM V,JAFFEE E,et al.Current progress in immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2016,381(1):244-251

    • [5] ZHU Y,TIAN Y,DU J,et al.Dvl2⁃dependent activation of Daam1 and RhoA regulates Wnt5a⁃induced breast can⁃ cer cell migration[J].PLoS One,2012,7(5):e37823

    • [6] YAN T,ZHANG A,SHI F,et al.Integrin alphavbeta3⁃as⁃ sociated DAAM1 is essential for collagen⁃induced invado⁃ podia extension and cell haptotaxis in breast cancer cells [J].J Biol Chem,2018,293(26):10172-10185

    • [7] LIU G,YAN T,LI X,et al.Daam1 activates RhoA to regu⁃ late Wnt5a⁃induced glioblastoma cell invasion[J].Oncol Rep,2018,39(2):465-472

    • [8] ZHU W,KRISHNA S,GARCIA C,et al.Daam2 driven degradation of VHL promotes gliomagenesis[J].Elife,2017,6:e31926

    • [9] FANG X,ZHANG D,ZHAO W,et al.Dishevelled associ⁃ ated activator of morphogenesis(DAAM)facilitates inva⁃ sion of hepatocellular carcinoma by upregulating hypoxia⁃ inducible factor 1alpha(HIF⁃1alpha)expression[J].Med Sci Monit,2020,26(9):e924670

    • [10] MEI J,WANG T,XU R,et al.Clinical and molecular im⁃ mune characterization of ERBB2 in glioma[J].Int Immu⁃ nopharmacol,2021,94:107499

    • [11] DAS T,ANDRIEUX G,AHMED M,et al.Integration of online omics⁃data resources for cancer research[J].Front Genet,2020,11:578345

    • [12] HABAS R,KATO Y,HE X.Wnt/Frizzled activation of Rho regulates vertebrate gastrulation and requires a novel formin homology protein Daam1[J].Cell,2001,107(7):843-854

    • [13] LU Y,ZHANG Y,PAN M H,et al.DAAM1 regulates fas⁃ cin for actin assembly in mouse oocyte meiosis[J].Cell Cycle,2017,16(14):1350-1356

    • [14] 梅杰,朱一超.形成素蛋白DAAM1与乳腺癌转移的研究进展[J].基础医学与临床,2019,39(2):260-263

    • [15] RODRIGUEZ ⁃ HERNANDEZ I,MAIQUES O,KOHL⁃ HAMMER L,et al.WNT11 ⁃ FZD7 ⁃ DAAM1 signalling supports tumour initiating abilities and melanoma amoe⁃ boid invasion[J].Nat Commun,2020,11(1):5315

    • [16] LIU Y,TANG T,YANG X,et al.Tumor⁃derived exosomal long noncoding RNA LINC01133,regulated by Periostin,contributes to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma epithelial ⁃ mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/beta ⁃ catenin pathway by silencing AXIN2[J].Oncogene,2021,40(17):3164-3179

    • [17] LIU H L,YEH I J,PHAN N N,et al.Gene signatures of SARS ⁃CoV/SARS ⁃CoV ⁃2⁃infected ferret lungs in short ⁃ and long ⁃term models[J].Infect Genet Evol,2020,85:104438

    • [18] LYNCH J,MEEHAN M H,CREAN J,et al.Metastasis suppressor microRNA⁃335 targets the formin family of ac⁃ tin nucleators[J].PLoS One,2013,8(11):e78428

    • [19] SHU M,ZHENG X,WU S,et al.Targeting oncogenic miR ⁃335 inhibits growth and invasion of malignant astrocyto⁃ ma cells[J].Mol Cancer,2011,10:59

    • [20] 梅杰,姜晓铮,徐步捷,等.蓬乱蛋白相关形态形成活化因子基因家族成员mRNA表达对胃癌患者预后评估的价值[J].江苏医药,2019,45(7):660-663

    • [21] URUGA H,MINO ⁃ KENUDSON M.Predictive biomark⁃ ers for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer:PD⁃L1 and beyond[J].Virchows Arch,2021,478(1):31-44

    • [22] 温少迪,沈波.非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗作用机制及临床研究现状[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1739-1746

    • [23] MEI J,XING Y,LV J,et al.Construction of an immune⁃ related gene signature for prediction of prognosis in pa⁃ tients with cervical cancer[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2020,88:106882

    • [24] NIE H,MEI J,ZHANG Q,et al.Systematic characteriza⁃ tion of the expression and prognostic values of formin⁃like gene family in gastric cancer[J].DNA Cell Biol,2020,39(9):1664-1677

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 唐榕,施思,张波,等.2020 年胰腺癌研究及诊疗新进展[J].中国癌症杂志,2021,31(1):1-10

    • [2] SIEGEL R L,MILLER K D,JEMAL A.Cancer statistics,2020[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2020,70(1):7-30

    • [3] SUN D,CAO M,LI H,et al.Cancer burden and trends in China:a review and comparison with Japan and South Ko⁃ rea[J].Chin J Cancer Res,2020,32(2):129-139

    • [4] FOLEY K,KIM V,JAFFEE E,et al.Current progress in immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2016,381(1):244-251

    • [5] ZHU Y,TIAN Y,DU J,et al.Dvl2⁃dependent activation of Daam1 and RhoA regulates Wnt5a⁃induced breast can⁃ cer cell migration[J].PLoS One,2012,7(5):e37823

    • [6] YAN T,ZHANG A,SHI F,et al.Integrin alphavbeta3⁃as⁃ sociated DAAM1 is essential for collagen⁃induced invado⁃ podia extension and cell haptotaxis in breast cancer cells [J].J Biol Chem,2018,293(26):10172-10185

    • [7] LIU G,YAN T,LI X,et al.Daam1 activates RhoA to regu⁃ late Wnt5a⁃induced glioblastoma cell invasion[J].Oncol Rep,2018,39(2):465-472

    • [8] ZHU W,KRISHNA S,GARCIA C,et al.Daam2 driven degradation of VHL promotes gliomagenesis[J].Elife,2017,6:e31926

    • [9] FANG X,ZHANG D,ZHAO W,et al.Dishevelled associ⁃ ated activator of morphogenesis(DAAM)facilitates inva⁃ sion of hepatocellular carcinoma by upregulating hypoxia⁃ inducible factor 1alpha(HIF⁃1alpha)expression[J].Med Sci Monit,2020,26(9):e924670

    • [10] MEI J,WANG T,XU R,et al.Clinical and molecular im⁃ mune characterization of ERBB2 in glioma[J].Int Immu⁃ nopharmacol,2021,94:107499

    • [11] DAS T,ANDRIEUX G,AHMED M,et al.Integration of online omics⁃data resources for cancer research[J].Front Genet,2020,11:578345

    • [12] HABAS R,KATO Y,HE X.Wnt/Frizzled activation of Rho regulates vertebrate gastrulation and requires a novel formin homology protein Daam1[J].Cell,2001,107(7):843-854

    • [13] LU Y,ZHANG Y,PAN M H,et al.DAAM1 regulates fas⁃ cin for actin assembly in mouse oocyte meiosis[J].Cell Cycle,2017,16(14):1350-1356

    • [14] 梅杰,朱一超.形成素蛋白DAAM1与乳腺癌转移的研究进展[J].基础医学与临床,2019,39(2):260-263

    • [15] RODRIGUEZ ⁃ HERNANDEZ I,MAIQUES O,KOHL⁃ HAMMER L,et al.WNT11 ⁃ FZD7 ⁃ DAAM1 signalling supports tumour initiating abilities and melanoma amoe⁃ boid invasion[J].Nat Commun,2020,11(1):5315

    • [16] LIU Y,TANG T,YANG X,et al.Tumor⁃derived exosomal long noncoding RNA LINC01133,regulated by Periostin,contributes to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma epithelial ⁃ mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/beta ⁃ catenin pathway by silencing AXIN2[J].Oncogene,2021,40(17):3164-3179

    • [17] LIU H L,YEH I J,PHAN N N,et al.Gene signatures of SARS ⁃CoV/SARS ⁃CoV ⁃2⁃infected ferret lungs in short ⁃ and long ⁃term models[J].Infect Genet Evol,2020,85:104438

    • [18] LYNCH J,MEEHAN M H,CREAN J,et al.Metastasis suppressor microRNA⁃335 targets the formin family of ac⁃ tin nucleators[J].PLoS One,2013,8(11):e78428

    • [19] SHU M,ZHENG X,WU S,et al.Targeting oncogenic miR ⁃335 inhibits growth and invasion of malignant astrocyto⁃ ma cells[J].Mol Cancer,2011,10:59

    • [20] 梅杰,姜晓铮,徐步捷,等.蓬乱蛋白相关形态形成活化因子基因家族成员mRNA表达对胃癌患者预后评估的价值[J].江苏医药,2019,45(7):660-663

    • [21] URUGA H,MINO ⁃ KENUDSON M.Predictive biomark⁃ ers for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer:PD⁃L1 and beyond[J].Virchows Arch,2021,478(1):31-44

    • [22] 温少迪,沈波.非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗作用机制及临床研究现状[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1739-1746

    • [23] MEI J,XING Y,LV J,et al.Construction of an immune⁃ related gene signature for prediction of prognosis in pa⁃ tients with cervical cancer[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2020,88:106882

    • [24] NIE H,MEI J,ZHANG Q,et al.Systematic characteriza⁃ tion of the expression and prognostic values of formin⁃like gene family in gastric cancer[J].DNA Cell Biol,2020,39(9):1664-1677