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通讯作者:

徐卫,E-mail:xuwei10000@hotmail.com

中图分类号:R733.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)03-365-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230310

参考文献 1
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参考文献 14
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:外周T细胞淋巴瘤(peripheral T-cell lymphomas,PTCL)是一组异质性的非霍奇金淋巴瘤,本研究旨在探索 PTCL患者的临床特征,寻找影响无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)的新指标,建立新的预后模型。方法:回顾性分析2009年7月—2021年9月于南京医科大学第一附属医院就诊的202例PTCL患者的临床资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法、单因素和多因素Cox回归分析等进行生存分析和预后因素评估。结果:所有PTCL患者中位PFS与 OS分别为11个月和43个月。血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)正常患者的中位PFS(44个月vs. 9个月,P < 0.001)和中位OS(83个月 vs. 24个月,P=0.002)均优于Hb水平低于正常的患者。美国东部肿瘤协作组(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)评分> 1(P=0.009)和Hb水平低于正常(P=0.007)是PFS的独立危险因素,年龄>60岁(P=0.015)和ECOG评分>1(P=0.002)是OS的独立危险因素。Hb 水平联合国际预后指数(international prognostic index,IPI)和 T 细胞淋巴瘤预后指数(prognostic index for T-cell lymphoma,PIT)评分提高了预测PFS的准确性。结论:Hb水平可以作为评估PTCL患者预后的指标,Hb水平联合IPI 和PIT可以提高预测PTCL患者预后的准确性。

    Abstract

    Objective:Peripheral T -cell lymphomas(PTCL)is a heterogeneous group of non -Hodgkin’s lymphomas. The current study aims to analyze the clinical features of PTCL patients,and explore new factors that affected the progression-free survival(PFS) and overall survival(OS),with which to establish new prognostic models. Methods:The clinical data of 202 patients with PTCL from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between July 2009 and September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan - Meier method,univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed for the survival analysis and prognostic factor evaluation. Results:The median PFS and OS of all PTCL patients were 11 months and 43 months respectively. Patients with lower level of hemoglobin(Hb)showed shorter PFS(9 months vs. 44 months,P < 0.001)and OS(24 months vs. 83 months,P=0.002) than patients with normal level of Hb. The ECOG scores >1(P=0.009)and lower Hb level(P=0.007)were independent risk factors for PFS. Age >60 years(P=0.015)and the ECOG score >1(P=0.002)were independent risk factors for OS. International prognostic index (IPI)or prognostic index for T-cell lymphoma(PIT)combined with the Hb level improved the accuracy of predicting PFS of patients with PTCL. Conclusion:The level of Hb may be a good candidate for predicting prognosis of patients with PTCL. The Hb level combined with IPI and PIT can improve the ability to predict prognosis of patients with PTCL.

  • 外周T细胞淋巴瘤(peripheral T⁃cell lymphoma, PTCL)是一组异质性的非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non⁃Hodg⁃ kin’s lymphomas,NHL),最常见的类型包括血管免疫母细胞性 T 细胞淋巴瘤(angioimmunoblastic T ⁃ cell lymphoma,AITL)、PTCL ⁃非特指型(PTCL,not otherwise specified,PTCL⁃NOS)、间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(anaplastic large cell lymphoma,ALCL)和肠道T细胞淋巴瘤。在西方国家,PTCL 占所有 NHL 的 5%~10%;而在亚洲,PTCL发病率更高,为15%~20%[1-2]。不同类型 PTCL 具有不同的免疫表型、遗传特征和临床表现,与B细胞淋巴瘤相比,其对化疗的敏感性较低,并且患者生存率低[3-4]。尽管引入了基于蒽环类药物的化疗方案、自体干细胞移植和新药(如 CD30单抗、PI3K抑制剂、免疫检查点抑制剂等),目前PTCL的治疗效果仍不能令人满意[5-9]

  • 为了准确判断 PTCL 患者的预后,根据风险分层选择更佳的治疗方案,数种预后模型已经在PTCL 中建立。目前用于预测 PTCL 患者预后的模型有:国际预后指数(international prognostic index,IPI)、T 细胞淋巴瘤预后指数(prognostic index for T⁃cell lym⁃ phoma,PIT)、国际 PTCL 项目评分(international pe⁃ ripheral T⁃cell lymphoma project score,IPTCLP)、修饰后T细胞淋巴瘤预后指数(modified prognostic index for T⁃cell lymphoma,mPIT)和T细胞评分,这些模型对临床实践有较好的指导作用,但所有预后模型在评估PTCL患者生存结局时仍有不足[10-11]。当下寻找新的预后指标仍然至关重要,以进一步细化和改善PTCL患者的风险分层。

  • 本研究旨在分析 PTCL 临床特征,通过生存分析等方法探索可能影响PTCL患者无进展生存(pro⁃ gression⁃free survival,PFS)和总生存(overall survival, OS)的新指标,建立新的预后模型,以更好地改善 PTCL风险分层和指导治疗。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究纳入了2009年7月—2021年9月于南京医科大学第一附属医院新诊断为PTCL的202例患者。纳入标准如下:①根据2016年世界卫生组织造血和淋巴组织肿瘤病理学分类诊断为PTCL[1];②接受标准方案进行诱导化疗至少3个周期,并进行有效评估;③人口统计学数据、基线临床特征和实验室检验资料完整。纳入的 202 例患者中,107 例 (53.0%)为 AITL,61 例(30.2%)为 PTCL⁃NOS,25 例(12.4%)为 ALCL,9 例(4.5%)为肠道 T 细胞淋巴瘤。其中,肠道T细胞淋巴瘤包括1例肠病相关T细胞淋巴瘤(enteropathy ⁃associated T ⁃cell lymphoma, EATL)和 8 例单形性嗜上皮性肠道 T 细胞淋巴瘤 (monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T⁃cell lympho⁃ ma,MEITL)。50例(24.8%)患者接受了CHOP方案 (环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱、泼尼松)治疗,77例 (38.1%)患者接受了 EPOCH 方案(依托泊苷、泼尼松、长春新碱、环磷酰胺、多柔比星)治疗,65 例 (32.2%)患者接受了 CHOEP 方案(环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱、依托泊苷、泼尼松)治疗,还有10例 (5.0%)患者由于高龄等原因接受了mini⁃CHOP(低剂量CHOP)方案进行治疗。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • 从医院电子病历系统收集了基线人口统计学数据和临床特征,包括性别、年龄、美国东部肿瘤协作组(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)评分、Ann Arbor分期、结外累及部位的数量、有无骨髓累及、IPI评分和PIT评分。此外还收集了实验室数据,包括乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、血小板(platelet,PLT)和白蛋白(albumin,ALB)。

  • 1.2.2 随访

  • 通过住院病历、门诊就诊记录和电话对所有患者进行随访。随访结局事件包括OS和PFS。OS定义为从诊断开始至任何原因导致死亡或随访终止的时间。PFS定义为从诊断开始至出现复发或进展的时间。随访截止日期为2022年9月30日,中位随访时间为23.5个月(4~158个月)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 数据分析运用SPSS 26.0统计软件计算生存时间、进行 Log⁃rank 检验及单因素和多因素 Cox 回归分析,运用MedCalc 20.0.22统计软件比较不同受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC) 曲线的差别有无统计学意义,运用 GraphPad Prism 9.2.0进行生存曲线和ROC曲线绘图。分类变量用百分比(%)表示。采用Kaplan⁃Meier法计算生存曲线,并通过 Log⁃rank 检验比较不同组间生存时间。进行单因素和多因素Cox回归分析,研究PTCL中影响PFS和OS的危险因素,多因素Cox回归分析纳入变量的标准为单因素Cox回归分析时P <0.05。通过计算 ROC 曲线和曲线下面积(areas under the curve,AUC)评估 IPI、PIT 联合 Hb 预测 PFS 和 OS 的准确性。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 基线特征

  • 表1 描述了 202 例 PTCL 患者的基线特征。男 122 例(60.4%),女 80 例(39.6%)。中位年龄 60 岁 (15~89岁),其中97例(48.0%)患者年龄>60岁。小部分(17.3%)患者的ECOG评分≥2。165例(81.7%) 患者Ann Arbor分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期。97例(48.0%)患者的LDH水平低于正常值上限(271 U/L)。结外累及部位超过 1 个的患者占 33.2%。大部分(84.2%)患者没有骨髓累及。根据 IPI 评分,83 例(41.1%)患者为高中危或高危。此外,119 例(58.9%)患者 Hb 低于正常值下限,而大部分(80.2%)患者 PLT 正常。 155例(76.7%)患者ALB偏低。

  • 表1 PTCL患者的基线临床特征

  • Table1 Baseline characteristics of PTCL patients

  • 2.2 生存分析

  • 中位随访时间为23.5个月(4~158个月),140例 (69.3%)患者出现疾病进展,109例(54.0%)患者死亡。202 例患者的中位 OS 和 PFS 分别为 43 个月和 11个月(图1)。根据Hb水平分组(图2),进一步发现 Hb 正常患者的中位 OS(83 个月 vs.24 个月,P= 0.002)和中位 PFS(44 个月 vs.9 个月,P <0.001)均优于Hb水平低于正常的患者。

  • 图1 PTCL患者OS和PFS的Kaplan⁃Meier曲线

  • Figure1 Kaplan⁃Meier curves for OS and PFS of PTCL patients

  • 图2 根据Hb水平分组的PTCL患者OS和PFS的Kaplan⁃ Meier曲线

  • Figure2 Kaplan⁃Meier curves for OS and PFS of PTCL patients stratified by Hb level

  • 同时对PTCL患者的PFS和OS进行了单因素和多因素Cox回归分析。如表2所示,在单因素Cox回归分析中,ECOG 评分>1(P <0.001)、Ann Arbor 分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期(P=0.003)、Hb 水平低于正常(P <0.001)与短的 PFS 相关。年龄>60 岁(P=0.007)、 ECOG 评分>1(P <0.001)、Ann Arbor 分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ 期(P=0.016)、Hb 水平低于正常(P=0.002)与短的 OS相关。多因素Cox回归分析显示,ECOG评分>1 和 Hb 水平低于正常是 PFS 的独立危险因素(HR= 1.728,95% CI:1.146~2.607,P=0.009;HR=1.677, 95% CI:1.155~2.436,P=0.007)。年龄 >60 岁和 ECOG 评分>1 是 OS 的独立危险因素(HR=1.601, 95% CI:1.094~2.343,P=0.015;HR=2.063,95% CI: 1.310~3.248,P=0.002)。

  • 表2 外周T细胞淋巴瘤PFS和OS的单因素及多因素Cox回归分析

  • Table2 Univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis of PFS and OS in PTCL

  • 2.3 Hb 水平改善了PTCL 中IPI 和PIT 评分的危险分层

  • 生存分析发现Hb水平是影响PTCL患者PFS和 OS的因素。通过计算ROC曲线,进一步评估Hb预测PFS和OS的能力。结果显示,Hb水平预测OS的 AUC 值为 0.576(95%CI:0.504~0.645),预测 PFS 的 AUC 值为 0.614(95%CI:0.543~0.681)。Hb 预测 OS 和PFS的最佳临界值分别为113 g/L和118 g/L。

  • 分别将 IPI 和 PIT 评分与 Hb 水平联合,建立新的 PTCL 预后模型 PI⁃1(IPI 评分+Hb 水平)和 PI⁃2 (PIT评分+Hb水平),同时计算ROC曲线和AUC值,评估新模型对PFS和OS的预测能力(图3)。与IPI 评分相比,PI ⁃1 明显提高了 PFS 的 AUC(0.676 vs. 0.635,P=0.012),而对OS的AUC(0.632 vs. 0.611,P= 0.162)改善并不显著。同样地,和PIT评分相比,PI⁃2 明显提高了 PFS 的 AUC(0.669 vs. 0.612,P=0.004),而对 OS 的 AUC(0.642 vs. 0.610,P=0.071)改善有限。因此,与 IPI 及 PIT 评分相比,Hb 水平联合 IPI 和PIT评分对PFS的预测准确性更高,而对OS的预测欠佳。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究对 202 例 PTCL 患者的临床特征进行分析,结果显示PTCL多见于男性患者,约占所有患者的60%。中老年患者发病率更高,发病的中位年龄为60岁(15~89岁)。大多数(82.7%)患者诊断PTCL时体能状态较好,但多数患者分期较晚,80%以上患者的分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期。结外累及1个以上部位的患者约占30%,其中约15%的患者有骨髓受累。根据 IPI 评分,约 40%的患者评估为中高危或高危。约 60%患者初诊时即处于贫血状态,而多数(80.2%)患者 PLT 正常,大部分(76.7%)患者初诊时有低蛋白血症。

  • 图3 Hb水平改善了PTCL中IPI和PIT的风险分层

  • Figure3 Hb level improved the risk stratification of IPI and PIT in PTCL

  • 贫血是多种恶性肿瘤的早期表现。研究表明,在诊断胃癌、肠道肿瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、白血病和淋巴瘤等之前,Hb 水平已经开始降低,并且,在临床诊断前不同类型肿瘤患者的 Hb 下降持续时间各不相同[12]。此外,Hb 水平在多种肿瘤中有重要的预测预后价值。Hb结合乳腺癌病理类型可以提高预测乳腺癌患者预后的准确性[13]。脾边缘区淋巴瘤 (splenic marginal zone lymphoma,SMZL)中,Hb 水平是影响患者生存的独立因素[14]。贫血与原发中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lym⁃ phoma,PCNSL)的不良预后相关,是PCNSL的一个独立预后因素[15]。本研究发现PTCL中Hb水平亦有相似的预测预后的价值。

  • 本中心 202 例 PTCL 患者中,119 例(58.9%)患者 Hb 低于正常。所有患者中位 PFS 和 OS 分别为 11个月和43个月。根据Hb水平分组,发现Hb正常患者的PFS和OS均优于Hb水平低于正常的患者。在单因素Cox回归分析中,Hb水平与PFS和OS均相关。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,Hb水平低于正常是影响 PFS 的独立危险因素,而 Hb 并非影响 OS 的独立因素。进一步将IPI和PIT评分与Hb水平联合,建立新的 PTCL 预后模型 PI⁃1(IPI 评分+Hb 水平)和PI⁃2(PIT评分+Hb水平)。结果显示,和IPI及 PIT评分相比,PI⁃1和PI⁃2明显提高了预测PTCL患者PFS的准确性。

  • 贫血见于40%~64%的肿瘤患者,肿瘤诱发贫血的机制较复杂,且常常由多因素导致。肿瘤相关贫血可由失血、溶血、肿瘤浸润和骨髓破坏等引起。干扰素⁃γ、白介素⁃1和肿瘤坏死因子等细胞因子的激活也和贫血的发生有关,这些细胞因子可能抑制内源性促红细胞生成素的生成,影响铁的利用并抑制红系前体细胞的增殖[16]。还有研究表明贫血主要由机体抗肿瘤过程中增强的免疫反应引起,同时也和炎症诱导下增强的色氨酸分解代谢密切相关[17]。肿瘤患者纳差和营养不良等也和贫血的发生有关。

  • 总之,本研究结果显示,低 Hb 水平和 PTCL 患者的不良预后密切相关,可以作为评估 PTCL 患者预后的指标。在PTCL诊断和治疗的过程中,对Hb 进行监测并及时做出处理至关重要。Hb水平是各级医院普遍开展检测的指标,经济便捷,对临床工作的指导价值较高,值得更多关注。本研究的局限:①回顾性研究而非前瞻性;②样本量有限;③单中心而非多中心;④对 Hb 数值的早期追踪和监测不足。未来仍需要开展更多前瞻性、大样本、多中心的研究,进一步明确 Hb 预测 PTCL 预后的价值,并探索更多可能影响 PTCL 患者生存的因素,建立新的预后模型,改善 PTCL 风险分层以更好地指导治疗。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SWERDLOW S H,ELIAS C,PILERI S A,et al.The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms[J].Blood,2016,127(20):2375-2390

    • [2] HORWITZ S M,ANSELL S,AI W Z,et al.T⁃cell lympho⁃ mas,version 2.2022,NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2022,20(3):285-308

    • [3] FIORE D,CAPPELLI L V,BROCCOLI A,et al.Peripher⁃ al T cell lymphomas:from the bench to the clinic[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2020,20(6):323-342

    • [4] FRANCESCO M,LUCA A,DANIEL L,et al.Integration of transcriptional and mutational data simplifies the strati⁃ fication of peripheral T ⁃ cell lymphoma[J].Am J Hema⁃ tol,2019,94(6):628-634

    • [5] MA H,MARCHI E,O’CONNOR O A.The peripheral T⁃ cell lymphomas:an unusual path to cure[J].The Lancet Haematology,2020,7(10):765-771

    • [6] WILCOX R A.Cutaneous B ⁃ cell lymphomas:2015 up⁃ date on diagnosis,risk ⁃ stratification,and management [J].Am J Hematol,2015,90(1):73-76

    • [7] WULF G G,BETTINA A,MARITA Z,et al.Alemtuzumab plus CHOP versus CHOP in elderly patients with periph⁃ eral T⁃cell lymphoma:the DSHNHL2006⁃1B/ACT⁃2 trial [J].Leukemia,2020,35(1):143-155

    • [8] KEMPF W,MITTELDORF C,BATTISTELLA M,et al.Primary cutaneous peripheral T⁃cell lymphoma,not other⁃ wise specified:results of a multicentre European Organi⁃ zation for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)cutaneous lymphoma taskforce study on the clinico⁃patho⁃ logical and prognostic features[J].J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol,2021,35(3):658-668

    • [9] FOLEY N C,MEHTA⁃SHAH N.Management of peripher⁃ al T ⁃ cell lymphomas and the role of transplant[J].Curr Oncol Rep,2022,24(11):1489-1499

    • [10] ANDREA G,CATERINA S,ROBERTA C,et al.Periph⁃ eral T⁃cell lymphoma unspecified(PTCL⁃U):a new prog⁃ nostic model from a retrospective multicentric clinical study[J].Blood,2004,103(7):2474-2479

    • [11] MASSIMO F,MONICA B,LUIGI M,et al.Peripheral T cell lymphoma,not otherwise specified(PTCL ⁃ NOS).A new prognostic model developed by the International T cell Project Network[J].Br J Haematol,2018,181(6):760-769

    • [12] EDGREN G,BAGNARDI V,BELLOCCO R,et al.Pat⁃ tern of declining hemoglobin concentration before cancer diagnosis[J].Int J Cancer,2010,127(6):1429-1436

    • [13] ZHU Q,TANNENBAUM S,KURTZMAN S H,et al.Iden⁃ tifying an early treatment window for predicting breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using im⁃ munohistopathology and hemoglobin parameters [J].Breast Cancer Res,2018,20(1):56

    • [14] CARLOS M,VÍCTOR A,LUCA A,et al.Risk stratifica⁃ tion for splenic marginal zone lymphoma based on haemo⁃ globin concentration,platelet count,high lactate dehydro⁃ genase level and extrahilar lymphadenopathy:develop⁃ ment and validation on 593 cases[J].Br J Haematol,2012,159(2):164-171

    • [15] LE M,GARCILAZO Y,IBANEZ ⁃ JULIA M J,et al.Pre⁃ treatment hemoglobin as an independent prognostic factor in primary central nervous system lymphomas[J].Oncolo⁃ gist,2019,24(9):898-904

    • [16] ABDEL ⁃ RAZEQ H,HASHEM H.Recent update in the pathogenesis and treatment of chemotherapy and cancer induced anemia[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2020,145(10):28-37

    • [17] LANSER L,KINK P,EGGER E M,et al.Inflammation⁃in⁃ duced tryptophan breakdown is related with anemia,fa⁃ tigue,and depression in cancer[J].Front Immunol,2020,11:249

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SWERDLOW S H,ELIAS C,PILERI S A,et al.The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms[J].Blood,2016,127(20):2375-2390

    • [2] HORWITZ S M,ANSELL S,AI W Z,et al.T⁃cell lympho⁃ mas,version 2.2022,NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2022,20(3):285-308

    • [3] FIORE D,CAPPELLI L V,BROCCOLI A,et al.Peripher⁃ al T cell lymphomas:from the bench to the clinic[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2020,20(6):323-342

    • [4] FRANCESCO M,LUCA A,DANIEL L,et al.Integration of transcriptional and mutational data simplifies the strati⁃ fication of peripheral T ⁃ cell lymphoma[J].Am J Hema⁃ tol,2019,94(6):628-634

    • [5] MA H,MARCHI E,O’CONNOR O A.The peripheral T⁃ cell lymphomas:an unusual path to cure[J].The Lancet Haematology,2020,7(10):765-771

    • [6] WILCOX R A.Cutaneous B ⁃ cell lymphomas:2015 up⁃ date on diagnosis,risk ⁃ stratification,and management [J].Am J Hematol,2015,90(1):73-76

    • [7] WULF G G,BETTINA A,MARITA Z,et al.Alemtuzumab plus CHOP versus CHOP in elderly patients with periph⁃ eral T⁃cell lymphoma:the DSHNHL2006⁃1B/ACT⁃2 trial [J].Leukemia,2020,35(1):143-155

    • [8] KEMPF W,MITTELDORF C,BATTISTELLA M,et al.Primary cutaneous peripheral T⁃cell lymphoma,not other⁃ wise specified:results of a multicentre European Organi⁃ zation for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)cutaneous lymphoma taskforce study on the clinico⁃patho⁃ logical and prognostic features[J].J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol,2021,35(3):658-668

    • [9] FOLEY N C,MEHTA⁃SHAH N.Management of peripher⁃ al T ⁃ cell lymphomas and the role of transplant[J].Curr Oncol Rep,2022,24(11):1489-1499

    • [10] ANDREA G,CATERINA S,ROBERTA C,et al.Periph⁃ eral T⁃cell lymphoma unspecified(PTCL⁃U):a new prog⁃ nostic model from a retrospective multicentric clinical study[J].Blood,2004,103(7):2474-2479

    • [11] MASSIMO F,MONICA B,LUIGI M,et al.Peripheral T cell lymphoma,not otherwise specified(PTCL ⁃ NOS).A new prognostic model developed by the International T cell Project Network[J].Br J Haematol,2018,181(6):760-769

    • [12] EDGREN G,BAGNARDI V,BELLOCCO R,et al.Pat⁃ tern of declining hemoglobin concentration before cancer diagnosis[J].Int J Cancer,2010,127(6):1429-1436

    • [13] ZHU Q,TANNENBAUM S,KURTZMAN S H,et al.Iden⁃ tifying an early treatment window for predicting breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using im⁃ munohistopathology and hemoglobin parameters [J].Breast Cancer Res,2018,20(1):56

    • [14] CARLOS M,VÍCTOR A,LUCA A,et al.Risk stratifica⁃ tion for splenic marginal zone lymphoma based on haemo⁃ globin concentration,platelet count,high lactate dehydro⁃ genase level and extrahilar lymphadenopathy:develop⁃ ment and validation on 593 cases[J].Br J Haematol,2012,159(2):164-171

    • [15] LE M,GARCILAZO Y,IBANEZ ⁃ JULIA M J,et al.Pre⁃ treatment hemoglobin as an independent prognostic factor in primary central nervous system lymphomas[J].Oncolo⁃ gist,2019,24(9):898-904

    • [16] ABDEL ⁃ RAZEQ H,HASHEM H.Recent update in the pathogenesis and treatment of chemotherapy and cancer induced anemia[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2020,145(10):28-37

    • [17] LANSER L,KINK P,EGGER E M,et al.Inflammation⁃in⁃ duced tryptophan breakdown is related with anemia,fa⁃ tigue,and depression in cancer[J].Front Immunol,2020,11:249