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通讯作者:

孙康云,E-mail:kangyun_sun@126.com;

邹建刚,jgzou@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R514.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)12-1703-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221210

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
HUSSAIN M A,FURUYA ⁃KANAMORI L,KAYE G,et al.The effect of right ventricular apical and nonapical pacing on the short⁃ and long⁃term changes in left ventric⁃ ular ejection fraction:a systematic review and meta⁃analy⁃ sis of randomized ⁃controlled trials[J].Pacing Clin Elec⁃ trophysiol,2015,38(9):1121-1136
参考文献 3
ABDELRAHMAN M,SUBZPOSH F A,BEER D,et al.Clinical outcomes of his bundle pacing compared to right ventricular pacing[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2018,71(20):2319-2330
参考文献 4
DESHMUKH P,CASAVANT D A,ROMANYSHYN M,et al.Permanent,direct His ⁃ bundle pacing:a novel ap⁃ proach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His⁃Pur⁃ kinje activation[J].Circulation,2000,101(8):869-877
参考文献 5
CANO Ó,VIJAYARAMAN P.Left bundle branch area pacing:implant technique,definitions,outcomes,and complications[J].Curr Cardiol Rep,2021,23(11):155
参考文献 6
王昆鹏,秦朝彤,石璐,等.心脏传导系统起搏的临床应用现状与展望[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(6):806-810
参考文献 7
VIJAYARAMAN P,SUBZPOSH F A,NAPERKOWSKI A,et al.Prospective evaluation of feasibility and electro⁃ physiologic and echocardiographic characteristics of left bundle branch area pacing[J].Heart Rhythm,2019,16(12):1774-1782
参考文献 8
陈璐,马雪兴,翁嘉懿,等.左束支区域起搏的临床应用初探[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(6):818-821
参考文献 9
HOU X,QIAN Z,WANG Y,et al.Feasibility and cardiac synchrony of permanent left bundle branch pacing through the interventricular septum[J].Europace,2019,21(11):1694-1702
参考文献 10
GUO J,LI L,XIAO G,et al.Remarkable response to car⁃ diac resynchronization therapy via left bundle branch pac⁃ ing in patients with true left bundle branch block[J].Clin Cardiol,2020,43(12):1460-1468
参考文献 11
JIANG H,HOU X,QIAN Z,et al.A novel 9 ⁃ partition method using fluoroscopic images for guiding left bundle branch pacing[J].Heart Rhythm,2020,17(10):1759-1767
参考文献 12
SHARMA P S,PATEL N R,RAVI V,et al.Clinical out⁃ comes of left bundle branch area pacing compared to right ventricular pacing:results from the geisinger⁃rush conduc⁃ tion system pacing registry[J].Heart Rhythm,2022,19(1):3-11
参考文献 13
CHEN K,LI Y,DAI Y,et al.Comparison of electrocardio⁃ gram characteristics and pacing parameters between left bundle branch pacing and right ventricular pacing in pa⁃ tients receiving pacemaker therapy[J].Europace,2019,21(4):673-680
参考文献 14
ZHANG J,WANG Z,CHENG L,et al.Immediate clinical outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing vs convention⁃ al right ventricular pacing[J].Clin Cardiol,2019,42(8):768-773
参考文献 15
CHEN X,ZHOU X,WANG Y,et al.Evaluation of electro⁃ physiological characteristics and ventricular synchrony:an intrapatient⁃controlled study during His⁃Purkinje con⁃ duction system pacing versus right ventricular pacing[J].Clin Cardiol,2022,45(7):723-732
参考文献 16
王建锋,王跃涛,张晓丽,等.门控心肌灌注显像相位分析评价陈旧性心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性[J].中华心血管病杂志,2015,43(7):599-604
参考文献 17
LINDE C,ABRAHAM W T,GOLD M R,et al.Random⁃ ized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptom⁃ atic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart fail⁃ ure symptoms[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2008,52(23):1834-1843
参考文献 18
魏雯,李天亮,王瑞华,等.超声心动图评价左束支区域起搏对右心室功能的影响[J].中国超声医学杂志,2022,38(02):161-165
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:观察左束支起搏(left bundle branch pacing,LBBP)对心室起搏依赖患者心功能的保护作用并探讨可能的机制。方法:选取2018年8月—2021年2月因房室传导阻滞或慢心室率房颤行心脏永久起搏器植入术的42例患者纳入本研究,依据起搏部位分为LBBP组(19例)和右心室起搏(right ventricular pacing,RVP)组(23例),其中RVP组包括右心室流出道间隔部起搏(right ventricular septal pacing,RVSP)11例和右心室心尖部起搏(right ventricular apical pacing,RVAP)12例。比较术前和术后两组患者的QRS波时限(QRSd)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末内径(LVEDD)和收缩末内径(LVESD);在随访末对两组患者应用实时三维超声评估左右心室间和左心室内的机械同步性,并比较两组间的差异。结果:全部患者平均随访时间(22.27±10.28)个月;LBBP组LVEF术前术后无显著变化,RVP组术后LVEF较术前显著下降[(54.09±9.27)% vs.(58.94± 10.01)%,P =0.011],两组的LVEDD、LVESD较术前无显著变化;LBBP组QRSd较术前无显著变化,RVP组QRSd较术前显著增宽[(147.83±19.76)ms vs.(124.04±31.10)ms,P =0.003],且明显宽于LBBP组[(115.79±14.27)ms,P <0.001];LBBP组的左心室达峰时间(left ventricular activation time,LVAT)明显短于 RVSP 患者的 LVAT[(65.25±19.79)ms vs.(80.91±10.44)ms,P =0.003]。 LBBP 和 RVP 组的心室间机械延迟(inter-ventricular mechanical delay,IVMD)存在显著差异[(-12.66±15.99)ms vs.(15.13± 19.12)ms,P <0.001],LBBP 组的左心室 16 节段达最小收缩容积的时间标准差(standard deviation of time to minimum systolic volume in 16 segments of left ventricle,Tmsv16-SD)和心率校正后的Tmsv16-SD(Tmsv16-SD/R-R)均小于RVP组,分别为[(23.35± 9.34)ms vs.(37.31±22.95)ms,P =0.021;(2.65±0.92)ms vs.(4.04±2.48)ms,P =0.030]。相关分析显示QRSd、Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv16- SD/R-R与LVEF存在显著的负相关(P <0.05),与LVEDD及LVESD存在显著的正相关(P <0.05)。结论:LBBP较RVP能更好地保护心室起搏依赖患者的术后心功能,可能与LBBP能更好地维持心脏的电和机械同步有关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To observe the protective effect of left bundle branch pacing(LBBP)on cardiac function in patients with ventricular pacing dependency and explore the possible mechanism. Methods:A total of 42 patients undergoing permanent cardiac pacemaker implantation due to atrioventricular block or slow heart rate of atrial fibrillation in Suzhou Municipal Hospital from August 2018 to February 2021 were enrolled in this study. According to the pacing site,the patients were divided into LBBP group(19)and right ventricular pacing(RVP)group(23)including 11 of right ventricular outflow tract septal pacing(RVSP)and 12 of right ventricular apical pacing(RVAP).The preoperative and postoperative QRS duration(QRSd),left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVEDD)and end systolic diameter(LVESD)were compared between groups. At the end of follow- up,real-time three-dimensional ultrasound was used to assess inter-ventricular and intra-ventricular mechanical synchrony.Results The mean follow-up time was(22.27±10.28)months. LVEF in LBBP group had no significant change before and after operation,LVEF in RVP group was significantly decreased[(54.09±9.27)% vs.(58.94±10.01)%,P =0.011]. LVEDD and LVESD in the two groups had no significant change after operation. The baseline QRSd were similar between two groups. The paced QRSd in LBBP group was similar with the baseline QRSd,but significantly narrower than that in RVP group[(115.79±14.27)ms vs.(147.83±19.76)ms,P =0.000]. Left ventricular activation time(LVAT)in LBBP group was significantly shorter than that in RVSP patients[(65.25±19.79)ms vs.(80.91± 10.44)ms,P =0.003]. Inter-ventricular mechanical delay(IVMD)was significantly different between LBBP and RVP groups[(-12.66± 15.99)ms vs.(15.13±19.12)ms,P =0.000]. Standard deviation of time to minimum systolic volume in 16 segments of left ventricle (Tmsv16- SD)and Tmsv16- SD after heart rate correction(Tmsv16- SD/R -R)in LBBP group were smaller than those in RVP group [(23.35±9.34)ms vs.(37.31±22.95)ms,P =0.021],[(2.65±0.92)ms vs.(4.04±2.48)ms,P =0.030]. Correlation analysis showed that QRSd,Tmsv16 - SD,Tmsv16 - SD/R - R were significantly negatively correlated with LVEF(P < 0.05),and significantly positively correlated with LVEDD and LVESD(P < 0.05). Conclusion:LBBP can protect cardiac function better than RVP in patients with ventricular pacing dependency,which may be related to LBBP’s ability to better maintain cardiacelectrical and mechanical synchrony.

  • 右室心尖部起搏(right ventricular apical pacing, RVAP)是最为经典的起搏方式,但有研究表明当起搏比例超过40%时,RVAP将会显著增加患者房颤、心衰再住院的发生率[1]。右室流出道间隔部起搏 (right ventricular septal pacing,RVSP)并不能减少这些不良预后的发生[2]。希氏束起搏(his bundle pacing, HBP)是理想的生理性起搏方式[3],但HBP起搏阈值高,操作成功率较低,并有希氏束远端病变导致导线失夺获的风险[4]。左束支起搏(left bundle branch pacing,LBBP)是一种新兴的生理性起搏方式[5-6],其起搏阈值低且稳定,感知良好,手术成功率较高[7-8],术后能产生良好的电⁃机械同步[9],近期研究显示 LBBP 能纠正左束支传导阻滞从而改善心衰患者的心功能[10]。但在心室起搏依赖的患者中,LBBP 与右心室起搏(right ventricular pacing,RVP)的对照研究较少,本研究旨在比较两种起搏方式对心室起搏依赖患者的心脏电⁃机械同步性及心脏结构和功能的影响,并探讨 LBBP 对心功能的保护作用及可能机制。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2018年8月—2021年2月在本院因心动过缓接受心脏永久起搏器植入术的患者42例,依据心室起搏导线植入位置将其分为LBBP 组和RVP 组,其中 LBBP 组 19 例,RVP 组 23 例(11例RVSP,12例 RVAP)。入选标准:①年龄>18岁,依据指南符合安装永久心脏起搏器的适应证;②患有房室传导阻滞 (AVB)或慢心室率房颤。排除标准:①预计起搏比例≤40%;②植入心脏再同步化治疗(cardiac resyn⁃ chronization therapy,CRT)患者。本研究由南京医科大学附属苏州医院北区伦理委员会批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书(伦理审查编号:KL901300)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 心室起搏导线植入

  • LBBP植入方法:在X线透视右前斜位45°经左侧锁骨下静脉置入C315 His鞘管,导入3 830导线,先标记希氏束电位,在右前斜位30°投射下,向心尖方向移动1.5~2.0 cm,若无法标记到希氏束电位,则采用九分法将起搏导线置于九分区中第二和第四部分的交界区[11]。当起搏时V1导联呈“W”形,将导线垂直旋入室间隔,随着导线逐渐旋入,会观察到 V1导联底端切迹逐渐上移,并最终呈现qR形态,心电图呈右束支传导阻滞(right bundle branch block, RBBB)波形,此时停止旋入导线,测量高低电压输出时的左室达峰时间(left ventricular activation time, LVAT)并测试起搏参数。术后通过超声判断患者导线位置(图1)。

  • 左束支夺获标准:①心电图呈RBBB形态;②记录到左束支电位;③高电压起搏时LVAT 突然变短超过10 ms,并在高低电压输出时保持恒定;④获得选择性LBBP的标准:起搏图形V1导联呈典型的右束支阻滞的rSR’形态,且起搏钉与腔内电图之间有等电位线。同时满足前2条或满足后2条中的任一条被认为是LBBP。

  • 图1 LBBP导线植入过程中V1导联心电图变化和超声所示导线头端的位置

  • Figure1 ECG changes in lead V1 during LBBP lead implantation process and the position of lead tip on echo image

  • RVP 植入方法:经左侧锁骨下或腋静脉路径,将导线置于右室心尖部或右室间隔部。

  • 1.2.2 心电图时限测量

  • 基线及起搏QRS波时限(QRSd)为12导联心电图从QRS波起始至QRS波终止的宽度,取3次测量平均值,心电图走纸速度为 25 mm/s。LVAT 为 V5~V6导联上起搏钉至QRS波峰的时限。

  • 1.2.3 超声心动图测量

  • 采用飞利浦 EPIQ 7C(Philips Healthcare,Ando⁃ ver,MA)超声诊断仪,探头型号 X5⁃1(频率 1.0~5.0 MHz)。嘱患者左侧卧位,连接体表心电图,于静息状态下进行超声心动图检查。二维超声测量:左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、左室收缩末内径(LVESD) 和左室射血分数(LVEF,Simpson法)。分别采集主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣口血流频谱图,测量 QRS 波起始至左、右心室开始收缩射血的时间,计算两者的差值,为心室间机械延迟(inter⁃ventricular mechanical delay,IVMD)。三维超声数据采集及测量:采集患者心尖四腔心切面下的连续3个心动周期三维全容积图像,使用3DQA分析软件进行脱机分析,系统自动勾勒左心室舒张末及收缩末心内膜边界并显示左室16节段容积变化的容积—时间曲线,自动测量左室16节段达到最小收缩容积的时间标准差(Stan⁃ dard deviation of time to minimum systolic volume in 16 segments of left ventricle,Tmsv16⁃SD)和心率校正后的Tmsv16⁃SD(Tmsv16⁃SD/R⁃R)。

  • 1.2.4 患者基线及随访数据采集

  • 收集所有患者的入院年龄、性别、临床诊断及合并症资料,收集患者术前的 QRSd、LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF。从2021年7月开始对患者进行顺序随访(术后 1.0~2.5 年完成随访),随访收集数据包括:①双极起搏心电图QRSd、LBBP和RVSP单级起搏心电图 LVAT;② LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF;③ IVMD、Tmsv16⁃SD和Tmsv16⁃SD/R⁃R;④程控仪所记录的累积心室起搏比例。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用 SPSS22.0 软件进行资料的收集与统计。符合正态分布的计量资料采用T检验,不符合正态分布的计量资料采用非参数检验,组内比较用配对检验,两组间比较用独立检验,结果以均数±标准差 (x-±s)表示。计数资料用卡方检验,以例数(百分比)表示。心脏电⁃机械同步性参数与超声心动图参数的相关性采用 Pearson 分析。双尾 P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料

  • 两组患者的年龄、性别、心律失常诊断、起搏比率、术后随访时间、术前 QRSd、术前 LVEDD、术前 LVESD、术前LVEF差异均无统计学意义(表1)。其中 LBBP 组有更多的高血压病患者,两组患者的术后起搏参数差异无统计学意义

  • 2.2 患者超声心动图参数变化情况

  • RVP组随访的LVEF较术前显著下降[(54.09± 9.27)% vs.(58.94±10.01)%,P =0.011]。LBBP组随访的LVEF较术前无显著变化。两组随访的LVEDD、 LVESD较术前无显著差异(表2)。计算两种起搏方式的 LVEF、LVEDD、LVESD 术后较术前的变化差值并作比较:RVP 组的 LVEF 较 LBBP 组下降更多[(-2.3±14)% vs.(-1.2±10.6)%,P =0.234],但无统计学意义。RVP 组的 LVEDD 和 LVESD 较术前增大,差值分别为(0.34±11.9)mm、(2.39±3.9)mm。LBBP 组的 LVEDD 和 LVESD 较术前减小,差值分别为 (-1.87±6.4)mm、(-1.05±6.6)mm。两组的LVEDD、 LVESD变化差值之间的比较均无统计学意义。

  • 表1 LBBP组和RVP组患者基线资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline data between LBBP group and RVP group

  • 2.3 患者心脏电⁃机械同步性参数比较

  • 电学同步性比较:①QRSd 的比较:LBBP 组 QRSd 较术前无显著变化[(115.79 ± 14.27)ms vs. (109.47±27.78)ms,P =0.293],RVP 组 QRSd 较术前显著增宽[(147.83±19.76)ms vs.(124.04±31.10)ms, P =0.003],也宽于 LBBP 组的 QRSd(P <0.001,图2A)。②LVAT 的比较:LBBP 组的 LVAT 明显短于 RVSP 组的 LVAT[(65.25 ± 19.79)ms vs.(80.91 ± 10.44)ms,P =0.003,图2B]。

  • 机械同步性比较:LBBP组与RVP组的IVMD 存在显著差异[(-12.66±15.99)ms vs.(15.13±19.12) ms,P <0.001,图2C]。排除了图像清晰度不佳的病例后,LBBP组(14例)的Tmsv16⁃SD和Tmsv16⁃SD/R ⁃R 均小于 RVP 组(20 例),分别为[(22.35±9.34)ms vs.(37.31±22.95)ms,P =0.021,图2D];[(2.65±0.92) ms vs.(4.04±2.48)ms,P =0.030,图2E]。

  • 表2 LBBP组和RVP组患者的超声心动图参数比较

  • Table2 Comparison of echocardiographic parameters between LBBP group and RVP group

  • 2.4 心脏电⁃机械同步性参数与超声心动图参数的相关性分析

  • 对随访时测得的心脏电机械同步性参数及超声心动图参数进行相关性分析。QRSd 与 LVEF 存在显著的负相关(图3A),与 LVEDD(图3B)和 LVESD(图3C)存在显著的正相关。Tmsv16⁃ SD、 Tmsv16⁃SD/R⁃R与LVEF存在显著的负相关(图3D、 G),与LVEDD(图3E、H)和LVESD(图3F、I)存在显著的正相关。LVAT 与 LVEF、LVEDD、LVESD 均无显著相关。

  • 3 讨论

  • 心室起搏依赖会显著增加患者发生房颤、心衰再入院等不良结局的概率,Sweeney 等[1] 随访了行 RVAP 的患者 6 年余,发现当心室起搏比例超过 40%时,患者心衰再住院的发生率显著增加。近期 Sharma 等[12] 研究发现当起搏比例超过20%时,RVP 较 LBBP 所产生的全因死亡率、心衰再住院发生率以及需升级为双心室起搏的概率显著增加。本研究选取了起搏比例>40%的患者进行比较,发现 RVP 组的 LVEF 较术前显著下降,而 LBBP 组的 LVEF较术前变化不显著,提示LBBP相比RVP能更好地保护心室起搏依赖患者的心功能。

  • LBBP 夺获了心脏的传导系统,虽然其心电图会有右束支传导延迟形态,但是相比传统的起搏方式直接起搏间隔或心尖部心肌,其产生的 QRSd 会更窄。Chen 等[13] 通过随机对照研究发现LBBP组产生的QRSd明显短于RVP组。Zhang 等[14] 也通过随机实验发现LBBP组轻度延长自身QRSd,而RVP组显著延长自身QRSd。本研究发现LBBP组的QRSd 与术前无显著差异,而RVP 组的QRSd 较术前显著增宽,提示 LBBP 可以产生与正常心脏相似的心室电学同步性,优于RVP。良好的心室电学同步是产生良好的心室机械同步的基础。Hou 等[9]发现 LBBP 的 LVAT 短于 RVSP,并通过 SPECT 心肌灌注成像证实了 LBBP 相比 RVSP 能产生更好的左心室机械同步性。Chen等[15] 也发现LBBP相比RVP有更短的LVAT以及更优的左心室机械同步性。这些都是起搏术后短期内的比较,本研究的随访时间相对较长,发现对于心室起搏依赖的患者,术后1年以后 LBBP组心电图QRSd仍明显短于RVP组,左室机械同步性参数Tmsv16⁃SD、Tmsv16⁃SD/R⁃R也明显小于 RVP组,提示LBBP较RVP能更好地维持心脏电⁃机械同步。

  • 图2 LBBP组和RVP组患者的电⁃机械同步性参数比较

  • Figure2 Comparison of electro⁃mechanical synchronization parameters between LBBP group and RVP group

  • 图3 心脏电⁃机械同步性参数与超声心动图参数的相关性

  • Figure3 Correlations between electro⁃mechanical synchronization parameters and echocardiographic parameters

  • LBBP对心功能的保护作用可能与其所产生的良好的心脏电⁃机械同步相关。本研究观察到左心室16节段的Tmsv⁃SD、Tmsv⁃SD/R⁃R与LVEF存在显著的负相关,与LVEDD、LVESD存在显著的正相关,与王建锋等[16] 的研究相似,他们利用心肌灌注成像评估患者左心室的同步性,发现左室同步性参数相位直方图带宽与 LVEF 存在显著的负相关,提示左心室的非同步化收缩会降低患者的左心室收缩功能,并可能与左心室重构相关。心室的长期非同步化收缩会导致心室电生理特征重构,从而进一步加重心室电、机械非同步化,增加心力衰竭的风险[17]。而 LBBP所产生的良好的心脏电⁃机械同步可能是其保护心室起搏依赖患者心功能的原因。

  • LBBP 夺获了心室左侧的传导系统,使左心室激动先于右心室,本研究随访发现LBBP组的IVMD 存在更多的负值,而RVP组的IVMD存在更多的正值,证实了LBBP与RVP所产生的左、右心室激动顺序完全相反。RVP 所带来的左室不同步收缩会使患者的左心室功能下降,那么 LBBP 所带来的右心室激动延迟可能也会影响右心室电⁃机械同步,从而影响右心室功能。魏雯等[18] 研究发现 LBBP 相比 RVP 能改善患者右心室的收缩及舒张功能。这可能是因为 LBBP 虽然会使右心室激动延迟,但是其右心室的激动仍主要依赖心脏的传导系统而不是心肌间闰盘的电活动传导,相较于RVP产生的右心室电激动更具有生理性。目前针对LBBP对右心室功能影响的研究较少,仍需要更多研究关注患者的右心室功能。

  • 本研究的局限性:单中心回顾性研究;患者数量较少;未评价术后出院前两组患者的超声同步性;随访时间相对较短,缺少临床心功能评价指标的比较;需要更大样本、多中心的前瞻性随机对照研究证实对于心室起搏依赖的患者,LBBP 能否较 RVP带来更多的临床获益。

  • 综上所述,LBBP 作为一种全新的生理性起搏方式,能更好地保护心室起搏依赖患者的心功能,这可能与LBBP能更好地维持心脏的电和机械同步性有关。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SWEENEY M O,HELLKAMP A S,ELLENBOGEN K A,et al.Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction[J].Circulation,2003,107(23):2932-2937

    • [2] HUSSAIN M A,FURUYA ⁃KANAMORI L,KAYE G,et al.The effect of right ventricular apical and nonapical pacing on the short⁃ and long⁃term changes in left ventric⁃ ular ejection fraction:a systematic review and meta⁃analy⁃ sis of randomized ⁃controlled trials[J].Pacing Clin Elec⁃ trophysiol,2015,38(9):1121-1136

    • [3] ABDELRAHMAN M,SUBZPOSH F A,BEER D,et al.Clinical outcomes of his bundle pacing compared to right ventricular pacing[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2018,71(20):2319-2330

    • [4] DESHMUKH P,CASAVANT D A,ROMANYSHYN M,et al.Permanent,direct His ⁃ bundle pacing:a novel ap⁃ proach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His⁃Pur⁃ kinje activation[J].Circulation,2000,101(8):869-877

    • [5] CANO Ó,VIJAYARAMAN P.Left bundle branch area pacing:implant technique,definitions,outcomes,and complications[J].Curr Cardiol Rep,2021,23(11):155

    • [6] 王昆鹏,秦朝彤,石璐,等.心脏传导系统起搏的临床应用现状与展望[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(6):806-810

    • [7] VIJAYARAMAN P,SUBZPOSH F A,NAPERKOWSKI A,et al.Prospective evaluation of feasibility and electro⁃ physiologic and echocardiographic characteristics of left bundle branch area pacing[J].Heart Rhythm,2019,16(12):1774-1782

    • [8] 陈璐,马雪兴,翁嘉懿,等.左束支区域起搏的临床应用初探[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(6):818-821

    • [9] HOU X,QIAN Z,WANG Y,et al.Feasibility and cardiac synchrony of permanent left bundle branch pacing through the interventricular septum[J].Europace,2019,21(11):1694-1702

    • [10] GUO J,LI L,XIAO G,et al.Remarkable response to car⁃ diac resynchronization therapy via left bundle branch pac⁃ ing in patients with true left bundle branch block[J].Clin Cardiol,2020,43(12):1460-1468

    • [11] JIANG H,HOU X,QIAN Z,et al.A novel 9 ⁃ partition method using fluoroscopic images for guiding left bundle branch pacing[J].Heart Rhythm,2020,17(10):1759-1767

    • [12] SHARMA P S,PATEL N R,RAVI V,et al.Clinical out⁃ comes of left bundle branch area pacing compared to right ventricular pacing:results from the geisinger⁃rush conduc⁃ tion system pacing registry[J].Heart Rhythm,2022,19(1):3-11

    • [13] CHEN K,LI Y,DAI Y,et al.Comparison of electrocardio⁃ gram characteristics and pacing parameters between left bundle branch pacing and right ventricular pacing in pa⁃ tients receiving pacemaker therapy[J].Europace,2019,21(4):673-680

    • [14] ZHANG J,WANG Z,CHENG L,et al.Immediate clinical outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing vs convention⁃ al right ventricular pacing[J].Clin Cardiol,2019,42(8):768-773

    • [15] CHEN X,ZHOU X,WANG Y,et al.Evaluation of electro⁃ physiological characteristics and ventricular synchrony:an intrapatient⁃controlled study during His⁃Purkinje con⁃ duction system pacing versus right ventricular pacing[J].Clin Cardiol,2022,45(7):723-732

    • [16] 王建锋,王跃涛,张晓丽,等.门控心肌灌注显像相位分析评价陈旧性心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性[J].中华心血管病杂志,2015,43(7):599-604

    • [17] LINDE C,ABRAHAM W T,GOLD M R,et al.Random⁃ ized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptom⁃ atic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart fail⁃ ure symptoms[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2008,52(23):1834-1843

    • [18] 魏雯,李天亮,王瑞华,等.超声心动图评价左束支区域起搏对右心室功能的影响[J].中国超声医学杂志,2022,38(02):161-165

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SWEENEY M O,HELLKAMP A S,ELLENBOGEN K A,et al.Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction[J].Circulation,2003,107(23):2932-2937

    • [2] HUSSAIN M A,FURUYA ⁃KANAMORI L,KAYE G,et al.The effect of right ventricular apical and nonapical pacing on the short⁃ and long⁃term changes in left ventric⁃ ular ejection fraction:a systematic review and meta⁃analy⁃ sis of randomized ⁃controlled trials[J].Pacing Clin Elec⁃ trophysiol,2015,38(9):1121-1136

    • [3] ABDELRAHMAN M,SUBZPOSH F A,BEER D,et al.Clinical outcomes of his bundle pacing compared to right ventricular pacing[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2018,71(20):2319-2330

    • [4] DESHMUKH P,CASAVANT D A,ROMANYSHYN M,et al.Permanent,direct His ⁃ bundle pacing:a novel ap⁃ proach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His⁃Pur⁃ kinje activation[J].Circulation,2000,101(8):869-877

    • [5] CANO Ó,VIJAYARAMAN P.Left bundle branch area pacing:implant technique,definitions,outcomes,and complications[J].Curr Cardiol Rep,2021,23(11):155

    • [6] 王昆鹏,秦朝彤,石璐,等.心脏传导系统起搏的临床应用现状与展望[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(6):806-810

    • [7] VIJAYARAMAN P,SUBZPOSH F A,NAPERKOWSKI A,et al.Prospective evaluation of feasibility and electro⁃ physiologic and echocardiographic characteristics of left bundle branch area pacing[J].Heart Rhythm,2019,16(12):1774-1782

    • [8] 陈璐,马雪兴,翁嘉懿,等.左束支区域起搏的临床应用初探[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(6):818-821

    • [9] HOU X,QIAN Z,WANG Y,et al.Feasibility and cardiac synchrony of permanent left bundle branch pacing through the interventricular septum[J].Europace,2019,21(11):1694-1702

    • [10] GUO J,LI L,XIAO G,et al.Remarkable response to car⁃ diac resynchronization therapy via left bundle branch pac⁃ ing in patients with true left bundle branch block[J].Clin Cardiol,2020,43(12):1460-1468

    • [11] JIANG H,HOU X,QIAN Z,et al.A novel 9 ⁃ partition method using fluoroscopic images for guiding left bundle branch pacing[J].Heart Rhythm,2020,17(10):1759-1767

    • [12] SHARMA P S,PATEL N R,RAVI V,et al.Clinical out⁃ comes of left bundle branch area pacing compared to right ventricular pacing:results from the geisinger⁃rush conduc⁃ tion system pacing registry[J].Heart Rhythm,2022,19(1):3-11

    • [13] CHEN K,LI Y,DAI Y,et al.Comparison of electrocardio⁃ gram characteristics and pacing parameters between left bundle branch pacing and right ventricular pacing in pa⁃ tients receiving pacemaker therapy[J].Europace,2019,21(4):673-680

    • [14] ZHANG J,WANG Z,CHENG L,et al.Immediate clinical outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing vs convention⁃ al right ventricular pacing[J].Clin Cardiol,2019,42(8):768-773

    • [15] CHEN X,ZHOU X,WANG Y,et al.Evaluation of electro⁃ physiological characteristics and ventricular synchrony:an intrapatient⁃controlled study during His⁃Purkinje con⁃ duction system pacing versus right ventricular pacing[J].Clin Cardiol,2022,45(7):723-732

    • [16] 王建锋,王跃涛,张晓丽,等.门控心肌灌注显像相位分析评价陈旧性心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性[J].中华心血管病杂志,2015,43(7):599-604

    • [17] LINDE C,ABRAHAM W T,GOLD M R,et al.Random⁃ ized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptom⁃ atic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart fail⁃ ure symptoms[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2008,52(23):1834-1843

    • [18] 魏雯,李天亮,王瑞华,等.超声心动图评价左束支区域起搏对右心室功能的影响[J].中国超声医学杂志,2022,38(02):161-165