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通讯作者:

唐立钧,E-mail:tanglijun@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R814.42

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)02-249-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230215

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参考文献 9
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
KIM S J,YOON D H,JACCARD A,et al.A prognostic in⁃ dex for natural killer cell lymphoma after non ⁃ anthracy⁃ cline ⁃based treatment:a multicentre,retrospective analy⁃ sis[J].Lancet Oncol,2016,17(3):389-400
参考文献 23
HONG H M,LI Y X,LIM S T,et al.A proposal for a new staging system for extranodal natural killer T⁃cell lympho⁃ ma:a multicenter study from China and Asia Lymphoma Study Group[J].Leukemia,2020,34(8):2243-2248
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma,ENKTL)患者基线18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F- fluorodeoxy glucose,18F-FDG)正电子发射计算机断层显像(positron emission tomography/computed tomography,PET/CT)代谢参数的预后价值。方法:回顾性分析83例初诊ENKTL患者治疗前的临床及PET/CT资料。以最大标准摄取值(maximum standard- ized uptake value,SUVmax)的41%作为阈值,获得全身病灶的SUVmax、肿瘤代谢总体积(total metabolic tumor volume,TMTV)和糖酵解总量(totallesion glycolysis,TLG)。Kaplan-Meier 曲线和Log-rank检验用于生存分析,多因素分析使用Cox比例风险回归。结果:中位随访21.6(8.9,38.3)个月,其中37(44.6%)例患者进展,32(38.6%)例死亡。受试者工作特征(receiver-operating characteristic,ROC)曲线获得SUVmax、TMTV、TLG预测预后的最佳临界值分别为16.7、64.9 cm3 和 490.4。单因素分析显示高 SUVmax、TMTV、TLG与较差的无进展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)率和总生存(overall survival,OS)率有关。多因素分析表明TMTV、TLG和NK细胞淋巴瘤预后指数(prognostic index of natural killer lymphoma,PINK)是影响PFS(HR 5.411,P=0.001; HR 7.905,P < 0.001;HR 2.858,P=0.011)与OS(HR 6.137,P=0.002;HR 8.014,P < 0.001;HR 2.666,P=0.023)的独立危险因素,治疗模式和β2-微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin,β2-MG)分别为 PFS 和 OS 的独立预后因素(HR 2.323,P=0.021;HR 2.627,P= 0.021)。TMTV与PINK评分结合可以优化预后分层。结论:ENKTL患者基线高SUVmax、TMTV、TLG可以预测不良预后,TM- TV、TLG和PINK评分为PFS和OS的独立预测因子。此外,TMTV和PINK联合可以更好地对患者进行风险分层。

    Abstract

    Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic role of baseline metabolic parameters of18F - fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography(18F-FDG PET/ CT)imaging in patients with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma(ENKTL). Methods:Eighty-three patients newly diagnosed with ENKTL who underwent pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT scans were enrolled in this study. The baseline maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax),total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV),total lesion glycolysis(TLG),and clinical characteristics were collected for the retrospective analysis. TMTV was defined using the 41% SUVmax threshold. Kaplan - Meier curve(Log - rank test)was used for survival analysis. The statistically significant factors in the univariate analysis were incorporated into the Cox proportional hazards model for multivariate survival analysis. Results: Thirty-seven(44.6%)patients progressed and 32(38.6%)patients died within a median follow-up time of 21.6(8.9,38.3)months. The receiver operating curve(ROC)analysis indicated that the optimal cut-off values of SUVmax,TMTV and TLG were 16.7,64.9 cm3 and 490.4,respectively.Patients with higher SUVmax,TMTV and TLG had worse prognosis. In multivariate analysis,TMTV,TLG and prognostic index of natural killer lymphoma(PINK)were independent prognostic factors of both PFS(HR 5.411,P=0.001;HR 7.905, P < 0.001;HR 2.858,P=0.011)and OS(HR 6.137,P=0.002;HR 8.014,P < 0.001;HR 2.666,P=0.023),treatment mode and β2- microglobulin(β2 - MG)were independent prognostic predictors of PFS and OS,respectively(HR 2.323,P=0.021;HR 2.627,P=0.021). TMTV,together with PINK,may have better risk stratification performance in ENKTL patients. Conclusions:Baseline high SUVmax,TMTV and TLG can predict a relatively poor prognosis in patients with ENKTL,TMTV,TLG and PINK are independent predictors for survival outcomes. Moreover,the combination of TMTV and PINK may provide better risk substratification in PFS and OS.

    关键词

    ENKTL预后PET/CT18F-FDG

  • 结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(extranodal natural killer/ T⁃cell lymphoma,ENKTL)是非霍奇金淋巴瘤中具有高度侵袭性的独特亚型,该病在东亚及中南美洲多发[1],尤其是在我国,其作为外周T细胞淋巴瘤中最常见的亚型,约占所有淋巴瘤的13%[2]。目前尚无大型随机对照试验确立 ENKTL 的标准疗法,早期 ENKTL治疗以放疗或联合放化疗为主,晚期患者主要接受多药联合化疗[3]。近年来,放疗技术的发展及左旋门冬酰胺酶/培门冬酶等新型药物的加入,改善了ENKTL患者的生存,但仍有相当一部分患者出现疾病进展,预后较差[4-5]。因此,亟需有效的预后指标对患者进行风险分层,以便早期识别高危患者,进一步指导精准治疗及改善患者临床结局。

  • 18F⁃脱氧葡萄糖(18F⁃fluorodeoxy glucose,18F⁃FDG) 正电子发射计算机断层扫描(positron emission to⁃ mography/computed tomography,PET/CT)集功能代谢与解剖结构显像为一体,是淋巴瘤临床管理中不可或缺的影像工具[6-8],其在 ENKTL 诊断及分期中的应用已得到广泛认可[9],但由于ENKTL相对罕见及地理分布差异,关于治疗前PET/CT显像在该病中的预后价值尚未完全清楚。本文纳入83例初诊ENK⁃ TL患者,旨在探讨治疗前18F⁃FDG PET/CT代谢参数在预测ENKTL患者预后中的价值。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 纳入2009年8月—2018年4月于南京医科大学第一附属医院行 18F⁃FDG PET/CT 显像的 ENKTL 患者,进行回顾性研究。纳入标准:①患者年龄≥18周岁;②经组织病理学确诊为ENKTL;③PET/CT检查前未行任何肿瘤相关治疗;④患者临床资料及随访结果完整。排除标准:①PET/CT图像无阳性病灶; ②既往或同时有其他恶性肿瘤病史;③伴有活动性感染或未控制的慢性感染;④患有严重的心脑血管疾病;⑤图像质量差。收集患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、B 症状、美国东部肿瘤协作组(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)评分、血清乳酸脱氢酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)、β2⁃微球蛋白(β 2⁃microglobulin,β2⁃MG)、Ann Arbor分期、NK细胞淋巴瘤预后指数(prognostic index of natural killer lym⁃ phoma,PINK)评分及治疗前 PET/CT 代谢参数等指标。本研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》原则,患者检查前均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 18F⁃FDG PET/CT显像

  • 患者接受扫描前至少禁食6 h,以控制空腹血糖在7.0 mmol/L以下。18F⁃FDG由美国GE公司回旋加速器自动化合成模块生产,放化纯度>95%,并以 3.70~5.55 MBq/kg的剂量经静脉注射。患者休息60 min 后排空膀胱,在安静黑暗的环境中进行检查。全身 PET/CT 使用德国西门子公司 Biograph 16 HR PET/CT扫描仪,扫描范围为颅底至大腿上1/3,如有必要可加扫四肢。先行CT扫描(管电压120 kV,管电流140 mA,层厚3.75 mm,准直1.5 mm),再应用三维模式采集 6~7 个床位 PET 图像(2~3 min/床位)。应用CT数据对图像进行衰减校正,经迭代法重建得到横断面、矢状面、冠状面PET/CT融合图像。

  • 1.2.2 图像分析

  • 所有图像由2位经验丰富的核医学医师进行解读。以最大标准摄取值(maximum standardized up⁃ take value,SUVmax)的41%作为阈值,通过代谢评估软件 FIJI(应用 Beth Israel PET/CT viewer 插件),自动勾画全身病灶的感兴趣区(regions of interest, ROI),并手动删除生理性摄取灶如脑、心脏、胃肠道、肝脏、肾脏、输尿管和膀胱以及良性病变如炎症的摄取(图1)。获得各 ROI 的平均标准摄取值 (mean standardizeduptake value,SUVmean)和肿瘤代谢体积(metabolic tumor volume,MTV)。肿瘤代谢总体积(total metabolic tumor volume,TMTV)为所有病灶 MTV 之和,糖酵解总量(totallesion glycolysis, TLG)为各病灶MTV与SUVmean乘积之和,SUVmax 定义为全身病灶中测得的SUV最大值。

  • 图1 FIJI软件勾画出的全身ROIs

  • Figure1 The whole⁃body ROIs delineated by the FIJI

  • 1.2.3 治疗与随访

  • 化疗方案以培门冬酶或左旋门冬酰胺酶为基础,主要包括DDGP(地塞米松、顺铂、吉西他滨和培门冬酶)、P/LMED(培门冬酶/左旋门冬酰胺酶、甲氨蝶呤、地塞米松和依托泊苷)、SMILE(地塞米松、甲氨蝶呤、异环磷酰胺、左旋门冬酰胺酶和依托泊苷);放疗按常规分割法给予病灶部位外照射。其中 4 例患者仅接受放疗,37 例仅接受化疗,42 例接受联合放化疗。随访截止日期为2019年3月1日,随访方式为门诊、住院定期复查或电话随访。无进展生存(progression⁃free survival,PFS)为病理确诊到疾病进展、复发、各种原因所致死亡或随访结束的时间。总生存(overall survival,OS)为病理确诊至死亡或随访结束的时间。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 计量数据以均数±标准差(x-±s)或“中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,分类变量以计数(百分比)的形式表示。采用Mann⁃Whitney U检验分析进展/无进展组以及死亡/存活组患者 PET/CT 定量参数的差异。以OS为结局事件,通过受试者工作特征 (receiver ⁃ operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,得到 PET/CT代谢参数判断预后的最佳临界值,并计算曲线下面积(areas under the curve,AUC)。不同临床亚组间的差异分析使用卡方检验或 Fisher 确切概率法。通过 Kaplan⁃Meier 法估计患者的 PFS 率和 OS 率,不同亚组间的生存比较使用Log⁃rank检验。多因素生存分析采用Cox比例风险回归模型,应用向前引入法筛选变量。应用 SPSS26.0 软件进行统计学分析,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 临床特征

  • 研究共纳入 83 例初诊 ENKTL 患者,诊断时患者的中位年龄为 47(38,59)岁,男女比为 2.32:1。其中43例(51.8%)患者伴有B症状,20例(24.1%)患者 ECOG 评分大于 1 分。Ann Arbor Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者为 26 例(31.3%)。23 例(27.7%)患者血清 LDH(正常参考值上限为 271 U/L)水平升高,44 例(53.0%)血清β2⁃MG(正常参考值上限为 2.53 mg/L)水平升高。此外 PINK 评分 0 分患者 47 例(56.6%),1 分患者13例(15.7%),2~4分患者23例(27.7%)。鼻外受累情况:累及皮肤8例,胃肠6例,骨4例,肺部4例,上腭 3 例,眼眶 2 例,腮腺 1 例,肾上腺 1 例,胰腺 1 例,肝脏1例,睾丸1例(表1)。

  • 表1 83例ENKTL患者的临床特征

  • Table1 Clinical characteristics of 83 patients with ENK⁃ TL

  • 2.2 生存情况

  • 中位随访 21.6(8.9,38.3)个月。其中 37 例 (44.6%)患者出现疾病进展,32 例(38.6%)患者死亡。患者1、3年PFS率分别为62.7%、50.8%,1、3年 OS率分别为71.1%、57.5%。

  • 2.3 PET/CT代谢参数

  • 患者基线中位 SUVmax 为 13.76(9.71,18.69),中位 TMTV:51.84(31.72,89.92)cm3,中位 TLG: 262.76(130.39,637.98)。利用 ROC 曲线获得 SUV⁃ max、TMTV、TLG 的 AUC,分别为 0.670(95% CI: 0.548~0.792,P=0.009)、0.862(95%CI:0.772~0.953, P <0.001)和 0.833(95% CI:0.735~0.931,P <0.001)。三者的最佳临界值分别为:16.7(灵敏度 56.3%,特异度78.4%),64.9 cm(3 灵敏度84.4%,特异度82.4%),490.4(灵敏度71.9%,特异度90.2%)。进展组患者治疗前的中位 SUVmax、TMTV、TLG 均显著高于无进展组[17.2(11.5,24.5)vs.11.0(7.8,15.3),P=0.001]、[114.0(71.5,186.3)cm3 vs.38.3 (23.5,51.4)cm3P <0.001]、[675.2(327.9,974.5)vs.155.0(104.2,270.4),P <0.001]。相似地,死亡组患者相比存活组有更高的基线代谢参数[17.4(10.2, 25.0)vs.12.3(8.0,16.1),P=0.009]、[116.0(77.0, 189.8)cm3 vs.42.1(27.1,55.6)cm3P <0.001]、 [675.4(362.7,1002.3)vs.178.7(106.4,309.9),P <0.001]。

  • 2.4 临床特征与基线PET/CT代谢参数间的关系

  • 根据(SUVmax、TMTV和TLG)临界值将患者分为高代谢参数组和低代谢参数组,进行临床特征亚组分析。卡方分析/Fisher确切概率法结果显示,高代谢参数(包括SUVmax、TMTV和TLG)组通常伴有更高的ECOG评分(P均 <0.001)、Ann Arbor分期(P 均 <0.001)、PINK评分(P均 <0.001)以及更多伴有 B 症状(P=0.037,P=0.002,P=0.001)的患者。此外高TMTV及TLG与高LDH(P=0.006,P=0.002)、高β2 ⁃MG(P=0.001,P=0.005)有关(表2)。

  • 2.5 影响ENKTL患者预后的单因素及多因素生存分析

  • 单因素分析结果显示,B 症状、ECOG>1 分、高 LDH、高β2⁃MG、Ⅲ/Ⅳ期、PINK>1分、高SUVmax、高 TMTV、高 TLG、无放疗与不良的 PFS 和 OS 有关(P 均<0.05,表3,图2)。

  • 将TMTV与TLG分别与其他单因素分析中有统计学意义的指标纳入 Cox 回归,结果表明,TMTV、 TLG 和 PINK 评分可作为影响患者 PFS[HR 5.411, 95% CI:2.014~14.538,P=0.001;HR 7.905,95% CI: 3.729~16.760,P <0.001;HR 2.858,95% CI:1.276~6.402,P=0.011]与 OS[HR 6.137,95% CI:2.000~18.833,P=0.002;HR 8.014,95% CI:3.599~17.846, P <0.001;HR 2.666,95%CI:1.143~6.216,P=0.023] 的独立预后因子。此外,治疗模式为PFS的独立危险因素[HR 2.323,95%CI:1.137~4.744,P=0.021],β 2 ⁃ MG 是 OS 的独立危险因素[HR 2.627,95% CI: 1.160~5.953,P=0.021](表4)。

  • 表2 基线PET/CT参数与临床特征的关系

  • Table2 Relationship between clinical characteristics and baseline PET/CT parameters

  • 表3 影响PFS率和OS率的单因素生存分析

  • Table3 Univariate survival analysis for PFS and OS

  • ECOG:美国东部肿瘤协作组;LDH:血清乳酸脱氢酶;β2⁃MG:β2⁃微球蛋白;PINK:NK细胞淋巴瘤预后指数;SUVmax:最大标准摄取值; TMTV:肿瘤代谢总体积;TLG:糖酵解总量;PFS:无进展生存;OS:总生存。

  • 2.6 预后分层

  • 将 TMTV 与 PINK 评分结合将患者分为 3 个风险组:低危组(TMTV≤64.9 cm3和 PINK≤1 分);中危组(TMTV>64.9 cm3或PINK>1分);高危组:(TMTV>64.9 cm3和 PINK>1 分)。其中低风险患者 46 例,中风险15例,高风险22例,3组患者的PFS率和OS率差异显著(χ2 =54.155,P <0.001;χ2 =48.564,P <0.001)。亚组分析结果显示,高危组患者 PFS 率及 OS 率均较中危组(χ2 =6.087,P=0.014;χ2 =6.889,P= 0.009)、低危组(χ2 =52.604,P <0.001;χ2 =48.982,P <0.001)低;相比低危组患者,中危组患者的 PFS 率和 OS 率显著减低(χ2 =17.829,P <0.001;χ2 = 9.969,P=0.002)(图3)。

  • 图2 不同代谢参数亚组的PFS和OS生存曲线

  • Figure2 Kaplan⁃Meier curves of PFS and OS according to the metabolic parameters

  • 表4 影响PFS率和OS率的多因素Cox回归分析

  • Table4 Multivariate Cox regression analysis for PFS and OS

  • 因 TMTV 与 TLG 高度相关,故将两者分别引入 Cox 分析。 ECOG:美国东部肿瘤协作组;LDH:血清乳酸脱氢酶;β2⁃MG:β2⁃微球蛋白;PINK:NK细胞淋巴瘤预后指数;SUVmax:最大标准摄取值; TMTV:肿瘤代谢总体积;TLG:糖酵解总量;PFS:无进展生存;OS:总生存;HR:风险比。

  • 3 讨论

  • 作为最常用的半定量参数,SUVmax 与肿瘤细胞的增殖活性密切相关[10⁃11],多项研究表明,治疗前 SUVmax 可以预测 ENKTL 患者预后。在 Li 等[12] 的回顾性研究中,治疗前SUVmax是PFS与OS的独立影响因素,研究者将其与临床指标相结合,初步构建了预后预测效果优于国际预后指数(international prognostic index,IPI)与韩国预后指数(Korean Prog⁃ nostic Index,KPI)的列线图模型。而 Xia 等[13] 的研究则提示基线 SUVmax 为 PFS 但非 OS 的独立预测因子。然而,也有研究结论完全不同,Xu等[14] 对34例接受MESA方案的患者进行前瞻性研究,发现基线高与低 SUVmax 组患者的生存结局无统计学差异。在本研究中,治疗前高 SUVmax 组患者的 3 年 PFS 率和 OS 率均显著低于低 SUVmax 组(29.6% vs.61.9%,P <0.001;32.9% vs.72.0%,P <0.001),然而它并非是影响预后的独立风险因素。导致研究结论不完全相同的原因可能有:病灶 SUVmax 的测量易受到多种因素影响,如成像设备参数、患者血糖水平、显像剂剂量、图像获取时间等。同时肿瘤存在异质性,而SUVmax仅反映了单个体素FDG最大摄取值,无法代表全身病变活性,因此越来越多的研究开始探索体积参数TMTV和TLG的预后价值[15]

  • 图3 不同风险组患者的生存曲线

  • Figure3 The Kaplan⁃Meier curves of PFS and OS according to the riskgroups

  • TMTV 为给定 SUV 阈值内的全身病灶代谢体积,反映了肿瘤负荷,TLG则同时体现了病灶的代谢活性和代谢体积。越来越多的研究表明,TMTV 和 TLG是部分淋巴瘤可靠的预后指标。Mikhaeel等[16] 发现在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B cell lym⁃ phoma,DLBCL)中,基线TMTV和TLG的预后表现优于IPI和Deauville评分;Zhou等[17] 则指出TMTV有助于指导DLBCL的治疗,TLG是其独立预后因子。而 PET/CT体积参数在ENKTL中的预后价值尚缺乏大样本量的研究。Kim等[18] 的研究纳入20例(Ⅰ/Ⅱ期 15例;Ⅲ/Ⅳ期5例)ENKTL患者,结果显示TMTV是患者PFS和OS的独立预后因素(HR 5.96,P=0.016; HR 8.37,P=0.048),TLG 是 PFS 的独立预后因素 (HR 4.74,P=0.035)。Chang 等[19] 对 47 例(Ⅰ/Ⅱ期 29 例,Ⅲ/Ⅳ期 18 例)ENKTL 患者治疗前的 PET/CT 参数进行分析,结果表明高TMTV组患者的生存时间短于低 TMTV 组(PFS 17.50±4.60 vs.43.43±3.79, P <0.001;OS 30.71±5.06 vs.48.38±3.05,P=0.018), TLG 是预测 PFS 率和 OS 率的独立因素(HR 6.940, P=0.017;HR8.632,P=0.041)。本研究对 83 例(Ⅰ/ Ⅱ期 57 例;Ⅲ/Ⅳ期 26 例)ENKTL 患者进行回顾性研究,结果提示基线 TMTV 和 TLG 均为患者 PFS 和 OS的独立预测指标。值得注意的是,由于不同研究中患者的构成比不一以及采用的计算方法不同,得到的体积代谢参数差别较大。本研究采用欧洲核医学协会推荐的41%阈值法[20],应用代谢软件自动勾画ROI,重复性好,效率高。Kim等[18] 的研究使用 SUVmax 为 3.0 的固定阈值勾画病灶,Chang 等[19] 则以 SUVmax 的 40%为阈值,目前尚无统一的测量标准,未来还需进一步的研究来规范测量方法。

  • 迄今为止,针对ENKTL患者的最佳预后评估模型尚无定论,目前临床广泛使用的有 Ann Arbor 分期、IPI、KPI 和 PINK 评分系统。依据 Ann Arbor 分期,超过2/3的病例被归为早期,而这些患者的生存情况却并不理想[5],说明其未能合理预测ENKTL的预后。IPI及KPI评分基于蒽环类药物,难以适应当下临床需求[21]。门冬酰胺酶时代提出的PINK评分能更好地判别IPI/KPI评分相同患者的预后,但模型的准确性仍有待提高[22-23]。本研究中PINK评分为影响PFS与OS的独立预后指标,高PINK 评分与不良PFS和OS相关(HR 2.858,P=0.011;HR 2.666,P= 0.023)。但上述预后模型多只纳入临床特征,而本研究尝试将代谢参数TMTV和PINK评分联合,将患者分为高、中、低危组,结果显示3组患者的1年PFS 率(89.1% vs.60.0% vs.9.1%,P 均 <0.05)与 1 年 OS 率(91.3%vs.73.3% vs.27.3%,P均 <0.05)均差异显著,风险分层效果良好,提示二者联合有早期识别高危患者指导临床个体化治疗的潜力。

  • 本研究也存在一些局限性:本文为回归性研究,容易造成混杂偏倚;样本量相对较小且患者治疗方案不统一,可能会影响分析结果。未来仍需大样本前瞻性试验来验证研究结论以及进一步探讨治疗中及治疗结束后PET/CT检查在ENKTL中的预后价值。

  • 综上,治疗前高SUVmax、TMTV、TLG预示ENK⁃ TL 患者有较差的生存结局,且 TMTV、TLG 和 PINK 评分为影响PFS和OS的独立预测因子。此外,基线 TMTV和PINK评分结合可以优化ENKTL患者的风险分层。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIN G W,XU C G,CHEN K X,et al.Genetic risk of ex⁃ tranodal natural killer T ⁃ cell lymphoma:a genome ⁃wide association study in multiple populations[J].Lancet On⁃ col,2020,21(2):306-316

    • [2] CAO C,FENG J,GU H T,et al.Distribution of lymphoid neoplasms in Northwest China:analysis of 3244 cases ac⁃ cording to WHO classification in a single institution[J].Ann Diagn Pathol,2018,34:60-65

    • [3] TSE E,KWONG Y L.Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of natural killer cell malignancies[J].Can⁃ cers(Basel),2022,14(3):597

    • [4] YAMAGUCHI M,SUZUKI R,OGUCHI M.Advances in the treatment of extranodal NK/T ⁃ cell lymphoma,nasal type[J].Blood,2018,131(23):2528-2540

    • [5] FOX C P,CIVALLERO M,KO Y ⁃H,et al.Survival out⁃ comes of patients with extranodal natural ⁃ killer T ⁃ cell lymphoma:a prospective cohort study from the interna⁃ tional T ⁃cell Project[J].Lancet Haematol,2020,7(4):e284-e294

    • [6] EL⁃GALALY T C,VILLA D,GORMSEN L C,et al.FDG⁃ PET/CT in the management of lymphomas:current status and future directions[J].J Intern Med,2018,284(4):358-376

    • [7] BARRINGTON S F,KLUGE R.FDG PET for therapy monitoring in Hodgkin and non ⁃Hodgkin lymphomas[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2017,44(Suppl 1):97-110

    • [8] KOSTAKOGLU L,MARTELLI M,SEHN L H,et al.End⁃ of ⁃treatment PET/CT predicts PFS and OS in DLBCL af⁃ ter first ⁃ line treatment:results from GOYA[J].Blood Adv,2021,5(5):1283-1290

    • [9] GUO R,XU P P,CHENG S,et al.Comparison of nasopha⁃ ryngeal MR,18F ⁃FDG PET/CT,and 18F ⁃FDG PET/MR for local detection of natural killer/T ⁃ cell lymphoma,na⁃ sal type[J].Front Oncol,2020,10:576409

    • [10] ROSSI C,TOSOLINI M,GRAVELLE P,et al.Baseline SUVmax is related to tumor cell proliferation and patient outcome in follicular lymphoma[J].Haematologica,2022,107(1):221-230

    • [11] 高珂梦,李天女,丁重阳,等.肺小细胞癌18F⁃FDG PET 代谢参数与相关代谢指标的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1855-1859

    • [12] LI H Y,SHAO G Z,ZHANG Y J,et al.Nomograms based on SUVmax of 18F⁃FDG PET/CT and clinical parameters for predicting progression⁃free and overall survival in pa⁃ tients with newly diagnosed extranodal natural killer/T ⁃ cell lymphoma[J].Cancer Imaging,2021,21(1):9

    • [13] XIA X W,WANG Y Q,YUAN J J,et al.Baseline SUV⁃ max of 18F⁃FDG PET⁃CT indicates prognosis of extranod⁃ al natural killer/T ⁃ cell lymphoma[J].Medicine(Balti⁃ more),2020,99(37):e22143

    • [14] XU P P,GUO R,YOU J H,et al.Dynamic evaluation of the prognostic value of 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT in extranodal NK/T⁃cell lymphoma,nasal type[J].Ann Hematol,2021,100(4):1039-1047

    • [15] BARRINGTON S F,MEIGNAN M.Time to prepare for risk adaptation in lymphoma by standardizing measure⁃ ment of metabolic tumor burden[J].J Nucl Med,2019,60(8):1096-1102

    • [16] MIKHAEEL N G,SMITH D,DUNN J T,et al.Combina⁃ tion of baseline metabolic tumour volume and early re⁃ sponse on PET/CT improves progression⁃free survival pre⁃ diction in DLBCL[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2016,43(7):1209-1219

    • [17] ZHOU M G,CHEN Y M,HUANG H H,et al.Prognostic value of total lesion glycolysis of baseline 18F⁃fluorodeox⁃ yglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomog⁃ raphy in diffuse large B ⁃ cell lymphoma[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(50):83544-83553

    • [18] KIM C Y,HONG C M,KIM D H,et al.Prognostic value of whole ⁃ body metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis measured on 18F⁃FDG PET/CT in patients with extranodal NK/T⁃cell lymphoma[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2013,40(9):1321-1329

    • [19] CHANG Y,FU X R,SUN Z C,et al.Utility of baseline,in⁃ terim and end⁃of⁃treatment 18F⁃FDG PET/CT in extranod⁃ al natural killer/T⁃cell lymphoma patients treated with L⁃ asparaginase/pegaspargase[J].Sci Rep,2017,7:41057

    • [20] BOELLAARD R,DELGADO⁃BOLTON R,OYEN W J,et al.FDG PET/CT:EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging:version 2.0[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2015,42(2):328-354

    • [21] SUZUKI R,SUZUMIYA J,YAMAGUCHI M,et al.Prog⁃ nostic factors for mature natural killer(NK)cell neo⁃ plasms:aggressive NK cell leukemia and extranodal NK cell lymphoma,nasal type[J].Ann Oncol,2010,21(5):1032-1040

    • [22] KIM S J,YOON D H,JACCARD A,et al.A prognostic in⁃ dex for natural killer cell lymphoma after non ⁃ anthracy⁃ cline ⁃based treatment:a multicentre,retrospective analy⁃ sis[J].Lancet Oncol,2016,17(3):389-400

    • [23] HONG H M,LI Y X,LIM S T,et al.A proposal for a new staging system for extranodal natural killer T⁃cell lympho⁃ ma:a multicenter study from China and Asia Lymphoma Study Group[J].Leukemia,2020,34(8):2243-2248

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIN G W,XU C G,CHEN K X,et al.Genetic risk of ex⁃ tranodal natural killer T ⁃ cell lymphoma:a genome ⁃wide association study in multiple populations[J].Lancet On⁃ col,2020,21(2):306-316

    • [2] CAO C,FENG J,GU H T,et al.Distribution of lymphoid neoplasms in Northwest China:analysis of 3244 cases ac⁃ cording to WHO classification in a single institution[J].Ann Diagn Pathol,2018,34:60-65

    • [3] TSE E,KWONG Y L.Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of natural killer cell malignancies[J].Can⁃ cers(Basel),2022,14(3):597

    • [4] YAMAGUCHI M,SUZUKI R,OGUCHI M.Advances in the treatment of extranodal NK/T ⁃ cell lymphoma,nasal type[J].Blood,2018,131(23):2528-2540

    • [5] FOX C P,CIVALLERO M,KO Y ⁃H,et al.Survival out⁃ comes of patients with extranodal natural ⁃ killer T ⁃ cell lymphoma:a prospective cohort study from the interna⁃ tional T ⁃cell Project[J].Lancet Haematol,2020,7(4):e284-e294

    • [6] EL⁃GALALY T C,VILLA D,GORMSEN L C,et al.FDG⁃ PET/CT in the management of lymphomas:current status and future directions[J].J Intern Med,2018,284(4):358-376

    • [7] BARRINGTON S F,KLUGE R.FDG PET for therapy monitoring in Hodgkin and non ⁃Hodgkin lymphomas[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2017,44(Suppl 1):97-110

    • [8] KOSTAKOGLU L,MARTELLI M,SEHN L H,et al.End⁃ of ⁃treatment PET/CT predicts PFS and OS in DLBCL af⁃ ter first ⁃ line treatment:results from GOYA[J].Blood Adv,2021,5(5):1283-1290

    • [9] GUO R,XU P P,CHENG S,et al.Comparison of nasopha⁃ ryngeal MR,18F ⁃FDG PET/CT,and 18F ⁃FDG PET/MR for local detection of natural killer/T ⁃ cell lymphoma,na⁃ sal type[J].Front Oncol,2020,10:576409

    • [10] ROSSI C,TOSOLINI M,GRAVELLE P,et al.Baseline SUVmax is related to tumor cell proliferation and patient outcome in follicular lymphoma[J].Haematologica,2022,107(1):221-230

    • [11] 高珂梦,李天女,丁重阳,等.肺小细胞癌18F⁃FDG PET 代谢参数与相关代谢指标的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1855-1859

    • [12] LI H Y,SHAO G Z,ZHANG Y J,et al.Nomograms based on SUVmax of 18F⁃FDG PET/CT and clinical parameters for predicting progression⁃free and overall survival in pa⁃ tients with newly diagnosed extranodal natural killer/T ⁃ cell lymphoma[J].Cancer Imaging,2021,21(1):9

    • [13] XIA X W,WANG Y Q,YUAN J J,et al.Baseline SUV⁃ max of 18F⁃FDG PET⁃CT indicates prognosis of extranod⁃ al natural killer/T ⁃ cell lymphoma[J].Medicine(Balti⁃ more),2020,99(37):e22143

    • [14] XU P P,GUO R,YOU J H,et al.Dynamic evaluation of the prognostic value of 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT in extranodal NK/T⁃cell lymphoma,nasal type[J].Ann Hematol,2021,100(4):1039-1047

    • [15] BARRINGTON S F,MEIGNAN M.Time to prepare for risk adaptation in lymphoma by standardizing measure⁃ ment of metabolic tumor burden[J].J Nucl Med,2019,60(8):1096-1102

    • [16] MIKHAEEL N G,SMITH D,DUNN J T,et al.Combina⁃ tion of baseline metabolic tumour volume and early re⁃ sponse on PET/CT improves progression⁃free survival pre⁃ diction in DLBCL[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2016,43(7):1209-1219

    • [17] ZHOU M G,CHEN Y M,HUANG H H,et al.Prognostic value of total lesion glycolysis of baseline 18F⁃fluorodeox⁃ yglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomog⁃ raphy in diffuse large B ⁃ cell lymphoma[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(50):83544-83553

    • [18] KIM C Y,HONG C M,KIM D H,et al.Prognostic value of whole ⁃ body metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis measured on 18F⁃FDG PET/CT in patients with extranodal NK/T⁃cell lymphoma[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2013,40(9):1321-1329

    • [19] CHANG Y,FU X R,SUN Z C,et al.Utility of baseline,in⁃ terim and end⁃of⁃treatment 18F⁃FDG PET/CT in extranod⁃ al natural killer/T⁃cell lymphoma patients treated with L⁃ asparaginase/pegaspargase[J].Sci Rep,2017,7:41057

    • [20] BOELLAARD R,DELGADO⁃BOLTON R,OYEN W J,et al.FDG PET/CT:EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging:version 2.0[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2015,42(2):328-354

    • [21] SUZUKI R,SUZUMIYA J,YAMAGUCHI M,et al.Prog⁃ nostic factors for mature natural killer(NK)cell neo⁃ plasms:aggressive NK cell leukemia and extranodal NK cell lymphoma,nasal type[J].Ann Oncol,2010,21(5):1032-1040

    • [22] KIM S J,YOON D H,JACCARD A,et al.A prognostic in⁃ dex for natural killer cell lymphoma after non ⁃ anthracy⁃ cline ⁃based treatment:a multicentre,retrospective analy⁃ sis[J].Lancet Oncol,2016,17(3):389-400

    • [23] HONG H M,LI Y X,LIM S T,et al.A proposal for a new staging system for extranodal natural killer T⁃cell lympho⁃ ma:a multicenter study from China and Asia Lymphoma Study Group[J].Leukemia,2020,34(8):2243-2248