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通讯作者:

李普,E-mail:lee_lipu@163.com

中图分类号:R697.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)12-1722-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221213

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参考文献 4
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
ZHANG J,OU Z,ZHANG X,et al.Holmium laser enucle⁃ ation of the prostate versus thulium laser enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of large ⁃volume prostates > 80 ml:18 ⁃ month follow ⁃ up results[J].World J Urol,2020,38(6):1555-1562
参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
STOLZENBURG J U,RABENALT R,DO M,et al.Intra⁃ fascial nerve ⁃ sparing endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy[J].Eur Urol,2008,53(5):931-940
参考文献 22
RIEKEN M,ANTUNES ⁃LOPES T,GEAVLETE B,et al.What is new with sexual side effects after transurethral male lower urinary tract symptom surgery?[J].Eur Urol Focus,2018,4(1):43-45
参考文献 23
ELSHAL A M,EL⁃ASSMY A,MEKKAWY R,et al.Pro⁃ spective controlled assessment of men’s sexual function changes following Holmium laser enucleation of the pros⁃ tate for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia[J].Int Urol Nephrol,2017,49(10):1741-1749
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评估改良的保留膀胱颈整块法经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术(holmium laser enucleation of prostate,HoLEP)对良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)患者术后性功能的影响。方法:回顾性分析2016年7月—2020年5月在本中心接受保留膀胱颈的整块法经尿道HoLEP治疗的209例BPH患者的临床资料,同期接受传统经尿道前列腺电切术(trans- urethral resection of the prostate,TURP)的78例患者作为对照。所有患者术前均有性活动并有正常顺行射精。结果:手术时间、术中出血量HoLEP组少于TURP组,差异有统计学意义(P ˂ 0.05);HoLEP组住院时间及留置导尿管时间略短于TURP组,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);两组并发症无显著差异(P > 0.05)。术后即刻尿失禁HoLEP组显著高于TURP组(P ˂ 0.05),这种趋势在3个月和6个月时仍有表现,但两组差异逐渐缩小,在术后12个月时尿失禁发生率两组无显著差异(P > 0.05)。与术前相比,HoLEP组术后6个月和12个月的国际勃起功能指数问卷表-5(international index of erectile function,,IIEF-5)评分和勃起硬度分级量表(erection hardness grading soale,EHGS)评分均略有改善,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。在TURP组患者观察到相似的情况。以术前及术后12个月作为勃起功能及射精功能的评估节点,结果显示两组患者术前IIEF-5、EHGS没有统计学差异(P > 0.05),术后12个月HoLEP组IIEF-5、EHGS高于TURP组,但差异没有统计学意义(P > 0.05)。术后HoLEP组逆行射精发生率显著低于TURP组(P ˂ 0.05)。结论:保留膀胱颈的整块法HoLEP具有创伤小、切除效率高、并发症发生率低等优点,同时可有效减少逆行射精的发生。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of holmium laser enucleation of prostate(HoLEP)by using en -bloc and bladder neck preservation technique and assess the influence on sexual functional outcomes. Methods:Retrospectively analyzed 209 patients who received HoLEP by en-bloc and bladder neck preservation technique from July 2016 to May 2020,and other 78 patients who received traditional transurethral resection of the prostate(TURP)as control. All patients had sexual activity and normal antegrade ejaculation before surgery. Results:The operation time and estimated blood loss in HoLEP group were less than those in the TURP group(P ˂ 0.05);The hospital stay and duration of catheterization in HoLEP group were slightly shorter than those in TURP group, but no significant(P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in complications between the two groups(P > 0.05). The immediate urinary incontinence rate in HoLEP group was significantly higher than that in TURP group(P ˂ 0.05). This trend was still manifested at 3 and 6 months,but gradually narrowed and converged at 12 months(P > 0.05). The international questionnaire score(IIEF-5)and erection hardness grading scale(EHGS)scores in both groups at 6 and 12 months after surgery were slightly improved(P > 0.05).There was no statistical difference in IIEF-5 and EHGS between the two groups before and 12 months after surgery(P > 0.05),and IIEF -5 and EHGS in HoLEP group at 12 months after surgery were higher than those in TURP group,but the difference was not statistically significant(P > 0.05). The incidence of retrograde ejaculation in HoLEP group was significantly lower than in the TURP group(P ˂ 0.05). Conclusions:HoLEP by an en - bloc and bladder neck preservation technique is small-injury and high -efficiency,especially reduce the occurrence of retrograde ejaculation.

  • 良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH)及其引起的下尿路症状(lower urinary tract symptoms,LUTS)是老年男性常见的健康问题。研究显示,BPH的发病率在50岁以上的男性人群中可达50%,且随着年龄的增加发病率逐渐增高,在80岁以上的男性人群中,发病率可达80%[1]。经尿道前列腺切除术(transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP)是BPH外科治疗的金标准,但随着新的微创术式的出现,这一状况正日益受到挑战。手术的目标不仅是排尿功能的改善,对于相对年轻的患者,还应考虑到性功能的保留[2]。经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术(holmium laser enucleation of prostate,Ho⁃ LEP)自首次报道之后就得到了广泛关注,很多临床研究已经证实,HoLEP术后获得的症状评分和生活质量指数的改善情况与TURP相似,且并发症更少、恢复更快[3-5]。因此有学者提出用 HoLEP 取代 TURP 作为 BPH 手术治疗新的“金标准”[6],但目前 HoLEP的优势尚未完全确定,特别是在性功能保护方面,仍然存在争议。本研究通过回顾性分析BPH 患者手术治疗的临床资料,研究保留膀胱颈的整块法HoLEP的疗效和安全性,并评估该技术在保护男性性功能方面的作用。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2016年7月—2020年5月在本中心接受 HoLEP 或 TURP 治疗的 BPH 患者。所有患者均接受病史采集、体格检查(包括肛门指检)和实验室检查。检查指标包括前列腺体积、残余尿量(post⁃ void residual,PVR)、最大尿流率(maximum urinary flow rate,Qmax)、国际前列腺症状评分(international prostate symptom score,IPSS)和生活质量评分(quali⁃ ty of life,QoL)。初步筛选标准为IPSS≥8,Qmax≤15 mL/s,PVR≥50 mL或QoL评分≥3。排除标准为经活检或术后病理证实的前列腺癌患者,尿道狭窄或严重的逼尿肌功能障碍患者。手术数据或随访信息不完整的患者也被排除。对满足以上标准的患者,进一步筛选,满足以下标准的患者纳入最终研究:配偶健在且有规律的性活动;术前国际勃起功能指数问卷表⁃5(international index of erectile function,IIEF⁃ 5)得分≥12;术前有正常的顺行射精,无射精疼痛;可配合完成调查。最终有287例患者被纳入本研究。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 HoLEP手术

  • 手术方法采用保留膀胱颈的整块法HoLEP[7]。 HoLEP设备包括100 W高功率Ho:YAG激光器(Lu⁃ menis公司,以色列),550 μm激光光纤,26F电切镜及剜除手件(Storz 公司,德国),组织粉碎器(Versa⁃ Cut系统,Lumenis公司,以色列)。设置钬激光能量为 80 W(2.0 J×40 Hz),自 5 点至 7 点方向精阜水平倒“U”形切开尿道黏膜,找到增生腺体平面,即外科包膜,可见包膜表面稍强反光、有小血管走行且致密光滑。进行初步分离后,形成一个解剖平面。使用镜鞘和激光脉冲沿该平面向两侧进行撬剥分离,并在 12 点处汇合,直到膀胱颈的位置。两侧叶和中叶使用相同的方法分离。首先在 11 点至 1 点的位置突破膀胱颈进入膀胱,然后分别向两侧连续切除。剥离到膀胱颈时可见到致密、发白、放射状的膀胱颈内括约肌组织,近膀胱颈口处0.5 cm组织予以保留。完全离断腺体与膀胱颈之间的膀胱粘膜,将剜除的腺体整块推入膀胱。此时在外括约肌位置可见颈口呈“堤坝”样隆起。创面止血后置入组织粉碎器,直视下将切除的腺体粉碎并吸出。

  • 1.2.2 评估

  • 回顾性收集并记录年龄,前列腺特异抗原 (prostate specific antigen,PSA)水平和前列腺体积,围手术期参数包括手术时间、估计失血量(estimat⁃ ed blood loss,EBL)、留置导尿管时间、住院时间和并发症情况。

  • 手术前以及术后 3、6 和 12 个月检测相关变量来评估排尿功能恢复情况。评估参数包括 IPSS、 QoL、PVR和Qmax。尿控功能采用尿失禁问卷进行评估,根据 24 h 尿垫数(pads/day,PPD)进行判断, PPD> 2认为存在尿失禁[8]。由于多数患者在术后3 个月尚未尝试性行为,因此在术后6个月和12个月时收集包括勃起功能和射精功能在内的性功能数据,并进行比较。

  • 使用IIEF⁃5和勃起硬度分级量表(erection hard⁃ ness grading scale,EHGS)来测量勃起功能[9]。等级 0、1、2、3和4分别表示阴茎“无增大”,“ 增大但不坚硬”,“ 较硬但不足以插入”,“ 足够插入但不完全坚硬”和“完全坚硬”。射精功能的评估采用问卷调查方式,问卷包括“与术前相比,精液量的变化:增加、减少、无变化、不射精”等问题。要求患者选择其中一个选项。如果选择了“不射精”选项,则在射精后的尿液样本中进行尿液分析和精子检测,以确定是否存在逆行射精。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用 SPSS®Statistics 19.0 软件进行统计学分析。定量数据采用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,分类数据采用病例数和百分比[n(%)]表示。分类数据和连续数据分别通过卡方检验和配对 t 检验进行分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 287例手术均获成功,其中HoLEP组209例,年龄57~79岁(平均70.2岁);TURP组78例,年龄55~77岁(平均69.4岁)。两组患者术前基本临床资料见表1。两组患者年龄、前列腺体积、术前 IPSS 评分、QoL、PVR 及 Qmax 差异无统计学意义。围手术期情况的比较见表2,HoLEP 组的手术时间及术中出血量均少于 TURP 组,差异有统计学意义(P ˂ 0.05);HoLEP组住院时间及留置导尿管时间略短于 TURP组,但差异无统计学意义;两组均无电切综合征(transurethral resection syndrome,TURS)及输血发生,术后随访HoLEP组有3例患者发生尿道狭窄或膀胱颈挛缩,而TURP组有2例发生,两组并发症无显著差异(P > 0.05)。

  • 记录拔除导尿管之后即刻尿失禁的发生情况,并在术后3个月、6个月及12个月时随访评估尿失禁恢复情况。术后尿失禁比较见表3。术后即刻尿失禁 HoLEP 组显著高于 TURP 组,这种趋势在 3 个月和6个月时仍有表现,但两组差异逐渐缩小,在术后12个月时尿失禁发生率两组无显著差异。

  • 表1 两组患者术前基本临床资料的比较

  • Table1 Comparison of preoperative basic clinical data between two groups

  • 表2 两组患者围手术期情况的比较

  • Table2 Comparison of perioperative parameter between two groups

  • 表3 两组患者术后尿失禁情况的比较

  • Table3 Comparison of postoperative urinary inconti⁃ nence between two groups

  • 与术前相比,HoLEP组术后6个月和12个月的 IIEF⁃5评分均略有改善,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);同样地,HoLEP 组手术前后 EHGS 也没有显著差异。在TURP组患者中这两个指标观察到相似的情况(表4)。所有患者术后均无射精疼痛。以术前及术后12个月作为两组间勃起功能及射精功能的评估节点,结果显示,两组患者术前IIEF⁃5、EHGS 差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),术后 12 个月 HoLEP 组 IIEF ⁃ 5、EHGS 与 TURP 组无明显差异(P > 0.05)。术后 HoLEP 组中有 26 例出现逆行射精,逆行射精比例为 12.4%,TURP 组有 21 例出现逆行射精,发生率为26.9%,HoLEP组逆行射精的发生率显著低于 TURP 组(P =0.003,表5)。在正常顺行射精的患者中,HoLEP组有82例(44.8%)出现精液量的减少,而 TURP 组有 13 例(22.8%)出现精液量的减少(P =0.04)。

  • 表4 两组患者组内手术前后性功能的比较

  • Table4 Comparison of sexual function before and after surgery intra⁃ group

  • 表5 两组患者间手术前后性功能的比较

  • Table5 Comparison of sexual function between two groups before and after surgery

  • 3 讨论

  • TURP 目前仍被认为是 BPH 手术治疗的金标准,其在改善 LUTS 方面的作用得到了广泛认可。但TURP 仍存在着诸多需要解决或改善的缺点,如 TURS,切除不彻底,复发率高,出血多,膀胱颈挛缩,尿失禁和逆行射精等[10]。传统的TURP对勃起功能的影响很小,但可导致60%~80%的患者在术后出现逆行射精[11]。TURP损害射精功能的主要原因是该手术破坏了膀胱颈和内括约肌的完整性。TURP手术在切除增生腺的同时,也切除了正常的膀胱颈组织,尤其是在4点至8点位置。这个部位的膀胱颈组织被充分切除后,有助于切除的碎组织冲洗到膀胱腔内,保持手术区域视野的清晰。完整的膀胱颈不影响尿流的通过,但在射精过程中,却可以保持膀胱颈的压力高于外括约肌的压力,从而将精液从体内排出[12]。膀胱颈结构的破坏会导致术后逆行射精的产生。因此,在切除增生腺体时,应尽量保留膀胱颈的正常解剖结构。面对这些挑战,越来越多的学者致力于寻求改进方法,改良手术方式,改进手术设备,以使 BPH 的手术治疗达到更好的效果。

  • 随着技术的进步,几种新的微创治疗方法广泛应用于BPH引起的LUTS的治疗[13-14],其中包括解剖性的经尿道前列腺剜除术。HoLEP 是最早也是研究最广泛的一种解剖性前列腺剜除技术。除 Ho⁃ LEP 之外,还有许多其他的能量设备可用于治疗 BPH,包括等离子前列腺剜除术和铥激光前列腺剜除(ThuLEP)。研究表明,ThuLEP 具有出色的汽化和止血能力,其疗效和并发症发生率与 HoLEP 相似[15]。但是,作为脉冲激光,HoLEP切除腺体时,可以在前列腺创面减少焦痂及疤痕的形成,使手术创面易于愈合,同时操作更加精确可靠[16]。另外Ho⁃ LEP可同时处理并发的膀胱结石,因此与等离子和铥激光相比,钬激光在前列腺剜除手术中使用更广泛。

  • 传统的 HoLEP 手术在处理膀胱颈部位时与 TURP相似,通常会切开膀胱颈,以达到理想的排尿功能改善的目标。因此与 TURP 相似,传统 HoLEP 术后逆行射精的发生率较高,可达70%~80%[17-19]。为更好地保留膀胱颈结构,我们在HoLEP术中采用了改良的方法:接近膀胱颈时,可见到致密、发白、放射状编织样的膀胱颈内括约肌组织。近膀胱颈口处 0.5 cm 组织予以保留,只离断粘连的膀胱黏膜。保留的膀胱颈呈“堤坝”样隆起于 5 点至 7 点处,从而比较完整地保留了尿道内括约肌及膀胱颈的原有生理功能,达到与开放性手术完全相同的解剖学目标。这种保留了膀胱颈的术式,可以有效减少逆行射精的发生并较好地保留尿控功能。在本研究的病例中未观察到持续性和严重的尿失禁,术前有正常顺行射精功能的209例患者中有183例保持了正常的射精能力,明显高于对照组及其他相关的报道。

  • HoLEP切除腺体的过程中,常采用3种方法,即三块法、二块法和整块法[20]。3种方法在解剖上没有本质的区别,但整块法剜除前列腺,在找到外科包膜后进行连续的切开与撬剥,能够减少部分不必要的切割及止血操作,使得切除过程更加连贯,而且易于粉碎,从而缩短手术时间,减少术中出血。本组采用改良HoLEP的手术,手术时间及术中失血量均显著少于TURP 组。实际操作中我们体会到,在对前列腺解剖结构有着良好认识的基础上,采用整块法进行前列腺剜除,既能够保证切除的彻底性,又能够有效地提高手术效率。

  • 勃起神经分布于前列腺筋膜和肛提肌筋膜之间,相对集中于前列腺尖部及其下方[21]。 TURP术中,远端切除范围一般不超精阜,这也是勃起神经集中的位置。通常,电切或汽化引起的组织损伤深度是有限的,如果没有发生包膜穿孔,热能对神经的影响很小,这可能是包括TURP和HoLEP等在内的多种手术方式对勃起功能没有造成明显损伤的原因[22]。在本研究中观察到术后 IIEF 和 EHGS 评分与术前相比略有改善,但差异不显著。这些数据表明,在大多数患者中,HoLEP 可以有效地保护勃起功能,这一结论与其他的报道相吻合[23]

  • 在本研究术后有正常顺行射精功能的患者中, 44.8%的 HoLEP 组患者精液量较术前减少,而在 TURP组中这一比例为22.8%。前列腺液是精液的重要成分,精液量减少与切除增生的腺体有关。 HoLEP 是一种解剖性摘除术,其切除的组织量明显大于 TURP,因此精液量的减少也更加明显。另外,虽然我们试图保留完整的膀胱颈,但手术仍然会对内括约肌的结构造成一定的破坏,因此在表现为顺行射精的患者中仍有可能存在一定程度的精液逆行进入膀胱的情况,造成了射精量的减少。

  • 综上所述,本研究初步证实,改良的整块法Ho⁃ LEP具有创伤小、切除效率高、并发症发生率低等优点,术中采用保留膀胱颈的技术,可有效减少逆行射精的发生,对于相对年轻的BPH患者是一种安全有效的手术方式。同时本研究也有一定局限性,包括其回顾性研究的属性以及采用的主观评估模式。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] VUICHOUD C,LOUGHLIN K R.Benign prostatic hyper⁃ plasia:epidemiology,economics and evaluation[J].Can J Urol,2015,22:1-6

    • [2] BOUHADANA D,NGUYEN D D,ZORN K C,et al.Pa⁃ tient perspectives on benign prostatic hyperplasia sur⁃ gery:a focus on sexual health[J].J Sex Med,2020,17(10):2108-2112

    • [3] YILMAZ M,ESSER J,SUAREZ ⁃ IBARROLA R,et al.Safety and efficacy of laser enucleation of the prostate in elderly patients⁃a narrative review[J].Clin Interv Aging,2022,17(8):15-33

    • [4] LEE M S,ASSMUS M,AGARWAL D,et al.Contempo⁃ rary practice patterns of transurethral therapies for benign prostate hypertrophy:results of a worldwide survey[J].World J Urol,2021,39(11):4207-4213

    • [5] YU J,JEONG B C,JEON S S,et al.Comparison of effica⁃ cy of different surgical techniques for benign prostatic ob⁃ struction[J].Int Neurourol J,2021,25(3):252-262

    • [6] MICHALAK J,TZOU D,FUNK J.HoLEP:the gold stan⁃ dard for the surgical management of BPH in the 21(st)century[J].Am J Clin Exp Urol,2015,3(1):36-42

    • [7] LI P,WANG C,TANG M,et al.Holmium laser enucle⁃ ation of prostate by using en⁃bloc and bladder neck pres⁃ ervation technique:technical consideration and influence on functional outcomes[J].Transl Androl Urol,2021,10(1):134-142

    • [8] MÜHLSTÄDT S,FRIEDL A,MOHAMMED N,et al.Five⁃ year experience with the adjustable transobturator male system for the treatment of male stress urinary inconti⁃ nence:a single⁃center evaluation[J].World J Urol,2017,35(1):145-151

    • [9] ALTINBAS N K,HAMIDI N.Penile Doppler ultrasonogra⁃ phy and elastography evaluation in patients with erectile dysfunction[J].Pol J Radiol,2018,83:e491-e499

    • [10] TEO J S,LEE Y M,HO H S S.An update on transurethral surgery for benign prostatic obstruction[J].Asian J Urol,2017,4(3):195-198

    • [11] BEARELLY P,AVELLINO G J.The role of benign pros⁃ tatic hyperplasia treatments in ejaculatory dysfunction [J].Fertil Steril,2021,116(3):611-617

    • [12] BRUNOCILLA E,SCHIAVINA R,BORGHESI M,et al.Preservation of the internal vesical sphincter and proxi⁃ mal urethra during retropubic radical prostatectomy may improve earlier recovery of continence in selected patients [J].Actas Urol Esp,2014,38(7):421-428

    • [13] LEONG J Y,PATEL A S,RAMASAMY R.Minimizing sexual dysfunction in BPH surgery[J].Curr Sex Health Rep,2019,11(3):190-200

    • [14] LIM NG K,BARBER N.Prostatic hydroablation(Aquab⁃ lation):a new effective ultrasound guided robotic waterjet ablative surgery for treatment of benign prostatic hyper⁃ plasia[J].Arch Esp Urol,2019,72(8):786-793

    • [15] HERRMANN T R W,GRAVAS S,DE LA ROSETTE J J,et al.Lasers in transurethral enucleation of the prostate ⁃ do we really need them[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(5):1412

    • [16] ZHANG J,OU Z,ZHANG X,et al.Holmium laser enucle⁃ ation of the prostate versus thulium laser enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of large ⁃volume prostates > 80 ml:18 ⁃ month follow ⁃ up results[J].World J Urol,2020,38(6):1555-1562

    • [17] LARGE T,KRAMBECK A E.Evidence ⁃ based outcomes of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate[J].Curr Opin Urol,2018,28(3):301-308

    • [18] KIM J K,CHO M C,SON H,et al.Patient perception of ejaculatory volume reduction after holmium laser enucle⁃ ation of the prostate(HoLEP)[J].Urology,2017,99:142-147

    • [19] KUEBKER J M,MILLER N L.Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate:patient selection and outcomes[J].Curr Urol Rep,2017,18(12):96

    • [20] OH S J.Current surgical techniques of enucleation in hol⁃ mium laser enucleation of the prostate[J].Investig Clin Urol,2019,60(5):333-342

    • [21] STOLZENBURG J U,RABENALT R,DO M,et al.Intra⁃ fascial nerve ⁃ sparing endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy[J].Eur Urol,2008,53(5):931-940

    • [22] RIEKEN M,ANTUNES ⁃LOPES T,GEAVLETE B,et al.What is new with sexual side effects after transurethral male lower urinary tract symptom surgery?[J].Eur Urol Focus,2018,4(1):43-45

    • [23] ELSHAL A M,EL⁃ASSMY A,MEKKAWY R,et al.Pro⁃ spective controlled assessment of men’s sexual function changes following Holmium laser enucleation of the pros⁃ tate for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia[J].Int Urol Nephrol,2017,49(10):1741-1749

  • 参考文献

    • [1] VUICHOUD C,LOUGHLIN K R.Benign prostatic hyper⁃ plasia:epidemiology,economics and evaluation[J].Can J Urol,2015,22:1-6

    • [2] BOUHADANA D,NGUYEN D D,ZORN K C,et al.Pa⁃ tient perspectives on benign prostatic hyperplasia sur⁃ gery:a focus on sexual health[J].J Sex Med,2020,17(10):2108-2112

    • [3] YILMAZ M,ESSER J,SUAREZ ⁃ IBARROLA R,et al.Safety and efficacy of laser enucleation of the prostate in elderly patients⁃a narrative review[J].Clin Interv Aging,2022,17(8):15-33

    • [4] LEE M S,ASSMUS M,AGARWAL D,et al.Contempo⁃ rary practice patterns of transurethral therapies for benign prostate hypertrophy:results of a worldwide survey[J].World J Urol,2021,39(11):4207-4213

    • [5] YU J,JEONG B C,JEON S S,et al.Comparison of effica⁃ cy of different surgical techniques for benign prostatic ob⁃ struction[J].Int Neurourol J,2021,25(3):252-262

    • [6] MICHALAK J,TZOU D,FUNK J.HoLEP:the gold stan⁃ dard for the surgical management of BPH in the 21(st)century[J].Am J Clin Exp Urol,2015,3(1):36-42

    • [7] LI P,WANG C,TANG M,et al.Holmium laser enucle⁃ ation of prostate by using en⁃bloc and bladder neck pres⁃ ervation technique:technical consideration and influence on functional outcomes[J].Transl Androl Urol,2021,10(1):134-142

    • [8] MÜHLSTÄDT S,FRIEDL A,MOHAMMED N,et al.Five⁃ year experience with the adjustable transobturator male system for the treatment of male stress urinary inconti⁃ nence:a single⁃center evaluation[J].World J Urol,2017,35(1):145-151

    • [9] ALTINBAS N K,HAMIDI N.Penile Doppler ultrasonogra⁃ phy and elastography evaluation in patients with erectile dysfunction[J].Pol J Radiol,2018,83:e491-e499

    • [10] TEO J S,LEE Y M,HO H S S.An update on transurethral surgery for benign prostatic obstruction[J].Asian J Urol,2017,4(3):195-198

    • [11] BEARELLY P,AVELLINO G J.The role of benign pros⁃ tatic hyperplasia treatments in ejaculatory dysfunction [J].Fertil Steril,2021,116(3):611-617

    • [12] BRUNOCILLA E,SCHIAVINA R,BORGHESI M,et al.Preservation of the internal vesical sphincter and proxi⁃ mal urethra during retropubic radical prostatectomy may improve earlier recovery of continence in selected patients [J].Actas Urol Esp,2014,38(7):421-428

    • [13] LEONG J Y,PATEL A S,RAMASAMY R.Minimizing sexual dysfunction in BPH surgery[J].Curr Sex Health Rep,2019,11(3):190-200

    • [14] LIM NG K,BARBER N.Prostatic hydroablation(Aquab⁃ lation):a new effective ultrasound guided robotic waterjet ablative surgery for treatment of benign prostatic hyper⁃ plasia[J].Arch Esp Urol,2019,72(8):786-793

    • [15] HERRMANN T R W,GRAVAS S,DE LA ROSETTE J J,et al.Lasers in transurethral enucleation of the prostate ⁃ do we really need them[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(5):1412

    • [16] ZHANG J,OU Z,ZHANG X,et al.Holmium laser enucle⁃ ation of the prostate versus thulium laser enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of large ⁃volume prostates > 80 ml:18 ⁃ month follow ⁃ up results[J].World J Urol,2020,38(6):1555-1562

    • [17] LARGE T,KRAMBECK A E.Evidence ⁃ based outcomes of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate[J].Curr Opin Urol,2018,28(3):301-308

    • [18] KIM J K,CHO M C,SON H,et al.Patient perception of ejaculatory volume reduction after holmium laser enucle⁃ ation of the prostate(HoLEP)[J].Urology,2017,99:142-147

    • [19] KUEBKER J M,MILLER N L.Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate:patient selection and outcomes[J].Curr Urol Rep,2017,18(12):96

    • [20] OH S J.Current surgical techniques of enucleation in hol⁃ mium laser enucleation of the prostate[J].Investig Clin Urol,2019,60(5):333-342

    • [21] STOLZENBURG J U,RABENALT R,DO M,et al.Intra⁃ fascial nerve ⁃ sparing endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy[J].Eur Urol,2008,53(5):931-940

    • [22] RIEKEN M,ANTUNES ⁃LOPES T,GEAVLETE B,et al.What is new with sexual side effects after transurethral male lower urinary tract symptom surgery?[J].Eur Urol Focus,2018,4(1):43-45

    • [23] ELSHAL A M,EL⁃ASSMY A,MEKKAWY R,et al.Pro⁃ spective controlled assessment of men’s sexual function changes following Holmium laser enucleation of the pros⁃ tate for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia[J].Int Urol Nephrol,2017,49(10):1741-1749