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通讯作者:

李南,E-mail:njlnan@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R563.5

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)02-218-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230210

参考文献 1
吴一凡,张竹,翟振国.我国肺血栓栓塞症的防治现状与挑战[J].中国实用内科杂志,2021,41(6):462-465
参考文献 2
中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺栓塞与肺血管病学组,中国医师协会呼吸医师分会肺栓塞与肺血管病工作委员会,全国肺栓塞与肺血管病防治协作组.肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(14):1060-1087
参考文献 3
BECATTINI C,AGNELLI G,LANKEIT M,et al.Acute pulmonary embolism:mortality prediction by the 2014 Eu⁃ ropean Society of Cardiology risk stratification model[J].Eur Respir J,2016,48(3):780-786
参考文献 4
饶显群,王玮,袁超,等.急性肺栓塞并发肺动脉高压的临床特征分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):253-255
参考文献 5
MIRAMBEAUX R,LEON F,BIKDELI B,et al.Interme⁃ diate⁃high risk pulmonary embolism[J].TH Open,2019,3(4):e356-e363
参考文献 6
KONSTANTINIDES S V,MEYER G,BECATTINI C,et al.2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and manage⁃ ment of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collabo⁃ ration with the European Respiratory Society(ERS)[J].Eur Heart J,2020,41(4):543-603
参考文献 7
MEYER G,VICAUT E,DANAYS T,et al.Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(15):1402-1411
参考文献 8
MIRAMBEAUX R,LEON F,BIKDELI B,et al.Interme⁃ diate⁃high risk pulmonary embolism[J].TH Open,2019,3(4):e356-e363
参考文献 9
MARTI C,JOHN G,KONSTANTINIDES S,et al.System⁃ ic thrombolytic therapy for acute pulmonary embolism:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Eur Heart J,2015,36(10):605-614
参考文献 10
XU Q,HUANG K,ZHAI Z,et al.Initial thrombolysis treatment compared with anticoagulation for acute inter⁃ mediate⁃risk pulmonary embolism:a meta⁃analysis[J].J Thorac Dis,2015,7(5):810-821
参考文献 11
GUNER A,KALCIK M,AYKAN A C,et al.Clinical safe⁃ ty and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy with low⁃dose pro⁃ longed infusion of tissue type plasminogen activator in pa⁃ tients with intermediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary embolism [J].Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2020,31(8):536-542
参考文献 12
WENG C,WANG X,HUANG L,et al.Low ⁃ dose uroki⁃ nase thrombolytic therapy for patients with acute interme⁃ diate ⁃ high ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism:a retrospective co⁃ hort study[J].PLoS One,2021,16(3):e248603
参考文献 13
TAPSON V F,STERLING K,JONES N,et al.A Random⁃ ized trial of the optimum duration of acoustic pulse throm⁃ bolysis procedure in acute intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism:the OPTALYSE PE trial[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2018,11(14):1401-1410
参考文献 14
PIAZZA G,STERLING K M,TAPSON V F,et al.One ⁃ year echocardiographic,functional,and quality of life out⁃ comes after ultrasound ⁃facilitated catheter ⁃based fibrino⁃ lysis for pulmonary embolism[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2020,13(8):e9012
参考文献 15
SARDAR P,PIAZZA G,GOLDHABER S Z,et al.Predic⁃ tors of treatment response following ultrasound⁃facilitated catheter ⁃ directed thrombolysis for submassive and mas⁃ sive pulmonary embolism:a SEATTLE II substudy[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2020,13(6):e8747
参考文献 16
AVGERINOS E D,SAADEDDIN Z,ABOU A A,et al.A meta⁃analysis of outcomes of catheter⁃directed thromboly⁃ sis for high ⁃ and intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism [J].J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord,2018,6(4):530-540
参考文献 17
GUNER A,GUNER E G,KALCIK M.Systemic fibrinolyt⁃ ic therapy versus ultrasound ⁃ assisted catheter ⁃ directed thrombolysis for acute intermediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary embolism[J].Am J Cardiol,2021,141:153-154
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:回顾性分析中高危急性肺血栓栓塞症(acute pulmonary thromboembolism,APTE)患者临床特征、治疗及预后,为中高危APTE患者治疗策略的选择提供依据。方法:收集南京医科大学第一附属医院2016年1月—2019年6月符合标准的住院中高危APTE患者55例,根据是否溶栓治疗分为溶栓组(n=27)和非溶栓组(n=28),比较溶栓组和非溶栓组的临床资料,分析溶栓组溶栓治疗的原因,采用Logistic回归分析中高危APTE患者溶栓治疗的相关因素,比较不同治疗方案患者的预后及不良事件发生率。结果:溶栓组中急诊首诊、双侧APTE、中央型APTE比例高于非溶栓组,但右心室增大/收缩功能障碍的比例低于非溶栓组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。性别、下肢深静脉血栓形成、中-重度肺动脉高压、基础疾病(包括慢性肺部疾病、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑血管病史、恶性肿瘤)对是否溶栓治疗无明显影响。溶栓组患者D-二聚体、中性粒细胞百分比高于非溶栓组,外周血氧饱和度(peripheral oxygen saturation,SpO2)显著降低(P < 0.05),动脉血氧分压(arterial partial pressure of ox- ygen,PaO2)有下降趋势。高敏肌钙蛋白T、N-末端脑钠肽前体在溶栓组呈升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义。Logistic回归和受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析显示,SpO2为溶栓治疗重要因素(P < 0.05),其最佳临界值为 91.5%。两组患者的院内病死率均为0,但全身溶栓的出血发生率高于导管直接溶栓或单纯抗凝治疗(P < 0.05)。结论:中高危APTE患者行溶栓治疗的原因包括SpO2低、临床症状严重、血栓负荷重、心脏负荷重。相比导管直接溶栓和单纯抗凝治疗,全身溶栓治疗的中高危APTE患者出血风险升高。

    Abstract

    Objective:To retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics,treatment and prognosis of intermediate-high risk acute pulmonary thromboembolism(APTE)patients,and to further provide basis for the selection of treatment strategies for intermediate-high risk APTE patients. Methods:A total of 55 hospitalized intermediate-high risk APTE patients who met the criteria from January 2016 to June 2019 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were divided into the thrombolytic group(n=27)and the non- thrombolytic group(n=28)according to whether thrombolytic therapy was performed. The clinical data of the thrombolytic group and the non-thrombolytic group were compared,and the causes of thrombolytic therapy in the thrombolytic group were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors related to thrombolytic therapy in the intermediate-high risk APTE patients,and to compare the prognosis and incidence of adverse events in patients with different treatment regimens. Results:The proportion of first emergency visit,bilateral APTE and central APTE in the thrombolytic group was higher than that in the non-thrombolytic group,but the proportion of right ventricular enlargement/systolic dysfunction was lower than that in the non-thrombolytic group,the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.05). Gender,lower extremity deep venous thrombosis,moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension,underlying diseases(including chronic pulmonary disease,hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease,cerebrovascular history,and malignant tumor)had no significant influence on whether thrombolytic therapy was performed. The percentage of D-dimer and peripheral blood neutrophil count in thrombolytic group was higher than that in non - thrombolytic group,peripheral oxygen saturation(SpO2)was significantly decreased(P<0.05),arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2)had a downward trend.cardiac troponin T and N-terminal pro - B - type natriuretic peptidewere increased in the thrombolytic group,but the difference was not statistically significant. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis showed that SpO2 was a factor related to thrombolytic therapy(P < 0.05). The optimal cut-off value of SpO2 was 91.5%. The nosocomial mortality of thrombolytic therapy and anticoagulant therapy was 0,but the incidence of bleeding of systemic thrombolytic therapy was higher than that of catheter - directed thrombolysis or anticoagulant therapy alone(P<0.05). Conclusions:The reasons for thrombolytic therapy in intermediate - high risk APTE patients include low SpO2,severe clinical symptoms,large emboli blocking pulmonary vessels,and heavy cardiac load. Low peripheral oxygen saturation is a factor associated with thrombolytic therapy. Compared with catheter - directed thrombolysis and anticoagulant therapy alone,systemic thrombolytic therapy has an increased risk of bleeding in intermediate -high risk APTE patients. Therefore,attention should be paid to the changes of the disease and appropriate treatment plan should be adopted,which may have positive significance for the diagnosis and treatment of intermediate-high risk APTE.

  • 急性肺血栓栓塞症(acute pulmonary thrombo⁃ embolism,APTE)目前已成为仅次于急性心肌梗死和卒中的全球第三常见的急性心血管综合征,其致死率和致残率都很高,7 d 全因病死率为 1.9%~2.9%,30 d 全因病死率为 4.9%~6.6%[1]。基于早期 (住院期间或30 d内)死亡风险进行危险分层后,针对急性高危、低危 APTE 的治疗策略目前已较为明确,但对于急性中危 APTE,尤其是血流动力学稳定但同时存在右心室功能不全与心肌损伤的中高危 APTE 患者,初始选择溶栓还是抗凝仍在不断探索和完善。本研究旨在通过对55例中高危APTE患者临床特征、治疗及预后的回顾性分析,进一步为中高危APTE患者治疗策略的选择提供依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2016年1月—2019年6月于南京医科大学第一附属医院住院行 CT 肺血管造影(computed to⁃ mographic pulmonary angiogram,CTPA)检查确诊的中高危APTE患者55例,其中,男28例,女27例,年龄22~88岁,平均(63.8±17.5)岁。纳入标准:①年龄 >18岁;②首次确诊APTE,发病时间14 d内;③住院患者且资料完善;④符合中华医学会呼吸病学分会制定的《肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南 2018》[2] 中的急性中高危APTE 的诊断标准。排除标准:①存在绝对溶栓禁忌证;②存在严重心肺基础病;③参与药物研究者。本研究获得南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(2021⁃SR⁃212)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 根据溶栓情况分组

  • 所有中高危APTE患者根据最终是否行溶栓治疗(包括全身溶栓及导管直接溶栓)分为溶栓组(n= 27)和非溶栓组(n=28)。

  • 1.2.2 根据CTPA对APTE分型

  • 中央型肺栓塞包括栓塞部位累及肺动脉主干及肺叶动脉,非中央型肺栓塞包括栓塞部位累及肺段及亚段动脉。

  • 1.2.3 观察指标

  • ①比较溶栓组与非溶栓组的年龄、性别、肺栓塞部位、基础疾病、二维超声心动图结果、入院时生命体征、治疗前外周血氧饱和度(peripheral oxygen saturation,SpO2)、治疗前实验室指标(包括 D⁃二聚体、心肌标志物、血常规、动脉血气);②分析溶栓治疗的原因,溶栓方式的选择及药物用量;③比较两组患者在院病死率;④观察两组出血事件的发生率。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 21.0和GraphPad Prism 8.0统计软件进行数据处理。计数资料以例数和构成比表示,组间比较采用χ2 或校正χ2 检验。正态或近似正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,偏态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,两组近似正态的分布计量资料组间比较采用成组t检验,两组偏态分布的定量资料组间比较采用Mann⁃ Whitney检验,多组偏态分布定量资料比较采用Krus⁃ kal⁃Wallis检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。溶栓治疗的多因素分析采用二元Logistic回归模型,计算比值比(odds ratio,OR)和 95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operat⁃ ing characteristic,ROC)曲线分析溶栓治疗的相关因素。溶栓治疗相关分析的维恩图使用在线网站制作 (http://jvenn.toulouse.inra.fr/app/example.html)。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 溶栓组与非溶栓组临床资料比较

  • 溶栓组27例更年轻。溶栓组中急诊首诊、双侧 APTE、中央型 APTE 比例高于非溶栓组,但右心室增大/收缩功能障碍的比例低于非溶栓组患者,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。性别、下肢深静脉血栓形成、中⁃重度肺动脉高压、基础疾病(包括慢性肺部疾病、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑血管病史、恶性肿瘤)对是否溶栓治疗无明显影响。溶栓组患者D⁃二聚体、中性粒细胞百分比高于非溶栓组,入院时 SpO2显著降低(P <0.05),治疗前动脉血氧分压(ar⁃ terial partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)有下降趋势。高敏肌钙蛋白T、N⁃末端脑钠肽前体在溶栓组呈升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(表1)。

  • 表1 两组中高危APTE患者临床资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of clinical data between two groups of acute intermediate⁃high risk pulmonary thromboembolism pa⁃ tients

  • a:t检验,t值;b:χ2 检验,χ2 值;c:Mann⁃Whitney检验,Z值;d:校正χ2 检验,校正χ2 值;—:无数据。

  • 2.2 中高危APTE患者溶栓的多因素分析

  • 对表1中溶栓组和非溶栓组有统计学差异的临床资料(包括年龄、急诊首诊率、双侧APTE、中央型 APTE、右心室增大/收缩功能障碍、SpO2、D⁃二聚体、中性粒细胞百分比),根据临床意义选择年龄、双侧 APTE、D⁃二聚体、中性粒细胞百分比、SpO2为多因素分析的自变量。以患者是否溶栓为因变量,建立二值Logistic回归模型,采用似然比检验,回归过程采用逐步向后法(表2),分析发现年龄对模型建立无影响(P=0.142),其余因素对模型建立有影响(P< 0.05)。将双侧 APTE、D⁃二聚体、中性粒细胞百分比、SpO2纳入回归模型,结果发现 SpO2是患者行溶栓治疗的重要因素(P <0.05,表3)。

  • SpO2评估中高危APTE患者是否接受溶栓治疗的 ROC 曲线下面积为 0.759(95%CI:0.572~0.946),最佳临界值为91.5%,对应的灵敏度为64.3%,特异度为83.3%,Youden指数为0.476(P=0.025,图1)。

  • 表2 中高危APTE患者溶栓回归模型的似然比检验

  • Table2 Likelihood ratio test of thrombolytic regression model in acute intermediate⁃high risk pulmonary thromboembo⁃ lism patients

  • 表3 中高危APTE患者溶栓的多因素Logistic分析

  • Table3 Multivariate Logistic analysis of thrombolytic therapy in acute intermediate⁃high risk pulmonary thromboembo⁃ lism patients

  • 2.3 中高危APTE患者行溶栓治疗的相关分析

  • 27 例患者行溶栓治疗的相关原因包括临床症状重、SpO2低、血栓负荷重、心脏负荷重(图2)。其中严重临床症状中最常见的依次为晕厥、头晕/黑朦、呕吐、呼吸困难和胸痛(表4)。

  • 2.4 溶栓治疗方案的特征比较分析

  • 行溶栓治疗的27例患者中,20例早期立即行溶栓治疗(其中 13 例全身溶栓,7 例导管直接溶栓)。1 例全身溶栓后复查CTPA栓子溶解不明显,再次予导管溶栓。7例先给予抗凝治疗,密切监测后行补救性溶栓治疗(其中5例全身溶栓,2例导管直接溶栓),观察时间最短 14 h,最长 6 d,平均 36 (24,48)h。补救性溶栓的原因为:心脏负荷加重 (心肌标志物持续升高)3例、血氧饱和度下降2例、临床症状加重2例。

  • 18例全身溶栓患者中16例予50 mg rt⁃PA溶栓,其中3例因出血风险未到达治疗剂量(2例20 mg,1例 30 mg);另2例为2万U/kg尿激酶溶栓。导管溶栓患者中7例给予尿激酶,剂量范围在20~60万U;2例予 rt⁃PA 治疗,均为 20 mg。所有(9 例)接受直接导管溶栓治疗的患者为中央型、双侧APTE,88.9%(8/9) 患者存在下肢深静脉血栓形成并接受下腔静脉滤器植入。

  • 55例患者中8例发生出血事件。溶栓组为6例,均发生在全身溶栓患者,占33.3%(6/18),包括3例接受50 mg rt⁃PA后分别出现皮肤瘀斑、少量咯血和痰中带血,1例接受rt⁃PA溶栓治疗30 mg时穿刺部位血肿,1例接受rt⁃PA溶栓治疗20 mg时牙龈出血, 1例接受rt⁃PA溶栓治疗20 mg时出现少量咯血;非溶栓组2例发生出血,占7.1%(2/28),分别为皮肤瘀斑和消化道出血。全身溶栓出血风险较导管局部溶栓或抗凝治疗风险高(P <0.05,表5)。

  • 图1 SpO2评估中高危APTE接受溶栓治疗的ROC曲线

  • Figure1 ROC curve of SpO2 in the assessment of acute in⁃ termediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary embolism in thrombolytic therapy

  • 图2 中高危APTE行溶栓治疗的相关分析

  • Figure2 Analysis of the causes of thrombolytic therapy for acute intermediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary thromboembolism

  • 表4 中高危APTE行溶栓治疗的临床症状分析

  • Table4 Clinical symptom analysis of thrombolytic thera⁃ py acute intermediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary thromboembolism

  • 3 讨论

  • 中高危APTE患者即使未出现血流动力学失代偿,但肺动脉收缩压可能升高,右心功能不全和心肌损伤已同时存在,短期死亡风险高,30 d死亡率达 7.7%[3-4]。在Mirambeaux等[5] 的研究中,97例中高危 APTE 患者中有 23 例(24%)发生了不良后果,包括相关肺栓塞死亡、血流动力学失代偿或复发。因此,保持血流动力学稳定、稳定心肺功能、消除血栓、缓解临床症状是治疗中高危 APTE 的关键。目前关于中高危APTE患者的溶栓和抗凝治疗策略仍存在一定争议。根据《肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南 2018》[2] 推荐,中高危 APTE 建议先给予抗凝治疗,并密切监测病情,一旦出现临床恶化,且无溶栓禁忌,即给予溶栓治疗。同样的,《2019欧洲心脏病学会急性肺栓塞诊断和管理指南》亦不推荐对中危肺栓塞患者进行初始溶栓治疗[6]。然而,目前对于这些患者需监测多久,以及如何早期评估抗凝治疗的疗效、预测失代偿的发生,仍缺乏明确的指标。

  • 本研究回顾性分析了55例中高危APTE患者的临床特征、治疗及预后,观察到溶栓组患者急诊首诊、双侧APTE、中央型APTE比例更高,临床症状严重、SpO2下降明显,但右心室增大/收缩功能障碍的比例低于非溶栓组,这可能与行超声心动图的时间有关,部分直接溶栓患者因病情危重,溶栓前未行超声心动图,溶栓后右心功能改善,最终超声心动图数据影响了统计结果。其中7例患者先给予抗凝治疗,密切监测平均约 36 h 后行补救性溶栓治疗。 Logistic 回归分析显示,SpO2为溶栓治疗相关因素 (P <0.05)。溶栓治疗和抗凝治疗组的院内病死率均为0,但全身溶栓的出血发生率高于导管直接溶栓或单纯抗凝治疗(P <0.05)。

  • 表5 中高危APTE患者主要治疗方法及转归比较

  • Table5 Comparison of treatment and prognosis between two groups

  • a:校正χ2 检验,校正χ2 值;—:无数据。

  • 目前国内外针对中高危APTE患者的研究仍较少。Meyer 等[7] 研究共纳入 1 005 例中危 APTE 患者,其中接受系统性溶栓治疗者 7 d 内死亡或发生血流动力学不稳定的比例小于抗凝组,且3年存活率提高,5%抗凝组患者接受了补救性溶栓治疗,从入组到病情恶化的平均时间为(1.8±1.6)d,这与本组的监测时间窗一致,表明迅速减轻右心后负荷可有效治疗中高危APTE。本研究发现SpO2为溶栓治疗相关因素。已有研究提示[8],心率增快可能与病情恶化正相关,动态监测生命体征有助于预测失代偿的发生。然而,溶栓治疗亦使颅内大出血和卒中的风险成倍增加。一项纳入2 057例患者的荟萃分析[9] 表明,在血流动力学稳定的APTE患者中,溶栓治疗组较抗凝治疗组总死亡率的下降并不显著,且溶栓治疗与致命性出血或颅内出血的增加有关。另一项纳入共7项研究的荟萃分析[10] 则显示,中危 APTE 患者行溶栓治疗可以减少病情恶化,并有降低30 d全因病死率的趋势;尽管溶栓治疗增加了总出血风险,但与接受抗凝治疗的患者相比,重大出血事件的发生率没有差异。因此如何应用再灌注策略进行早期管理仍然是一个有争议的问题。

  • 针对系统性溶栓的大出血风险,临床关注于中高危APTE患者适宜溶栓药物剂量及输注速度。目前指南[2] 推荐50 mg rt⁃PA或尿激酶2万U/kg(2 h持续静脉滴注),低剂量和避免有创血管通路可达到较高的溶栓疗效,减少出血。本研究中均选取低剂量方案,总出血风险仍明显升高。为进一步优化溶栓治疗,Guner 等[11] 回顾分析了低剂量和缓慢输注 rt⁃PA延长溶栓治疗方案(25 mg rt⁃PA,6 h持续静脉滴注,连续2 d),在不影响疗效的同时,降低了并发症发生率。国内近期的研究[12] 显示,与抗凝治疗相比,给予低剂量尿激酶全身溶栓(1万U/kg,2 h持续静脉滴注,共5 d)使血管内血栓快速溶解,并改善了短期和长期呼吸困难,不增加出血风险,但在病死率或复发性APTE和慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的发生率方面没有显著差异。

  • 基于系统性溶栓风险和获益的矛盾,提高溶栓药物的疗效,同时减少出血并发症,推动了导管介入治疗的研究,包括经导管碎解和抽吸血栓、导管直接溶栓。目前导管直接溶栓(catheter ⁃ directed thrombolysis,CDT)为高、中危 APTE 患者提供了一种替代全身溶栓的方法[6],其仅需在血栓局部释放系统性溶栓1/4的剂量。本研究有9例选择了CDT,均采用20 mg rt⁃PA或20~60万U尿激酶,溶栓效果良好,且未发生出血事件。CDT 有望成为中高危 APTE 患者治疗的新策略。而超声辅助导管溶栓 (ultrasound ⁃ assisted catheter ⁃ directed thrombolysis, UA⁃CDT)在传统CDT的基础上联合了超声,组成药物⁃机械联合溶栓系统,理论上使溶栓药物剂量进一步减少,溶栓效果更优,且有助于降低出血风险。 OPTALYSE研究[13] 表明,对于中危APTE患者,最低 4mg/每侧肺的rt⁃PA剂量即可有效溶栓,术后72 h 未出现大出血事件[14]。Sardar等[15] 进一步进行了回顾性分析,发现患者肺栓塞情况越危急(基于右心室/左心室比、肺动脉收缩压和修正Miller评分),UA ⁃CDT的治疗效果越好,该研究结果有助于临床工作中进一步筛选适合 UA⁃CDT 的患者。传统 CDT 和 UA⁃CDT 的疗效对比,目前的研究结果尚不一致。有荟萃分析[16] 显示,在高危 APTE 患者中,UA⁃CDT 组的30 d死亡率低于传统 CDT 组,但在中危 APTE 患者中,两组 30 d死亡风险无差异,在大出血发生风险和临床成功率方面亦表现出同样趋势。

  • 目前CDT治疗APTE的有效性与安全性已积累了一定临床证据。但有专家认为,CDT可能更适用于亚段PTE,栓子较大或弥漫性血栓形成时,行低剂量全身溶栓,溶栓药物最终聚集于肺循环,可能获得更好的疗效[17]

  • 综上所述,本研究较系统地回顾性分析了55例中高危 APTE 患者的临床资料,溶栓组患者临床症状严重、低氧血症明显,SpO2为溶栓治疗重要因素,提示应重视中高危 APTE 的 SpO2。在治疗的选择上,溶栓治疗和抗凝治疗组的院内病死率均为0,但全身溶栓的出血发生率高于导管直接溶栓或单纯抗凝治疗。导管直接溶栓有望成为中高危APTE患者治疗的新策略。但本研究为单中心的回顾性研究,样本量较小,可能存在某些偏倚。未来有条件可开展前瞻性、多中心、“头对头”研究,更好地探索中高危 APTE 患者的系统性溶栓、导管溶栓和抗凝治疗的疗效及安全性。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 吴一凡,张竹,翟振国.我国肺血栓栓塞症的防治现状与挑战[J].中国实用内科杂志,2021,41(6):462-465

    • [2] 中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺栓塞与肺血管病学组,中国医师协会呼吸医师分会肺栓塞与肺血管病工作委员会,全国肺栓塞与肺血管病防治协作组.肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(14):1060-1087

    • [3] BECATTINI C,AGNELLI G,LANKEIT M,et al.Acute pulmonary embolism:mortality prediction by the 2014 Eu⁃ ropean Society of Cardiology risk stratification model[J].Eur Respir J,2016,48(3):780-786

    • [4] 饶显群,王玮,袁超,等.急性肺栓塞并发肺动脉高压的临床特征分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):253-255

    • [5] MIRAMBEAUX R,LEON F,BIKDELI B,et al.Interme⁃ diate⁃high risk pulmonary embolism[J].TH Open,2019,3(4):e356-e363

    • [6] KONSTANTINIDES S V,MEYER G,BECATTINI C,et al.2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and manage⁃ ment of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collabo⁃ ration with the European Respiratory Society(ERS)[J].Eur Heart J,2020,41(4):543-603

    • [7] MEYER G,VICAUT E,DANAYS T,et al.Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(15):1402-1411

    • [8] MIRAMBEAUX R,LEON F,BIKDELI B,et al.Interme⁃ diate⁃high risk pulmonary embolism[J].TH Open,2019,3(4):e356-e363

    • [9] MARTI C,JOHN G,KONSTANTINIDES S,et al.System⁃ ic thrombolytic therapy for acute pulmonary embolism:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Eur Heart J,2015,36(10):605-614

    • [10] XU Q,HUANG K,ZHAI Z,et al.Initial thrombolysis treatment compared with anticoagulation for acute inter⁃ mediate⁃risk pulmonary embolism:a meta⁃analysis[J].J Thorac Dis,2015,7(5):810-821

    • [11] GUNER A,KALCIK M,AYKAN A C,et al.Clinical safe⁃ ty and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy with low⁃dose pro⁃ longed infusion of tissue type plasminogen activator in pa⁃ tients with intermediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary embolism [J].Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2020,31(8):536-542

    • [12] WENG C,WANG X,HUANG L,et al.Low ⁃ dose uroki⁃ nase thrombolytic therapy for patients with acute interme⁃ diate ⁃ high ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism:a retrospective co⁃ hort study[J].PLoS One,2021,16(3):e248603

    • [13] TAPSON V F,STERLING K,JONES N,et al.A Random⁃ ized trial of the optimum duration of acoustic pulse throm⁃ bolysis procedure in acute intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism:the OPTALYSE PE trial[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2018,11(14):1401-1410

    • [14] PIAZZA G,STERLING K M,TAPSON V F,et al.One ⁃ year echocardiographic,functional,and quality of life out⁃ comes after ultrasound ⁃facilitated catheter ⁃based fibrino⁃ lysis for pulmonary embolism[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2020,13(8):e9012

    • [15] SARDAR P,PIAZZA G,GOLDHABER S Z,et al.Predic⁃ tors of treatment response following ultrasound⁃facilitated catheter ⁃ directed thrombolysis for submassive and mas⁃ sive pulmonary embolism:a SEATTLE II substudy[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2020,13(6):e8747

    • [16] AVGERINOS E D,SAADEDDIN Z,ABOU A A,et al.A meta⁃analysis of outcomes of catheter⁃directed thromboly⁃ sis for high ⁃ and intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism [J].J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord,2018,6(4):530-540

    • [17] GUNER A,GUNER E G,KALCIK M.Systemic fibrinolyt⁃ ic therapy versus ultrasound ⁃ assisted catheter ⁃ directed thrombolysis for acute intermediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary embolism[J].Am J Cardiol,2021,141:153-154

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 吴一凡,张竹,翟振国.我国肺血栓栓塞症的防治现状与挑战[J].中国实用内科杂志,2021,41(6):462-465

    • [2] 中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺栓塞与肺血管病学组,中国医师协会呼吸医师分会肺栓塞与肺血管病工作委员会,全国肺栓塞与肺血管病防治协作组.肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(14):1060-1087

    • [3] BECATTINI C,AGNELLI G,LANKEIT M,et al.Acute pulmonary embolism:mortality prediction by the 2014 Eu⁃ ropean Society of Cardiology risk stratification model[J].Eur Respir J,2016,48(3):780-786

    • [4] 饶显群,王玮,袁超,等.急性肺栓塞并发肺动脉高压的临床特征分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):253-255

    • [5] MIRAMBEAUX R,LEON F,BIKDELI B,et al.Interme⁃ diate⁃high risk pulmonary embolism[J].TH Open,2019,3(4):e356-e363

    • [6] KONSTANTINIDES S V,MEYER G,BECATTINI C,et al.2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and manage⁃ ment of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collabo⁃ ration with the European Respiratory Society(ERS)[J].Eur Heart J,2020,41(4):543-603

    • [7] MEYER G,VICAUT E,DANAYS T,et al.Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(15):1402-1411

    • [8] MIRAMBEAUX R,LEON F,BIKDELI B,et al.Interme⁃ diate⁃high risk pulmonary embolism[J].TH Open,2019,3(4):e356-e363

    • [9] MARTI C,JOHN G,KONSTANTINIDES S,et al.System⁃ ic thrombolytic therapy for acute pulmonary embolism:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Eur Heart J,2015,36(10):605-614

    • [10] XU Q,HUANG K,ZHAI Z,et al.Initial thrombolysis treatment compared with anticoagulation for acute inter⁃ mediate⁃risk pulmonary embolism:a meta⁃analysis[J].J Thorac Dis,2015,7(5):810-821

    • [11] GUNER A,KALCIK M,AYKAN A C,et al.Clinical safe⁃ ty and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy with low⁃dose pro⁃ longed infusion of tissue type plasminogen activator in pa⁃ tients with intermediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary embolism [J].Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2020,31(8):536-542

    • [12] WENG C,WANG X,HUANG L,et al.Low ⁃ dose uroki⁃ nase thrombolytic therapy for patients with acute interme⁃ diate ⁃ high ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism:a retrospective co⁃ hort study[J].PLoS One,2021,16(3):e248603

    • [13] TAPSON V F,STERLING K,JONES N,et al.A Random⁃ ized trial of the optimum duration of acoustic pulse throm⁃ bolysis procedure in acute intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism:the OPTALYSE PE trial[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2018,11(14):1401-1410

    • [14] PIAZZA G,STERLING K M,TAPSON V F,et al.One ⁃ year echocardiographic,functional,and quality of life out⁃ comes after ultrasound ⁃facilitated catheter ⁃based fibrino⁃ lysis for pulmonary embolism[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2020,13(8):e9012

    • [15] SARDAR P,PIAZZA G,GOLDHABER S Z,et al.Predic⁃ tors of treatment response following ultrasound⁃facilitated catheter ⁃ directed thrombolysis for submassive and mas⁃ sive pulmonary embolism:a SEATTLE II substudy[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2020,13(6):e8747

    • [16] AVGERINOS E D,SAADEDDIN Z,ABOU A A,et al.A meta⁃analysis of outcomes of catheter⁃directed thromboly⁃ sis for high ⁃ and intermediate ⁃ risk pulmonary embolism [J].J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord,2018,6(4):530-540

    • [17] GUNER A,GUNER E G,KALCIK M.Systemic fibrinolyt⁃ ic therapy versus ultrasound ⁃ assisted catheter ⁃ directed thrombolysis for acute intermediate ⁃ high risk pulmonary embolism[J].Am J Cardiol,2021,141:153-154