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通讯作者:

郭雪江,E-mail:guo_xuejiang@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R186

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)01-122-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230120

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目录contents

    摘要

    2019年由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)造成了一场全球大流行,对人类生命、公共医疗保健系统和全球经济造成了破坏。新冠疫苗接种是保护人群免受COVID-19影响的最重要的干预措施,孕前、孕期和哺乳期作为大家广泛关注与重视的阶段,研究新冠疫苗接种对孕妇及其子代的影响具有重要意义。我们旨在收集迄今为止关于新冠疫苗接种对男性及女性生殖健康影响的研究报道,以及孕期和哺乳期妇女接种新冠疫苗的相关研究,总结孕前、孕期和哺乳期接种新冠疫苗对其自身及其子代安全性的临床数据,为未来在这类人群中注射新冠疫苗的安全性评价和使用提供有效信息。

    Abstract

    COVID-19,caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-COV-2)in 2019,resulted in a global pandemic and had impacts on human lives,public healthcare system,and the global economy. Vaccination is the most important intervention to protect the population from coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). The period before and during pregnancy and during lactation is of widespread interest and attention,to study the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on them and their offspring is of great significance. In this review,we aimed to collect relevant reports so far on the impact of COVID - 19 vaccination on male and female reproductive system as well as the effects during pregnancy and lactation,and summarize the clinical data about the safety of COVID- 19 vaccine on males and females before and during pregnancy and during lactation,and on their offspring,in the hope of providing useful information for future systematic evaluation the safety and use of COVID-19 vaccine in this population.

    关键词

    COVID-19疫苗孕期哺乳期安全性

    Keywords

    COVID-19vaccinepregnancylactationsafety

  • 2019年底,由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 型(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS⁃CoV⁃2)(以下简称“新冠病毒”)引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease2019,COVID⁃19)暴发,并在世界各地迅速流行蔓延,这是一场前所未有的全球公共卫生危机。据世界卫生组织(WHO) 统计,截至2022年8月2日全球已有5.76亿人感染新冠病毒,导致640多万人死亡[1],因此迫切需要有效的手段来抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎,而防控疫情最科学、最经济、最有效的手段就是接种疫苗。

  • 据WHO统计截至2022年8月2日,全球共接种新冠疫苗12 248 795 623万剂[2]。生殖与临床科学家协会和英国生育协会指出,尽管没有证据表明疫苗接种会对备孕期间男性或女性的生育能力产生影响,但许多人仍然对疫苗接种是否影响生育问题而犹豫不决[3],因此需要开展进一步的临床研究。研究表明,与育龄非孕妇相比,育龄妇女妊娠期新冠病毒感染的发病率和病死率更高[4],越来越多的国家建议对孕妇进行新冠疫苗接种。然而,孕期及哺乳期女性作为一类特殊人群被排除在前期新冠疫苗安全性评估的Ⅲ期临床试验之外。因此,孕期及哺乳期女性接种新冠疫苗的安全性仍有待探究。本综述旨在讨论新冠疫苗接种对育龄期男性与女性生殖健康的影响,并且系统性地回顾了孕前、孕期及哺乳期女性新冠疫苗接种的不良事件,围绕新冠疫苗接种对于孕前、孕期、哺乳期及其子代安全性的研究进展进行系统的综述。

  • 1 新冠疫苗技术路线及特点

  • 1.1 灭活疫苗

  • 灭活疫苗是采用加热、辐射或化学药品处理等方式对病毒进行灭活,使其失去致病力但仍保留相应抗原的免疫原性[5]。灭活疫苗的主要优点是与自然状态下存在的病毒相似,有更好的免疫效果,但其生产周期较长。早在 2005 年针对 SARS⁃CoV 的灭活疫苗首次在恒河猴中进行了评估,该研究发现它可以诱导体液免疫和黏膜免疫,这突出了灭活疫苗在临床试验中的使用潜力[6]。并且在 2006 年该类疫苗的免疫原性在小鼠模型上获得验证,即该类疫苗对冠状病毒 S 蛋白具有较高的抗体滴度,凸显出其作为SARS⁃CoV⁃2疫苗开发平台的应用潜力[7]。国药控股和科兴制药是这类疫苗开发进展最快的制造商,这些疫苗已经过Ⅲ期临床试验评估,并获得国际批准使用。

  • 1.2 核酸疫苗:mRNA疫苗

  • mRNA疫苗是把体外转录的编码抗原的mRNA 直接导入人体内,mRNA在体内合成具有免疫原性的蛋白,引起人体的免疫反应从而达到预防疾病的目的。该疫苗避免了与宿主细胞基因组整合的风险,并能够产生纯病毒蛋白。mRNA疫苗的优势是发展相对较快,在鉴定了保护蛋白抗原并对相应基因进行测序后,可以在几周内制造出 mRNA 疫苗。然而,mRNA疫苗的缺点之一是稳定性差。生物技术公司Moderna生产的mRNA⁃1273是一种脂质微颗粒胶囊包裹的修饰病毒RNA,能编码SARS⁃CoV⁃2 的 S 蛋白,在Ⅲ期临床试验研究中mRNA⁃1273疫苗在预防 COVID ⁃ 19(包括严重疾病)方面的有效性为 94.1%[8]。最常见的注射部位事件是注射后疼痛,一项研究报道 244 例受试者(0.8%)在注射第 1 剂疫苗后出现延迟注射部位反应,68 例受试者 (0.2%)在注射第 2 剂疫苗后出现延迟注射部位反应,其以红斑、硬结和压痛为特征,但 4~5 d 内即可消退[9]。辉瑞生物技术公司开发的一种基于 mRNA 的疫苗 BNT162b1 和 BNT162b2 已进入大规模Ⅲ期临床试验。以色列最大的医疗服务组织之一 Clalit Health Services(CHS)公布了接种第二剂 BNT162b2疫苗7 d后的各项保护率数据:感染保护率为92%、有症状感染保护率为94%、住院保护率为 87%、重症保护率为92%[10]。在注射BNT162b2疫苗后的7 d内最常报告的局部反应是注射部位的轻度至中度疼痛,最常报告的全身性事件是疲劳和头痛 (主要是在注射第2剂疫苗后,其中年轻疫苗接种者分别为 59%和 52%,老年疫苗接种者为 51%和 39%),16%的年轻疫苗接种者和11%的老年接种者在第2剂后报告了发烧[11]

  • 1.3 病毒载体疫苗:腺病毒疫苗

  • 腺病毒载体疫苗是指将新冠病毒的基因插入腺病毒载体中,使腺病毒表达出新冠病毒的抗原而不产生新冠病毒的毒性,帮助人体识别并产生特异性免疫。病毒载体的主要优势在于能高效和特异性传递抗原并启动免疫反应,但若先前已有对载体的免疫反应,则经常需要加强剂量以建立持久的免疫反应,因此效力较低。目前已上市的腺病毒疫苗主要有牛津大学/阿斯利康的腺病毒载体疫苗 AZD1222、俄罗斯的 Sputnik V、强生公司(Janssen) 的 Ad26.COV2.S、康希诺/军科院的 Ad5⁃nCoV。俄罗斯的一项基于 rAd26 和 rAd5 载体的Ⅲ期临床试验研究中,该疫苗对COVID⁃19的有效率为91.8%,对中、重度COVID⁃19的有效率为100%[12]。最常见的不良事件是流感样疾病、注射部位反应、头痛和虚弱。有3例病例在AZD1222疫苗强化接种后发生急性横断面脊髓炎,但经后续研究发现急性横断面脊髓炎与疫苗之间仅在1例中可能存在关系[13],腺病毒疫苗对神经系统不良事件的安全性监测仍在继续。

  • 1.4 重组蛋白疫苗

  • 重组蛋白疫苗依赖于病毒蛋白质的片段或模仿 SARS⁃CoV⁃2 外壳的蛋白质。通常通过肌肉注射或皮下注射将合成的病毒肽或融合重组肽传递到宿主体内,引起免疫反应。目前正在开发和测试由新冠病毒S或 M 蛋白片段和佐剂(如铝)组成的融合蛋白以诱导疫苗接种。已有研究表明,SARS⁃CoV⁃2的 RBD 蛋白质与 ACE2 受体具有相当高的结合亲和力[14],提示 RBD 重组蛋白疫苗可能适用于抑制 COVID⁃19感染。这种方法可以在体内保护动物,但理论上存在产生极化(Th1/Th2)免疫反应的风险,需要多次注射才能建立有效和持久的免疫反应。虽然重组蛋白疫苗的开发和生产需要更多的时间,但是相比 mRNA 疫苗和病毒载体疫苗仍具有一些优势[15],比如,它能够产生安全而强大的免疫反应[16],在生产、储存和运输方面也比其他几种疫苗简单[17-18]。美国Novavax公司研发了以新冠病毒刺突糖蛋白全长为免疫原的重组纳米颗粒疫苗 NVX⁃CoV2373,目前已经进入Ⅲ期临床试验,在 2022年2月发表的针对北美国家的队列研究数据中, 29 582例参与者(其中19 714例接种NVX⁃CoV2373 疫苗,9 868例接种安慰剂)的接种结果显示疫苗有效性为90.4%,不良反应主要是注射部位红肿疼痛、发热等[19]

  • 2 孕前男性与女性接种新冠疫苗的生殖安全性研究

  • 从生物学角度,孕前期是指受精前后的几周内时间;从个体角度,由于受孕时间未知,当女性或夫妇决定要孩子时,就会出现“孕前期”,反映了个人在准备怀孕过程中达到预期健康结果所需的时间[20]。在接种新冠疫苗对男性精子质量的安全性研究方面,一项在3个不孕症中心中基于106例男性接种疫苗前后比较的回顾性研究表明,45%的患者在接种 mRNA 或腺病毒疫苗(包括接种辉瑞 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗 72 例、Moderna mRNA⁃1273 疫苗 20 例、阿斯利康腺病毒疫苗 10 例、强生公司腺病毒疫苗 1例、混合疫苗2例)后有轻度不良事件,包括注射部位疼痛、发热、疲劳、恶心、肌肉疼痛、腹泻和淋巴结肿大,但接种疫苗前后精液参数没有变化,受精率也相似[21]。在另一项类似的研究中,分析了75例可育男性在辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗第 2 剂接种后 1~2 个月的精液样本参数,发现只有 1 名患者 (1.3%)出现少精子症和弱精子症[22];Gonzalez等[23] 分析了接种辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗或 Moderna 的 mRNA⁃1273 疫苗的 45 例健康志愿者精液样本,发现接种疫苗后精液参数没有显著改变。在一项针对 72 例男性[24] 的研究中,发现 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗接种对精液体积、浓度与活力均无显著影响。

  • 在新冠疫苗接种对女性生殖健康的安全性研究方面,一项接受受控卵巢过度刺激的222例接种疫苗的患者和983例未接种疫苗患者的队列研究表明,新冠疫苗接种与受精率或任何次要结局没有显著关联;一项接受整倍体冻融胚胎移植的 214 例接种新冠疫苗的患者和 733 例未接种疫苗患者的队列研究表明,新冠疫苗接种与临床妊娠或任何次要结局之间没有显著关联[25]。Orvieto 等[26] 研究了 COVID⁃19 mRNA 疫苗对36对接受ART(辅助生殖技术)治疗的夫妇的影响,通过比较疫苗接种前后的数据,发现成熟卵母细胞的数量、受精率和妊娠率无变化。在一项 2 185 例接受 IVF(体外受精 ⁃ 胚胎移植)患者的队列研究中,接种过两剂新冠灭活疫苗(国药或科兴)的患者被分为接种组(n=146),而未接种疫苗的患者被分为对照组(n=584),结果显示取卵数(P=0.893)、优质胚胎率(P=0.184)和临床妊娠率(P=0.507)在两组之间无变化[27]

  • 3 孕期接种新冠疫苗的安全性研究

  • 孕期是指受孕后至分娩前的生理时期。临床把妊娠的全过程分为 3 个时期,包括妊娠早期(妊娠 12 周以前)、妊娠中期(妊娠 13~27 周)与妊娠晚期(妊娠28周以后)。围绕接种新冠疫苗出现的常见不良反应如发热、疲劳、头痛和肌痛等[28-32],几项观察性研究围绕孕期接种新冠疫苗进行了系统的分析。美国的一项大型研究分析了 35 691 例 16~54 岁孕妇的数据,包括 19 252 例(53.9%)接种辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗,16 439 例(46.1%) 接种 Moderna的mRNA⁃1273疫苗的孕妇,发现注射部位疼痛、疲劳、头痛和肌痛是孕妇接种新冠疫苗后最常见的局部和全身反应,并且在第2次接种后更常见;与非孕妇相比,接种疫苗的孕妇更容易产生恶心和呕吐的症状,这些症状在接种第2次剂量后会更明显[33]。另一项研究显示,在接种一剂和两剂辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗的孕妇中,高达 84%和 89%的孕妇出现了注射部位的不适;对于 Moderna 的 mRNA⁃1273 疫苗,93%和 96%的孕妇在第 1 次和随后的第 2 次接种出现了注射部位的不适。97%的孕妇在接种Moderna的mRNA⁃1273疫苗或辉瑞的 BNT162b2 疫苗后,出现了肩膀疼痛或不适;与第1次接种相比,第2次接种后发生这些全身不良反应的频率明显更高;在大多数情况下,上述这些症状都是暂时的,很少会持续超过3 d [31]。在以色列的一项针对 7 530 例(包括疫苗接种者和未接种者)孕妇的回顾性队列研究中,68例孕妇报告了可能与疫苗相关的不良事件,最常报告的主诉是头痛(0.1%)、全身无力(0.1%)、胃痛(<0.1%)、未指明的疼痛(<0.1%)、头晕(<0.1%)和皮疹(<0.1%); 3例孕妇报告眼睛灼热或视力模糊,但症状持续不到 1 d [32]。在另一项前瞻性队列研究中,招募了 30 例 (包括mRNA疫苗接种者)孕妇,在接种第2剂疫苗后,有 4 例孕妇(14%)报告了发热[30]。这些发热等常见不良反应与非孕妇相似,但对于孕妇可能存在更高的风险。因为有证据表明怀孕期间孕产妇发热可能对后代健康产生负面影响,其中有害影响既有短期的,也有长期的,比如小儿神经管畸形、先天性心脏病和唇腭裂等[34-35]

  • 妊娠是血栓形成的危险因素,妊娠期血栓的发生率比其他育龄妇女增加 4~5 倍,并且产后 8 周内出现血栓的风险甚至高达20倍。75%~80%的妊娠相关血栓事件是静脉血栓,20%~25%是动脉血栓。妊娠期血栓形成会对产妇产生不良影响,包括永久性血管损伤、残疾甚至死亡[36]。血栓形成是新冠疫苗的不良反应之一,腺病毒载体疫苗杨森疫苗被报道在育龄妇女中出现了伴有血小板减少综合征的血栓形成的病例[37];截至2021年4月4日,在欧洲经济区和英国接受阿斯利康 COVID⁃19 疫苗的 3 400 万人中,报告了 169 例脑静脉窦血栓(CVST) 和 53 例内脏静脉血栓形成[38],这些病例大多发生在接种疫苗后的前两周内,并且主要发生在 60 岁以下妇女中。在梅奥诊所卫生系统中的2002例孕妇中,140 例(7.0%)孕妇在分娩前至少接种了 1 剂 COVID ⁃ 19 疫苗[1 例接种强生公司(Janssen)的 Ad26.COV2.S 疫苗,12 例接种 Moderna 的 mRNA ⁃ 1273 疫苗,127 例接种辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗],队列中血栓栓塞事件以及妊娠高血压和先兆子痫的发生率在各组之间没有显著差异,但是该队列偏向于妊娠晚期疫苗接种(140例孕妇中有137例处于妊娠晚期),因此,研究结果可能无法推广到妊娠早期接种疫苗的效应[39]。一项前瞻性队列研究结果显示接种疫苗组和未接种疫苗组的复合妊娠并发症发生率相似(分别为15.8%和20.2 %),且接种疫苗组的COVID⁃19感染风险显著降低(1.5% vs.6.5%),因此妊娠期(其中妊娠早期接种疫苗36例,妊娠中期接种疫苗 110 例,妊娠晚期接种疫苗 56 例)接种 mRNA 疫苗可以有效预防 COVID⁃19 感染[40]。孕期是血栓形成的危险因素,但是疫苗接种是否会提高孕期的血栓风险,尚缺乏大样本临床研究的证据。

  • 综上,已有的研究主要集中于通过队列来评估孕期妇女接种新冠疫苗的安全性,而很少聚焦于不同孕期接种新冠疫苗对孕期妇女的影响。在针对孕期妇女接种疫苗的队列研究中,目前接种最多的是 mRNA 疫苗,包括辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗以及Moderna的mRNA⁃1273疫苗,不良反应主要呈现为注射部位的不适以及短时间内的发热头痛等; 有少数孕期妇女接种了腺病毒疫苗,包括强生公司 (Janssen)的 Ad26.COV2.S 疫苗以及阿斯利康腺病毒疫苗,尽管在部分针对所有人员疫苗接种的案例报道中显示腺病毒疫苗可导致血栓形成,但在孕期妇女中接种该类疫苗尚未观察到此症状。

  • 新冠疫苗对孕期影响的动物研究仍然较少,前期一个动物实验研究中发现,在妊娠期接种辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA疫苗的大鼠在1或2 d内会出现注射部位肿胀,这些肿胀可能导致其跛行或毛发竖立,每次接种疫苗后实验组大鼠会出现体重和食物消耗的下降,而这些短暂的临床症状不会影响动物的整体健康[41]

  • 4 哺乳期接种新冠疫苗的安全性研究

  • 目前已有研究证实,哺乳期妇女接种疫苗后母乳中含有特异性SARS⁃CoV⁃2 抗体。一项于2021年 2—3月在西班牙城市进行的前瞻性队列研究中,有 33 例受试者接种辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗,研究发现母乳含有特异性SARS⁃CoV⁃2 IgG 抗体。在第2次给药后,母乳中IgG抗体水平升高,并且与相应的血清中抗体水平呈正相关[42]。在一项于2021年 1—5月针对35例在新加坡医院工作的哺乳期妇女进行的前瞻性队列研究中,大多数哺乳期妇女在接种了辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗后,血清和母乳中可检测到SARS⁃CoV⁃2抗体,特别是在接种第2剂辉瑞的BNT162b2 mRNA疫苗后[43-47]

  • 在哺乳期疫苗接种的注射部位不良反应和全身不良反应方面,Bertrand 等[48] 分析了 180 例接种 mRNA疫苗的哺乳期妇女,发现超过85%的哺乳期女性(n=180)在第 1 次或第 2 次接种 mRNA 疫苗后会出现局部或全身症状,局部症状主要包括疼痛、发红、肿胀和瘙痒等,而全身症状主要包括寒颤、肌肉/身体疼痛、发烧和呕吐等。在第2次接种mRNA 疫苗后,出现上述症状的频率变高。Perl等[49] 研究发现,56%的哺乳期女性(n=84)在第 1 次注射后报告了疫苗相关的不良事件,62%在第 2 次注射后报告不良事件,注射部位疼痛是最常见的报告事件[49]。同样,McLaurin⁃Jiang等[50] 发现,对于哺乳期女性而言,接种第2剂mRNA 疫苗后的症状比第 1剂疫苗更常见,与接种辉瑞的BNT162b2 mRNA疫苗相比,接种Moderna的mRNA⁃1273疫苗的受试者出现疲劳、头痛、注射部位疼痛、肌肉疼痛、发冷、发烧和过敏反应的概率更高。

  • 关于哺乳期妇女接种新冠疫苗后的特异性症状,McLaurin⁃Jiang 等[50] 围绕4 455例哺乳期女性的研究发现,4%出现母乳量的增加,6%出现母乳量的下降,但这些与疫苗类型无关。Ming 等[51] 在最近研究中指出,在接种新冠疫苗后,6%的哺乳期女性(n=88)出现腋窝或颈部淋巴结肿大,3%的哺乳期女性出现乳房炎。同样,在针对新加坡哺乳期医护人员的前瞻性队列研究中,报告了88例参与者中有 3 例(3.4%)患有乳腺炎,1 例(1.1%)报告了乳房肿胀,5例(5.7%)报告了颈部或腋窝淋巴结肿大[4551]。此外在近期的两项研究中,除了评估哺乳期女性接种新冠疫苗后母乳量的变化,还报道了有1.1%哺乳期女性会发生母乳颜色的变化[4850]

  • 5 新冠疫苗接种对子代的安全性研究

  • 5.1 孕期接种对子代的影响

  • 前期临床案例报道显示,孕期接种mRNA疫苗后可在脐带血中检测到SARS⁃CoV⁃2 IgG抗体,并且观察到SARS⁃CoV⁃2抗体可经胎盘传递[52-53]。目前的一系列队列研究也证实了上述结论。在以色列各地的8个医疗中心招募了1 094例产妇,并被分配到3个研究组:接种疫苗组(86例);在怀孕期间感染组(65例),未接种疫苗的未感染组(62例),研究发现辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗可引发强烈的母体体液IgG反应,IgG抗体可穿过胎盘屏障,并且胎儿体内的抗体滴度在第 1 剂后 15 d 内接近母体滴度[54]。在以色列的一家医疗中心进行的队列研究中,纳入了 64 例接种疫苗的产妇和 11 例在怀孕期间感染COVID⁃19的产妇,与康复的COVID⁃19患者相比,接种疫苗的产妇中母体血清和脐带血中的 SARS⁃CoV⁃2IgG水平显著升高[55-57]

  • 在妊娠期疫苗接种对于子代不良影响方面,一项关于妊娠期疫苗不良事件的报告显示[28],在 827 例完全妊娠的参与者中,活产 712 例(86.1%),自然流产104例(12.6%),死产1例(0.1%),其他结果(人工流产和宫外孕)10 例(1.2%)。104 例自然流产中共有 96 例(92.3%)发生在妊娠 13 周之前, 712 例活产妊娠中有 700 例(98.3%)是在妊娠晚期接受了第1次新冠疫苗接种。724例活产婴儿(包括12组多胎妊娠)的不良结局包括早产[在37周前接种新冠疫苗的 636 例中有 60 例早产(9.4%)]、胎龄小[724 例中有 23 例(3.2%)]和重大先天性异常 [724例中有16例(2.2%)](如室间隔缺损、马蹄内翻足和唇裂等)[58]。但是由于不良妊娠事件的比例与 COVID⁃19大流行前开展的研究相似,上述不良事件与接种疫苗的关联性还有待进一步研究。

  • 妊娠期疫苗接种对于子代不良影响的动物实验显示,接种辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗组的大鼠子代中出现 1 例患有腹裂症,1 例患有小口畸形伴有短下颌骨和融合下颌骨的骨骼畸形,但由于这些畸形在该品系的历史对照发生率范围内,且仅发生在单胎,因此不被认为与 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗相关。而与对照组相比,在接种辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗组的大鼠子代中出现 1 例胎儿患有右侧主动脉弓畸形,在Wistar大鼠的对照数据中没有观察到这一发现,但在之前的研究中有报告在相同的品系出现过这一先天畸形(2胎2窝,最高发生率为0.8%胎/窝)[41]

  • 5.2 哺乳期接种对子代的影响

  • 哺乳期疫苗接种可能会对子代也有一定影响。在一项前瞻性队列中,50例哺乳期妇女接种了 Moderna 的 mRNA ⁃ 1273 疫苗和辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗,其中 12%的母亲在接种第 1 剂疫苗后报告婴儿至少出现一种症状:主要是胃肠道症状和睡眠变化,而在接种第2剂疫苗后未报告婴儿出现上述任何症状[45]。一项包括32例接种疫苗的哺乳期妇女的队列研究中,1例在接种第1剂疫苗后婴儿出现泪液增加,1例在接种第2剂疫苗后婴儿出现失眠[4751]。在以色列的一项哺乳期接种新冠疫苗妇女的前瞻性队列研究中,84例哺乳期女性分别在21 d 内接种了 2 剂辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗,其中 4 例婴儿在产妇接种疫苗后的研究期间内出现发烧以及咳嗽、充血等上呼吸道感染症状[49]。在 Bertrand等[48] 报道的一项针对接种两剂mRNA新冠疫苗(71%为辉瑞的BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗)的母乳喂养子代的队列研究中,第2剂新冠疫苗接种后报告的不良婴儿事件最多的是易怒(9.5%)、睡眠不良 (7.2%)和躁动(3.5%);与辉瑞的 BNT162b2 mRNA 疫苗相比,接种Moderna的mRNA⁃1273疫苗的母亲进行母乳喂养的婴儿更容易嗜睡(6.4%)。在 McLaurin⁃Jiang等[50] 的一项对接种mRNA疫苗(61% 为辉瑞的BNT162b2 mRNA疫苗)的4 455例母乳喂养子代进行的调查研究中,7%的婴儿出现一种或多种症状;报告最多的症状是烦躁不安和嗜睡加剧,在母亲接种第二剂疫苗后上述症状的出现会更加频繁。

  • 6 总结和展望

  • 目前已有研究表明,SARS⁃CoV⁃2感染会对男性的生殖健康产生负面影响,比如在血清激素方面,观察到SARS⁃CoV⁃2感染状态与继发性性腺功能减退之间存在关联,较低的睾酮水平预示着较严重的临床结果[59]。而新冠疫苗接种对生育潜力的影响尚未有明确定论,但基于目前已有的案例研究报道,未来对于新冠疫苗对男性及女性生殖健康的安全性评估仍需要大样本队列的深入研究。

  • 孕妇是新冠病毒感染的高危人群,妊娠期间的 COVID⁃19与严重疾病和死亡有关,感染COVID⁃19 的孕妇更有可能发生早产、死产和其他妊娠并发症,因此接种新冠疫苗进行提前预防就显得至关重要。由于缺乏大样本研究,新冠疫苗对于孕妇和胎儿的潜在风险尚未有明确的定论,这导致孕期及哺乳期女性对接种新冠疫苗抱有迟疑态度。目前,我国对于妊娠期接种疫苗的建议是暂缓妊娠期妇女接种新冠疫苗,建议对新冠病毒感染高风险的哺乳期女性(如医务人员等)接种疫苗,哺乳期女性接种新冠疫苗后,建议继续母乳喂养[60];国际新冠疫苗接种专家咨询组(Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization Working Group on COVID ⁃ 19 vac⁃ cines,SAGE)在 2022 年 7 月 16 日发布更新版建议,已将孕妇列入优先接种疫苗的第二类人群(Stage Ⅱ)[61],但在获得更多临床试验数据前,应向孕妇提供有关缺乏孕期安全性和有效性数据的信息,并尽可能地进行个人风险评估和咨询。如果哺乳期女性属于优先接种新冠疫苗人群(如医务工作者),可以在与医务人员充分讨论并综合评估后接种疫苗, SAGE不建议在接种疫苗后停止母乳喂养。

  • 综合目前已有的报道(图1),孕前男性接种新冠疫苗(主要接种 mRNA 疫苗和腺病毒疫苗)后出现轻度不良反应,包括注射部位疼痛、发热、疲劳、恶心、腹泻和淋巴结肿大等,但接种疫苗前后的精液参数没有变化;孕前女性接种新冠疫苗(主要接种mRNA疫苗和灭活疫苗)前后的成熟卵母细胞的数量、受精率和妊娠率没有差异;孕期女性接种新冠疫苗(主要接种 mRNA 疫苗以及少数腺病毒疫苗)后出现的一些不良反应与其他正常人群相似,如注射部位疼痛、疲劳、肌痛、发热、恶心、呕吐和血栓等,但是孕妇作为一类特殊人群,其不良反应可能会对胎儿有不良影响,值得深入研究和评估。与正常人群相比,哺乳期女性接种新冠疫苗(主要接种 mRNA 疫苗)会产生一些特异性的不良反应,如母乳变化、乳房炎、淋巴结肿大等。孕期及哺乳期妇女接种新冠疫苗对其子代产生的影响也不容忽视,接种新冠疫苗孕妇的不良妊娠事件比例虽然与 COVID⁃19 大流行前的比例相似,但仍值得我们重视;接种新冠疫苗后进行母乳喂养的婴儿会出现呼吸道感染症状、烦躁不安和嗜睡加剧等。以上对于孕前、孕期及哺乳期新冠疫苗接种的安全性研究进展基于目前已有的案例研究以及小规模、短时间的队列研究报道,在 3 类人群中接种最多的是 mRNA 疫苗,主要出现一系列轻度不良反应,如注射部位疼痛、发热、疲劳、恶心、呕吐等;其次是腺病毒疫苗,不仅出现一系列轻度不良反应,还出现血栓等风险。但未来对于新冠疫苗对孕前、孕期及哺乳期的安全性评估仍需要多中心、大样本队列的深入研究。

  • 图1 孕前、孕期及哺乳期新冠疫苗接种安全性的示意图

  • Figure1 Schematic diagram of the safety of COVID⁃19 vaccination before pregnancy,during pregnancy and lactation

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