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通讯作者:

赵世鸿,E-mail:zhaosh@xzhmu.edu.cn;

桑威,xyfylbl515@xzhmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R551

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)12-1697-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221209

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参考文献 4
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
周玉兰,李菲,张荣艳,等.59例成人EB病毒相关噬血细胞综合征临床特点和预后分析[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2020,28(2):657-662
参考文献 14
SPESSOTT W A,SANMILLAN M L,MCCORMICK M E,et al.Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by dominant ⁃ negative mutations in STXBP2 that inhibit SNARE⁃mediated membrane fusion[J].Blood,2015,125(10):1566-1577
参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
RAMOS⁃CASALS M,BRITO⁃ZERÓN P,LÓPEZ⁃GUILL⁃ ERMO A,et al.Adult haemophagocytic syndrome[J].Lancet,2014,383(9927):1503-1516
参考文献 18
李硕,王晶石,王旖旎,等.147例噬血细胞综合征病因及预后分析[J].临床血液学杂志,2014,27(07):559-563
参考文献 19
OTROCK Z K,GROSSMAN B J,EBY C S.Transfusion requirements and 30⁃day mortality predictors for adult he⁃ mophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis[J].Int J Hematol,2018,108(5):485-490
参考文献 20
HENTER J I,SAMUELSSON⁃HORNE A,ARICÒM,et al.Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with HLH ⁃ 94 immunochemotherapy and bone marrow trans⁃ plantation[J].Blood,2002,100(7):2367-2373
参考文献 21
LAI W,WANG Y,WANG J,et al.Epstein⁃Barr virus⁃as⁃ sociated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults and adolescents ⁃ a life ⁃ threatening disease:analysis of 133 cases from a single center[J].Hematology,2018,23(10):810-816
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:基于多中心数据回顾性分析EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)相关性噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic lym- phohistiocytosis,EBV-HLH)患者的临床特点及预后危险因素。方法:选取2013年1月—2020年8月淮海淋巴瘤协作组中9个医疗中心的132例EBV-HLH患者,收集其临床病理资料。使用限制立方样条计算EBV -DNA拷贝数的最佳截断值;采用Cox 比例风险模型进行单因素和多因素分析;绘制患者的Kaplan -Meie r曲线;组间比较采用Log - rank检验。结果:132例患者的中位年龄为25岁,其中儿童(<14岁)61例(46.21%),老年患者(≥60岁)25例(18.94%),发热患者124例(93.94%),血清铁蛋白增高116例(87.88%)。儿童患者的预后情况优于成人(P <0.001),两组患者的半年累积生存率分别为90.2%和38.0%。儿童组患者白蛋白、血清甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、淋巴细胞百分比高于成人组患者,而血肌酐低于成人组。存活组的年龄、血肌酐低于死亡组,而血清甘油三酯高于死亡组(P <0.05)。多因素分析显示年龄和EBV-DNA拷贝数是影响EBV-HLH患者生存结局的独立危险因素。结论:EBV -HLH早期病死率高,预后差,初诊EBV-DNA拷贝数和年龄是影响EBV-HLH患者预后的不良因素。

    Abstract

    Objective:To retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and prognostic risk factors of EBV - associated hemophagocytic syndrome based on multicenter data.Methods:A total of 132 patients with EBV - HLH from 9 medical centers in Huaihai Lymphoma Working Group from January 2013 to August 2020 were selected and their clinicopathological data were collected. The optimal cut-off point of EBV-DNA copy number was calculated using restricted cubic spline. Cox proportional hazards model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. Kaplan - Meier curves of patients were drawn. Log - rank test was used for comparison between groups. Results:The median age of 132 patients was 25 years old,including 61 children(< 14 years old)(46.21%),25 elderly patients(≥60 years old)(18.94%),124 patients(93.94%)with fever,and 116 patients(87.88%)with elevated serum ferritin. The prognosis of children patients was better than that of adults(P < 0.001),and the six -month cumulative survival rates of the two groups were 90.2% and 38.0%,respectively. The percentage of albumin,serum triglyceride,alanine aminotransferase and lymphocyte in the children group was higher than that in the adult group,while the serum creatinine was lower than that in the adult group. The age and serum creatinine of the survival group were lower than those of the death group,while the levels of serum triglyceride were higher than those of the death group(P < 0.05). Multivariable analysis showed that age and EBV-DNA copy number were independent risk factors for survival outcome of EBV-HLH patients. Conclusion:The early mortality of EBV-HLH is high and the prognosis is poor. The EBV-DNA copy number and age at initial diagnosis are the adverse factors affecting the prognosis of EBV-HLH patients.

  • 噬血细胞综合征亦称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症 (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HLH),临床表现为持续性发热,肝脾肿大,全血细胞减少,骨髓、肝、脾和淋巴结有噬血现象[1]。HLH 按病因可分为原发性和继发性,原发性HLH有HLH 家族史或淋巴细胞毒性相关基因缺陷,主要见于儿童,继发性HLH主要见于成人,最常见的病因为感染,尤其是EB病毒(Epstein⁃Barr virus,EBV)感染[2]。因为原发性EBV感染患者可能会表现出与HLH类似的一些特征,且EBV相关噬血细胞综合征(EBV⁃ HLH)无法通过基因检测准确诊断,所以区分 HLH 和原发性 EBV 感染是非常困难的,因此明确 EBV⁃ HLH 的临床特征及预后危险因素有利于为临床诊疗提供指导。目前关于EBV⁃HLH的相关报道多为小样本、单中心的研究,并且缺乏明确的EBV⁃DNA拷贝数载量截断值的计算结果,随访时间也较短[3-7]。本研究回顾性收集淮海淋巴瘤协作组中9家医疗中心共计132例长期随访的EBV⁃HLH 患者的临床资料及实验室检查数据,分析合并EBV感染的HLH患者的临床特点和预后影响因素。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2013年1月—2020年8月淮海淋巴瘤协作组中9家医疗中心确诊的EBV⁃HLH患者132例。9家医疗中心分别为徐州医科大学附属医院、南京医科大学附属儿童医院、济宁医学院附属医院、山东齐鲁医院、盐城市第一人民医院、淮安市第一人民医院、泰安市中心医院、常州市第一人民医院、皖北煤电集团总医院。所有患者的初诊EBV⁃DNA拷贝数载量均有不同程度升高。本研究通过徐州医科大学附属医院伦理委员会审批,经伦理委员会批准,免除患者知情同意。

  • HLH 患者的诊断标准参照国际组织细胞协会 HLH⁃2004诊断标准[8],符合以下8条中的5条即可诊断:①发热,体温超过 38.5℃;②脾大;③血细胞 2 系或3系减少(中性粒细胞<1.0×109 /L,Hb<90 g/L, PLT<100×109 /L);④血清甘油三酯(TG)>3 mmol/L 或纤维蛋白原<1.5g /L;⑤血清铁蛋白≥500 g/L;⑥ 血浆 sCD25≥2 400 U/ml;⑦NK 细胞活性下降或缺乏;⑧骨髓、肝、脾、脑脊液或淋巴结等组织中发现噬血细胞现象。EBV⁃HLH的诊断标准:①排除明确存在HLH相关基因突变、合并自身免疫性疾病或恶性肿瘤的病例;②EBV抗体检测VCA⁃IgM或低亲和力VCA IgG阳性或EA IgG或EA IgA阳性或血清/血浆EBV⁃DNA阳性或在活体组织病理检测EBV编码小RNA(EBER)阳性。

  • 纳入标准:筛选符合上述诊断标准的患者。

  • 排除标准:部分临床数据缺失的患者(由于研究对象失访、依从性差、或实验室指标测量中存在数据缺失)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床资料收集

  • 收集患者确诊时的年龄、性别、外周血 EBV ⁃ DNA拷贝数(copies/ml)、血清甘油三酯(mmol/L)、白蛋白(g/L)、铁蛋白(μg/L)、淋巴细胞百分比(%)、血小板计数(×109 个/L)、血红蛋白(g/L)、纤维蛋白原(g/ L)、乳酸脱氢酶(μmol/L)、谷丙转氨酶(U/L)、血肌酐 (μmol/L)、脾脏受累情况以及治疗方案等。

  • 1.2.2 随访

  • 通过查阅患者电子病历及纸质病历确认患者住院治疗情况,对患者进行电话随访。总生存期 (overall survival,OS)为患者从诊断到任何原因导致死亡或最后一次随访时间之间的间隔。随访截止日期为2021年9月。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 计量资料两组间比较采用 Mann⁃Whitney U 检验,计数资料采用χ2 检验。对连续变量使用限制立方样条(RCS,restricted cubic spline)以确定其最佳截断值(cut⁃off)。运用Kaplan⁃Meier 法绘制患者的生存曲线,Log⁃rank法比较组间生存期,Cox比例风险模型进行单因素、多因素分析。P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。所有统计分析采用 R(版本 4.1.3) 软件。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者的基线特征

  • 132 例 EBV ⁃HLH 患者中儿童(<14 岁)61 例 (46.21%),截至随访结束死亡6例(9.84%);老年患者(≥60岁)25例(18.94%),截至随访结束死亡18例 (72.00%);中位年龄为25(范围:0.2~80.0)岁,其中,男 77 例(58.33%),女 55 例(41.67%),发热 124 例 (93.94%),血清铁蛋白增高116例(87.88%),肝脾肿大 77 例(58.33%),EBV⁃DNA 拷贝数载量中位数为 5.225×104 copies/mL。

  • 截至到随访结束,132 例患者中死亡 61 例 (46.21%),患者1个月、3个月、6个月的累计生存率分别为79.5%,65.2%和62.1%。儿童患者的预后优于成人患者(P <0.001),两组患者的6个月累计生存率分别为90.2%和38.0%(图1)。

  • 2.2 EBV⁃DNA拷贝数截断值的计算和组间差异比较

  • 使用 RCS 模拟 EBV⁃DNA 拷贝数与 EBV⁃HLH 患者的预后不良风险之间的关系,当最佳截断值为 5.225×104 copies/mL时,EBV⁃DNA与EBV⁃HLH患者的预后不良风险的关联强度呈非线性上升趋势,风险比逐渐升高。基于此截断值,将患者划分为两组。

  • 对存活组和死亡组两组患者的临床表现及实验室检查数据进行分析,Mann⁃Whitney U结果表明年龄、血清甘油三酯、血肌酐、淋巴细胞百分比在两组之间的差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。存活组的年龄、血肌酐低于死亡组,而血清甘油三酯高于死亡组。χ2 结果表明死亡组过高的EBV⁃DNA拷贝数占比较存活组高(P =0.036),乳酸脱氢酶、铁蛋白、发热、肝脾肿大、治疗方案组间差异无统计学意义 (P >0.05,表1)。

  • 图1 儿童和成人EBV⁃HLH患者生存曲线

  • Figure1 Survival curves of EBV ⁃ HLH patients in chil⁃ dren and adults

  • 进一步对儿童组和成人组两组患者的临床表现及实验室检查数据进行分析,结果表明儿童组患者白蛋白、血清甘油三酯、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、淋巴细胞百分比高于成人组患者,而血肌酐低于成人组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。性别、纤维蛋白原、血小板、血红蛋白的数值差异无统计学意义 (P >0.05)。儿童患者发热占比较成人患者高,两组间治疗方案存在差异,乳酸脱氢酶、铁蛋白、肝脾肿大、EBV⁃DNA组间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 治疗方案

  • 132例患者中,26例(19.70%)采用了HLH ⁃94 方案治疗(依托泊苷、糖皮质激素),31例(23.48%) 采用HLH ⁃2004方案(依托泊苷、环孢素A、糖皮质激素),35 例(26.52%)接受抗感染治疗,20 例 (15.15%)接受激素治疗,3例(1.52%)采用了DEP (脂质体阿霉素、依托泊苷、大剂量甲泼尼龙)方案。对不同治疗方案组进行分析,结果表明总体生存差异无统计学意义(P =0.183),但HLH⁃2004方案组患者分别与 HLH⁃94 方案组(P =0.011,图2A)和抗感染治疗组(P =0.0058,图2B)生存之间的差异有统计学意义。HLH⁃2004方案组、HLH⁃94方案组、抗感染治疗组、DEP方案组、激素治疗组患者3年生存率分别为80.2%、21.2%、62.6%、33.3%、34.3%。

  • 2.4 预后分析

  • 单因素分析表明年龄、EBV⁃DNA拷贝数、淋巴细胞百分比、发烧是影响 EBV⁃HLH 患者的预后不良因素(P <0.1,表3),将上述变量引入 Cox 模型进行多因素分析,结果显示年龄(HR=1.034,95% CI: 1.024~1.044,P <0.001)和 EBV ⁃DNA 拷贝数(HR= 1.726,95% CI:1.025~2.906,P =0.040)是影响患者生存的独立预后因素。

  • 表1 生存组和死亡组组间差异分析

  • Table1 Difference analysis between survival group and death group

  • *采用中位数和四分位数间距表示。

  • 3 讨论

  • HLH 是由于各种触发条件导致免疫系统失去控制引发巨噬细胞和CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖产生的一种严重的过度炎症反应综合征[9]。最早由Farquhar 等[10] 于 1952年对HLH进行了描述,而EBV⁃ALA是在1979年一项19例患者的报道中被第一次提出[11]。 EBV在HLH中起着重要作用,可单独引起HLH,也可与其他病因共同诱发HLH的产生。以往研究发现,EBV⁃HLH的不良预后因素为年龄较大、低血小板计数、高水平的天冬氨酸转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶水平[12]。本研究利用RCS分析计算出EBV⁃DNA的最佳截断值为5.225×104 copies/mL,当EBV⁃DNA拷贝数>5.225×104 copies/mL时,风险比逐渐升高,在多因素分析中也显示高水平的 EBV⁃DNA 拷贝数和年龄是影响 EBV⁃HLH 患者预后的独立因素,提示 EBV⁃DNA 水平与 HLH 患者预后密切相关。这与周玉兰等[13] 以 EBV⁃DNA 5.000×104 copies/mL 分组得出的结果类似。

  • 表2 儿童组和成人组组间差异分析

  • Table2 Difference analysis between children group and adult group

  • 图2 不同治疗方案患者的生存预后曲线

  • Figure2 Survival and prognosis curves of patients with different treatment regimens

  • 表3 EBV⁃HLH患者预后影响因素分析

  • Table3 Analysis of prognostic factors of EBV⁃HLH patients

  • 大样本报道表明,EBV⁃HLH患者中青年人及男性患者更为常见[14⁃15],本研究结果也与之一致,< 60岁的患者有107例(81.06%),男女比例为1.4∶1。EBV⁃ HLH临床表现为持续发热、肝脾肿大、全血细胞减少以及骨髓、肝脏、脾脏和淋巴结的噬血细胞增多,该研究中80%以上患者出现发热、铁蛋白增高,50%以上的患者出现肝脾肿大。一些数据表明,虽然成人EBV ⁃HLH较儿童EBV⁃HLH发病率低,但预后却较差[16],本研究中,成人患者的6个月OS明显低于儿童患者。

  • 继发性噬血与多种病因相关,包括感染、结缔组织疾病和血液系统恶性肿瘤[17],主要是 EBV 感染,研究发现 EBV⁃HLH 患者的预后与淋巴瘤相关 HLH 相似[18],EBV⁃HLH 患者如果不能得到及时有效的治疗,早期死亡率高[19]。本研究中132例患者中死亡61例,将死亡组和生存组临床表现及实验室检查数据进行组间差异性分析发现,死亡组患者年龄较高。目前EBV⁃HLH的一线治疗方案有HLH⁃94 和HLH⁃2004方案[20]。本研究中,共31例(24%)患者接受了 HLH ⁃2004 方案,且接受 HLH⁃2004 方案的患者较接受HLH⁃94方案治疗患者的预后好。有研究显示DEP方案可能是比HLH⁃94/2004更有效的一线治疗方案[21],但由于本研究使用DEP方案的患者样本量较小,因此未来有待大样本进一步验证。

  • 综上所述,EBV⁃HLH患者早期病死率高,尤其是成人EBV⁃HLH患者,EBV⁃DNA拷贝数和年龄是 EBV ⁃HLH 患者预后的独立影响因素。早期识别 EBV⁃HLH,尽早阻断EBV感染有利于降低患者的早期死亡率,改善患者预后。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BRISSE E,MATTHYS P,WOUTERS C H.Understand⁃ ing the spectrum of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis:update on diagnostic challenges and therapeutic options [J].Br J Haematol,2016,174(2):175-187

    • [2] MAAKAROUN N R,MOANNA A,JACOB J T,et al.Vi⁃ ral infections associated with haemophagocytic syndrome [J].Rev Med Virol,2010,20(2):93-105

    • [3] MENG G Q,WANG J S,WANG Y N,et al.Rituximab ⁃ containing immuno ⁃ chemotherapy regimens are effective for the elimination of EBV for EBV ⁃ HLH with only and mainly B lymphocytes of EBV infection[J].Int Immuno⁃ pharmacol,2021,96:107606

    • [4] MENG G,WANG J,WANG X,et al.Ruxolitinib treat⁃ ment for SR⁃aGVHD in patients with EBV⁃HLH undergo⁃ ing allo⁃HSCT[J].Ann Hematol,2020,99(2):343-349

    • [5] SUOLITIKEN D,WANG Y,JIN Z,et al.EBV protection⁃ and susceptibility⁃related HLA alleles and EBV status in the Chinese population:A single⁃center study[J].Immun Inflamm Dis,2022,10(7):e666

    • [6] PAN H,WANG G,GUAN E,et al.Treatment outcomes and prognostic factors for non⁃ malignancy associated sec⁃ ondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children [J].BMC Pediatr,2020,20(1):288

    • [7] ZHAO Y,LI Z,ZHANG L,et al.L⁃DEP regimen salvage therapy for paediatric patients with refractory Epstein ⁃ Barr virus ⁃associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocyto⁃ sis[J].Br J Haematol,2020,191(3):453-459

    • [8] HENTER J I,HORNE A,ARICÓ M,et al.HLH⁃2004:Di⁃ agnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis[J].Pediatr Blood Cancer,2007,48(2):124-131

    • [9] JANKA G E.Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lym⁃ phohistiocytosis[J].Annu Rev Med,2012,63:233-246

    • [10] FARQUHAR J W,CLAIREAUX A E.Familial haemo⁃ phagocytic reticulosis[J].Arch Dis Child,1952,27(136):519-525

    • [11] RISDALL R J,MCKENNA R W,NESBIT M E,et al.Virus⁃associated hemophagocytic syndrome:a benign his⁃ tiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis [J].Cancer,1979,44(3):993-1002

    • [12] ARCA M,FARDET L,GALICIER L,et al.Prognostic fac⁃ tors of early death in a cohort of 162 adult haemophagocytic syndrome:impact of triggering disease and early treat⁃ ment with etoposide[J].Br J Haematol,2015,168(1):63-68

    • [13] 周玉兰,李菲,张荣艳,等.59例成人EB病毒相关噬血细胞综合征临床特点和预后分析[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2020,28(2):657-662

    • [14] SPESSOTT W A,SANMILLAN M L,MCCORMICK M E,et al.Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by dominant ⁃ negative mutations in STXBP2 that inhibit SNARE⁃mediated membrane fusion[J].Blood,2015,125(10):1566-1577

    • [15] RIVIÈRE S,GALICIER L,COPPO P,et al.Reactive he⁃ mophagocytic syndrome in adults:a retrospective analysis of 162 patients[J].Am J Med,2014,127(11):1118-1125

    • [16] SHIRAISHI A,OHGA S,DOI T,et al.Treatment choice of immunotherapy or further chemotherapy for Epstein ⁃ Barr virus⁃associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis [J].Pediatr Blood Cancer,2012,59(2):265-270

    • [17] RAMOS⁃CASALS M,BRITO⁃ZERÓN P,LÓPEZ⁃GUILL⁃ ERMO A,et al.Adult haemophagocytic syndrome[J].Lancet,2014,383(9927):1503-1516

    • [18] 李硕,王晶石,王旖旎,等.147例噬血细胞综合征病因及预后分析[J].临床血液学杂志,2014,27(07):559-563

    • [19] OTROCK Z K,GROSSMAN B J,EBY C S.Transfusion requirements and 30⁃day mortality predictors for adult he⁃ mophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis[J].Int J Hematol,2018,108(5):485-490

    • [20] HENTER J I,SAMUELSSON⁃HORNE A,ARICÒM,et al.Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with HLH ⁃ 94 immunochemotherapy and bone marrow trans⁃ plantation[J].Blood,2002,100(7):2367-2373

    • [21] LAI W,WANG Y,WANG J,et al.Epstein⁃Barr virus⁃as⁃ sociated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults and adolescents ⁃ a life ⁃ threatening disease:analysis of 133 cases from a single center[J].Hematology,2018,23(10):810-816

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BRISSE E,MATTHYS P,WOUTERS C H.Understand⁃ ing the spectrum of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis:update on diagnostic challenges and therapeutic options [J].Br J Haematol,2016,174(2):175-187

    • [2] MAAKAROUN N R,MOANNA A,JACOB J T,et al.Vi⁃ ral infections associated with haemophagocytic syndrome [J].Rev Med Virol,2010,20(2):93-105

    • [3] MENG G Q,WANG J S,WANG Y N,et al.Rituximab ⁃ containing immuno ⁃ chemotherapy regimens are effective for the elimination of EBV for EBV ⁃ HLH with only and mainly B lymphocytes of EBV infection[J].Int Immuno⁃ pharmacol,2021,96:107606

    • [4] MENG G,WANG J,WANG X,et al.Ruxolitinib treat⁃ ment for SR⁃aGVHD in patients with EBV⁃HLH undergo⁃ ing allo⁃HSCT[J].Ann Hematol,2020,99(2):343-349

    • [5] SUOLITIKEN D,WANG Y,JIN Z,et al.EBV protection⁃ and susceptibility⁃related HLA alleles and EBV status in the Chinese population:A single⁃center study[J].Immun Inflamm Dis,2022,10(7):e666

    • [6] PAN H,WANG G,GUAN E,et al.Treatment outcomes and prognostic factors for non⁃ malignancy associated sec⁃ ondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children [J].BMC Pediatr,2020,20(1):288

    • [7] ZHAO Y,LI Z,ZHANG L,et al.L⁃DEP regimen salvage therapy for paediatric patients with refractory Epstein ⁃ Barr virus ⁃associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocyto⁃ sis[J].Br J Haematol,2020,191(3):453-459

    • [8] HENTER J I,HORNE A,ARICÓ M,et al.HLH⁃2004:Di⁃ agnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis[J].Pediatr Blood Cancer,2007,48(2):124-131

    • [9] JANKA G E.Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lym⁃ phohistiocytosis[J].Annu Rev Med,2012,63:233-246

    • [10] FARQUHAR J W,CLAIREAUX A E.Familial haemo⁃ phagocytic reticulosis[J].Arch Dis Child,1952,27(136):519-525

    • [11] RISDALL R J,MCKENNA R W,NESBIT M E,et al.Virus⁃associated hemophagocytic syndrome:a benign his⁃ tiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis [J].Cancer,1979,44(3):993-1002

    • [12] ARCA M,FARDET L,GALICIER L,et al.Prognostic fac⁃ tors of early death in a cohort of 162 adult haemophagocytic syndrome:impact of triggering disease and early treat⁃ ment with etoposide[J].Br J Haematol,2015,168(1):63-68

    • [13] 周玉兰,李菲,张荣艳,等.59例成人EB病毒相关噬血细胞综合征临床特点和预后分析[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2020,28(2):657-662

    • [14] SPESSOTT W A,SANMILLAN M L,MCCORMICK M E,et al.Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by dominant ⁃ negative mutations in STXBP2 that inhibit SNARE⁃mediated membrane fusion[J].Blood,2015,125(10):1566-1577

    • [15] RIVIÈRE S,GALICIER L,COPPO P,et al.Reactive he⁃ mophagocytic syndrome in adults:a retrospective analysis of 162 patients[J].Am J Med,2014,127(11):1118-1125

    • [16] SHIRAISHI A,OHGA S,DOI T,et al.Treatment choice of immunotherapy or further chemotherapy for Epstein ⁃ Barr virus⁃associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis [J].Pediatr Blood Cancer,2012,59(2):265-270

    • [17] RAMOS⁃CASALS M,BRITO⁃ZERÓN P,LÓPEZ⁃GUILL⁃ ERMO A,et al.Adult haemophagocytic syndrome[J].Lancet,2014,383(9927):1503-1516

    • [18] 李硕,王晶石,王旖旎,等.147例噬血细胞综合征病因及预后分析[J].临床血液学杂志,2014,27(07):559-563

    • [19] OTROCK Z K,GROSSMAN B J,EBY C S.Transfusion requirements and 30⁃day mortality predictors for adult he⁃ mophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis[J].Int J Hematol,2018,108(5):485-490

    • [20] HENTER J I,SAMUELSSON⁃HORNE A,ARICÒM,et al.Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with HLH ⁃ 94 immunochemotherapy and bone marrow trans⁃ plantation[J].Blood,2002,100(7):2367-2373

    • [21] LAI W,WANG Y,WANG J,et al.Epstein⁃Barr virus⁃as⁃ sociated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults and adolescents ⁃ a life ⁃ threatening disease:analysis of 133 cases from a single center[J].Hematology,2018,23(10):810-816