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通讯作者:

汤春波,E-mail:cbtang@njmu.edu.cn;

王瑞霞,riebett@sina.com

中图分类号:R783.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)03-380-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230312

参考文献 1
PAPI P,PRANNO N,DI MURRO B,et al.Early implant placement and peri⁃implant augmentation with a porcine⁃ derived acellular dermal matrix and synthetic bone in the aesthetic area:a 2⁃year follow⁃up prospective cohort study [J].I nt J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,50:258-266
参考文献 2
CHAPPUIS V,ARAÚJO M G,BUSER D.Clinical rele⁃ vance of dimensional bone and soft tissue alterations post⁃ extraction in esthetic sites[J].Periodontol 2000,2017,73(1):73-83
参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
EITAN M,DRORA A H,OREN P,et al.Use of PRP,PRF and CGF in periodontal regeneration and facial rejuvena⁃ tion—a narrative review[J].Biology,2021,10(4):317
参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
ÖZVERI KOYUNCU B,İÇPINAR ÇELIK K,ÖZDEN YÜCE M,et al.The Role of concentrated growth factor on implant stability:a preliminary study[J].J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,121(4):363-367
参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
刘瑞敏,鄢明东,黄文秀,等.上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术中应用CGF的骨增量影像学评价与临床对照研究[J].口腔医学研究,2021,37(2):162-166
参考文献 19
BRONI Ć A,COEN H D,MARGETIĆ S,et al.Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medi⁃ cine:national recommendations for blood collection,pro⁃ cessing,performance and reporting of results for coagula⁃ tion screening assays prothrombin time,activated partial thromboplastin time,thrombin time,fibrinogen and D⁃di⁃ mer[J].Biochem Med,2019,29(2):020503
参考文献 20
KANNO Y,ISHISAKI A,KAWASHITA E,et al.Plasmino⁃ gen/plasmin modulates bone metabolism by regulating the osteoblast and osteoclast function[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(11):8952-8960
参考文献 21
DACI E,EVERTS V,TORREKENS S,et al.Increased bone formation in mice lacking plasminogen activators [J].J Bone Miner Res,2003,18(7):1167-1176
参考文献 22
TAKAFUJI Y,TATSUMI K,ISHIDA M,et al.Plasmino⁃ gen activator inhibitor⁃1 deficiency suppresses osteoblas⁃ tic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in mice[J].J Cell Physiol,2019,234(6):9687-9697
参考文献 23
YU M,WANG X J,LIU Y,et al.Correction to:cytokine release kinetics of concentrated growth factors in different scaffolds[J].Clin Oral Investig,2019,23(4):1999
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究美学区引导骨再生术后骨替代材料留存率的相关性因素。方法:收集2019年1月—2021年12月在南京医科大学附属口腔医院种植科行美学区种植同期行引导骨再生术的50例患者术前、术后即刻及术后6个月的锥形束CT数据。在mimics19.0软件中重建患者上颌的三维模型,配准计算骨替代材料留存率,并将其与其他临床资料进行相关性分析。结果:术后6个月的骨替代材料留存率与使用浓缩生长因子、骨劈开及患者凝血酶时间存在统计学相关性(P < 0.05),且患者凝血酶时间与骨替代材料留存率呈线性负相关(P < 0.01)。结论:进行浓缩生长因子和骨劈开治疗均与术后6个月骨替代材料留存率提高相关,而凝血酶时间长则骨替代材料留存率低。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the relevant factors of bone substitute materials retention rate after implant surgery with guided bone regeneration in the aesthetic zone. Methods:From January 2019 to December 2021,the cone beam CT data of 50 patients who received implant surgery in the aesthetic zone with guided bone regeneration in the implant department of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were collected before the operation,immediately after the operation and six months after the operation. Three-dimensional model reconstruction of the patient’s maxilla is performed in mimics19.0,along with registering three reconstructed models and calculating the retention rate of bone substitute materials,and its correlation with other clinical data was analyzed. Results:The retention rate of bone substitute materials in six months after the operation is statistically correlated with the use of concentrated growth factor,alveolar ridge splitting technique and thrombin time(P < 0.05). There is a linear negative correlation between thrombin time and the retention rate of bone substitute materials(P < 0.01). Conclusion:Both concentrated growth factor and alveolar ridge splitting technique are associated with the increase of bone substitute materials’retention rate in six months after the implant surgery,while long thrombin time is correlated with low bone substitute materials’retention rate.

  • 天然牙缺失后牙槽骨会发生渐进性的水平向和垂直向吸收。研究显示,前牙缺失后其骨厚度往往不足以达到理想的种植体植入条件[1-3]。而上颌前牙缺失的患者往往因为前牙的美观性差而有更高的美学修复需求[4]。对于前牙美学区,足够稳定的牙槽嵴三维骨体积是其修复体能够良好地行使咀嚼功能及维持红白美学的重要基础[5]。引导骨再生术(guided bone regeneration,GBR),作为目前应用最广泛的重建种植体周围硬组织结构的技术,在美学区种植中得到广泛应用[4],与此同时,临床上也常常配合使用骨劈开(alveolar ridge splitting,ARS)技术[6]及浓缩生长因子(concentrated growth factor, CGF)[7],希望进一步提高骨增量效果,但其与 GBR 联用时的治疗效果尚缺乏充分的循证学依据[68]。本研究通过收集前牙GBR 同期种植患者的锥形束 CT(cone beam computed tomography,CBCT)数据,建立患者上颌骨三维模型,结合患者的临床资料,试图找到影响患者美学区骨替代材料留存率的因素,为美学区GBR的实施提供参考。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选择2019年1月1日—2021年12月31日在南京医科大学附属口腔医院种植科就诊、上颌前牙区种植并进行同期GBR的患者50例,对其进行相关性分析。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,所有患者知情同意。

  • 纳入标准:①上颌前牙缺失;②年龄18~80岁; ③无未控制的牙周炎;④无严重的系统性疾病或精神疾病;⑤近期无双膦酸盐类、抗凝药物使用史; ⑥3年内无头面部放疗史;⑦手术后6个月种植体骨结合良好;⑧术前已完善血液检查(血常规、凝血功能及传染病检查)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 数据收集

  • 所有患者均在术前、术后即刻及术后6个月拍摄CBCT[New Tom VG,美中意国际贸易(北京)有限公司],将3次CBCT数据导入软件mimics19.0 中,选择合适灰度值,手动填充骨松质间空隙以方便计算体积,分别建立 3D 模型并导出为 STL(stereolithogra⁃ phy,光固化立体造型)文件,并使用“point registra⁃ tion”功能进行两两配准,每次至少使用4对点进行模型配准。配准后的文件在矢状面和冠状面上进行细节调整,确保模型文件有较好的边缘吻合。对 “术后即刻”和“术前模型”进行布尔减操作,得到术后即刻骨增量模型及其体积(V1),对“术后即刻骨增量”和“术后6个月”模型进行布尔减操作,得到6个月后骨替代材料吸收模型及其体积(V2)(图1)。

  • 图1 骨替代材料留存率的获取

  • Figure1 Acquisition of the retention rate of bone substitute materials

  • 计算骨替代材料留存率=(V1-V2)/V1×100%。

  • 1.2.2 凝血功能的统计

  • 所有纳入研究的患者均在术前采集外周静脉血,检测凝血功能4项,包括血浆凝血酶原时间(pro⁃ thrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶时间 (thrombin time,TT)和纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)。

  • 1.2.3 手术及修复过程

  • 常规消毒铺巾,局麻下于缺牙区牙槽嵴顶切开,在远中邻牙轴角区增加垂直减张切口,翻起全厚瓣暴露唇侧骨壁,自由手定位定深,级差备洞,在缺牙区唇侧骨板预备滋养孔后植入植体,在唇侧放置骨粉(Gesitlich Bio⁃Oss,盖氏公司,瑞士),覆盖双层生物胶原膜(Gesitlich Bio⁃Gide,盖氏公司,瑞士),减张后缝合创口。全部病例采用埋入式愈合,并在术后制作压模式临时义齿,术后半年进行二期手术,进行即刻取模并制作临时固定义齿,佩戴6~8周后进行个性化取模制作全瓷修复体(图2)。

  • 部分患者采用 CGF 治疗和前牙 ARS 技术。 CGF:在术前抽取患者外周静脉血,并在血纤维蛋白离心机[塞法登特国际医疗科技(北京)有限公司,意大利]上离心后制备 CGF,其中白管制备的半凝胶状CGF与骨替代材料混合后放置于唇侧骨板,红管制备的凝胶状CGF压制后制作成CGF膜,覆盖于双层胶原膜外(图3)。前牙微创 ARS:窝洞定深后在缺牙区唇侧使用骨凿间隔劈开唇侧皮质骨,使用骨挤压器使唇侧骨板发生青枝骨折,变形并向唇侧突起(图3)。

  • 图2 美学区种植及修复过程

  • Figure2 Implantation and restoration process in the aesthetic zone

  • 图3 CGF与ARS技术在美学区GBR中的实施

  • Figure3 CGF and ARS technique in GBR in the aesthetic area

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用 EXCEL 表格建立临床及实验室资料数据库,采用 SPSS 26.0 进行数据分析。正态分布数据采用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,不符合正态分布的定量资料采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]描述。连续变量间单因素相关性分析采用Pearson相关,等级变量与连续性变量单因素相关性分析采用Spearman 相关,二分类变量与连续性变量间单因素相关性分析采用 Point⁃biserial 相关,多组间分类资料比较采用 Fisher精确概率法,多组间正态分布定量资料比较采用单因素方差分析,多组间非正态分布定量资料比较采用秩和检验。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 人口学资料

  • 纳入符合条件的研究对象共计 50 例,其中男 30例,女20例,年龄29(22,39)岁。

  • 2.2 骨替代材料存留率

  • 使用公式对植骨材料6个月后的吸收体积进行计算,得出植骨材料留存率为(72.23±13.61)%,该留存率符合正态分布。

  • 2.3 骨替代材料留存率的单因素相关性分析

  • 对植骨材料留存率与患者基线资料进行单因素相关性分析(表1),结果显示CGF治疗、前牙ARS治疗及 TT 与植骨材料留存率有统计学相关性(P <0.05)。

  • 2.3.1 骨替代材料留存率与治疗方式的相关性

  • 对患者进行分组,包括在GBR同期进行ARS及 CGF 治疗组(ARS+CGF 组),在进行 GBR 治疗同期仅进行ARS治疗组(ARS组)和仅进行CGF组(CGF 组)以及未进行以上两种方法的 GBR 治疗组(GBR 组)。对比年龄及性别比例,各组间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表2)。4 组骨替代材料留存率: ARS +CGF 组为(79.70±8.60)%,ARS 组为(74.35± 7.12)%,CGF 组为(75.67 ± 12.13)%,GBR 组为 (60.67±14.87)%,将 4 组数据绘制箱式图并经组间单因素方差分析,发现 4 组间差异有统计学意义 (P <0.001,图4)。

  • 表1 患者的基线资料与骨替代材料留存率的相关性

  • Table1 Correlation of baseline data of patients with bone substitute materials retention rate

  • 表2 4组间年龄及性别组成的比较

  • Table2 The comparison of age and gender composition among the four groups

  • 图4 4组患者骨替代材料留存率的箱式图

  • Figure4 The box plot of bone substitute materials reten⁃ tion rate across four groups

  • 2.3.2 骨替代材料留存率与TT的相关性

  • 对骨替代材料留存率与TT进行线性回归,两者呈显著负相关,绘制相关性散点图并进行直线拟合,得到直线回归方程Y=-3.34X+134.0(图5)。

  • 图5 TT与骨替代材料留存率的简单线性回归

  • Figure5 Linear regression between TT and retention rate of bone substitute materials

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前 GBR 已经成为前牙美学区种植时水平或垂直骨量不足的重要解决手段之一[9-10]。但前牙区 GBR 为减少第二术区及减少手术难度往往使用骨替代材料,其长期留存率常常难以预计,这也成为临床上GBR的一大难题。本研究通过患者术前、术后即刻及术后6个月的CBCT数据建立三维模型,进行布尔操作后得到骨替代材料留存率。与其临床基线资料进行相关性分析后发现骨替代材料留存率与是否进行ARS、使用CGF及TT有关。

  • ARS 适用于上下颌缺牙后菲薄的牙槽嵴,通过将唇侧皮质骨向唇侧移位从而最大程度保存骨量,减少备洞过程中唇侧骨板的骨量丧失,增大了种植手术的适应证,同时该方法适度挤压牙槽骨,导致骨密度增加,从而能够增加种植体的初期稳定性[911]。 Bassetti 等[12] 研究也发现在 ARS 愈合和负重的第 1 年,牙槽嵴水平吸收增多,而额外的GBR可以帮助维持颊侧骨板的高度和宽度。本研究发现GBR 同期进行 ARS 患者的骨替代材料留存率显著高于只进行 GBR 的患者[(74.35 ± 7.12)% vs.(60.67 ± 14.87)%,P <0.01],提示ARS可以在GBR中提高骨替代材料留存率。这或许与 ARS 过程中需要在唇侧骨板预备骨折线,且使唇侧骨板翘起后为植骨材料提供了更好的成骨空间与血供有关。

  • CGF 作为第3代血小板浓缩产品,在口腔医学领域中有诸多应用[913]。研究证明因CGF形成的纤维蛋白网络中包含多种细胞生长因子,如转化生长因子⁃β1、血小板衍生生长因子、上皮生长因子、胰岛素生长因子⁃1、骨形成蛋白等,除了在细胞增殖、迁移、分化和血管生成中起着至关重要的作用,还可以促进间充质干细胞的成骨分化,促进相关成骨基因的表达,从而帮助作为支架的骨替代材料进行 GBR[14-16]。本研究也证实CGF可以提高骨替代材料美学区GBR半年后的留存率,结果与王亚敏等[17] 将 CGF 运用于美学区 GBR 及刘瑞敏等[18] 将 CGF 运用于上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术的结果类似,CGF可减少骨替代材料的吸收。

  • TT用来反映纤维蛋白原减少和纤维蛋白原降解产物的增高,其延长多见于无纤维蛋白原血症、异常纤维蛋白原血症及肝素治疗中,是纤溶系统活性指标之一[19]。研究显示,纤溶酶原/纤溶酶可以通过改变成骨细胞和破骨细胞的功能从而影响成骨过程[20]。也有研究发现纤溶酶因子如组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tissue type plasminogen activator,tPA)、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(urokinase type plasmino⁃ gen activator,uPA)、uPA 受体和纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂⁃1(plasminogen activator inhibitor⁃1,PAI⁃1)参与了骨组织的代谢,如tPA和uPA的缺失增强了成骨细胞的分化和矿化骨基质的形成,并增加了骨形成和骨量[21]。Takafuji 等[22] 研究也发现 PAI⁃1 降低了小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨相关基因的表达,抑制其成骨分化。除此之外,Yu等[23] 研究发现14~28 d 时 CGF内细胞因子的释放主要是由于纤维蛋白结构降解和白细胞破裂产生,而纤溶系统的活性也可能影响该过程。本研究发现TT与骨替代材料留存率呈显著负相关(P <0.01),这提示纤溶系统活性影响了美学区GBR治疗时骨替代材料的成骨效果。

  • 综上,本研究发现使用 ARS 及 CGF 治疗均与GBR后半年骨替代材料的留存率提高有关,而TT与骨替代材料留存率呈负相关。本研究能够帮助预测美学区GBR的临床效果,为骨增量手术的实施提供参考。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PAPI P,PRANNO N,DI MURRO B,et al.Early implant placement and peri⁃implant augmentation with a porcine⁃ derived acellular dermal matrix and synthetic bone in the aesthetic area:a 2⁃year follow⁃up prospective cohort study [J].I nt J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,50:258-266

    • [2] CHAPPUIS V,ARAÚJO M G,BUSER D.Clinical rele⁃ vance of dimensional bone and soft tissue alterations post⁃ extraction in esthetic sites[J].Periodontol 2000,2017,73(1):73-83

    • [3] 蔡明璇,徐艳,李璐.应用不同骨材料进行拔牙位点保存的效果评价[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):278-283

    • [4] WESSING B,LETTNER S,ZECHNER W.Guided bone regeneration with collagen membranes and particulate graft materials:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2018,33(1):87-100

    • [5] CHEN H,GU T,LAI H,et al.Evaluation of hard tissue 3 ⁃ dimensional stability around single implants placed with guided bone regeneration in the anterior maxilla:a 3⁃ year retrospective study[J].J Prosthet Dent,2022,128(5):919-927

    • [6] FABIAN D,PETER V,DOMINIK J,et al.The alveolar ridge splitting technique on maxillae:a biomechanical hu⁃ man cadaveric investigation[J].Biomed Res Int,2020,2020:8894471

    • [7] HUANG L,ZOU R,HE J Q,et al.Comparing osteogenic effects between concentrated growth factors and the acel⁃ lular dermal matrix[J].Braz Oral Res,2018,32:29

    • [8] TOLSTUNOV L,HAMRICK J F E,BROUMAND V,et al.Bone augmentation techniques for horizontal and vertical alveolar ridge deficiency in oral implantology[J].Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin N Am,2019,31(2):163-191

    • [9] CHEN J,WAN Y,LIN Y,et al.Considerations for clinical use of concentrated growth factor in maxillofacial regenera⁃ tive medicine[J].J Craniofac Surg,2021,32(4):1316-1321

    • [10] CHIAPASCO M,CASENTINI P.Horizontal bone⁃augmen⁃ tation procedures in implant dentistry:prosthetically guided regeneration[J].Periodontol 2000,2018,77(1):213-240

    • [11] NAYANSI J,HA C E,KUMAR K N,et al.Types of devices used in ridge split procedure for alveolar bone expansion:a systematic review[J].PLoS One,2017,12(7):e0180342

    • [12] BASSETTI M A,BASSETTI R G,BOSSHARDT D D.The alveolar ridge splitting/expansion technique:a systematic review[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2016,27(3):310-324

    • [13] LOKWANI B V,GUPTA D,AGRAWAL R S,et al.The use of concentrated growth factor in dental implantology:a systematic review[J].J Indian Prosthodont Soc,2020,20(1):3-10

    • [14] EITAN M,DRORA A H,OREN P,et al.Use of PRP,PRF and CGF in periodontal regeneration and facial rejuvena⁃ tion—a narrative review[J].Biology,2021,10(4):317

    • [15] CHEN X,WANG J,YU L,et al.Effect of concentrated growth factor(CGF)on the promotion of osteogenesis in bone marrow stromal cells(BMSC)in vivo[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):5876

    • [16] ÖZVERI KOYUNCU B,İÇPINAR ÇELIK K,ÖZDEN YÜCE M,et al.The Role of concentrated growth factor on implant stability:a preliminary study[J].J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,121(4):363-367

    • [17] 王亚敏,周震,刀俊峰,等.浓缩生长因子应用于上颌前牙区骨缺损引导骨再生的效果评价[J].口腔疾病防治,2020,28(4):236-240

    • [18] 刘瑞敏,鄢明东,黄文秀,等.上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术中应用CGF的骨增量影像学评价与临床对照研究[J].口腔医学研究,2021,37(2):162-166

    • [19] BRONI Ć A,COEN H D,MARGETIĆ S,et al.Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medi⁃ cine:national recommendations for blood collection,pro⁃ cessing,performance and reporting of results for coagula⁃ tion screening assays prothrombin time,activated partial thromboplastin time,thrombin time,fibrinogen and D⁃di⁃ mer[J].Biochem Med,2019,29(2):020503

    • [20] KANNO Y,ISHISAKI A,KAWASHITA E,et al.Plasmino⁃ gen/plasmin modulates bone metabolism by regulating the osteoblast and osteoclast function[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(11):8952-8960

    • [21] DACI E,EVERTS V,TORREKENS S,et al.Increased bone formation in mice lacking plasminogen activators [J].J Bone Miner Res,2003,18(7):1167-1176

    • [22] TAKAFUJI Y,TATSUMI K,ISHIDA M,et al.Plasmino⁃ gen activator inhibitor⁃1 deficiency suppresses osteoblas⁃ tic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in mice[J].J Cell Physiol,2019,234(6):9687-9697

    • [23] YU M,WANG X J,LIU Y,et al.Correction to:cytokine release kinetics of concentrated growth factors in different scaffolds[J].Clin Oral Investig,2019,23(4):1999

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PAPI P,PRANNO N,DI MURRO B,et al.Early implant placement and peri⁃implant augmentation with a porcine⁃ derived acellular dermal matrix and synthetic bone in the aesthetic area:a 2⁃year follow⁃up prospective cohort study [J].I nt J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,50:258-266

    • [2] CHAPPUIS V,ARAÚJO M G,BUSER D.Clinical rele⁃ vance of dimensional bone and soft tissue alterations post⁃ extraction in esthetic sites[J].Periodontol 2000,2017,73(1):73-83

    • [3] 蔡明璇,徐艳,李璐.应用不同骨材料进行拔牙位点保存的效果评价[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):278-283

    • [4] WESSING B,LETTNER S,ZECHNER W.Guided bone regeneration with collagen membranes and particulate graft materials:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2018,33(1):87-100

    • [5] CHEN H,GU T,LAI H,et al.Evaluation of hard tissue 3 ⁃ dimensional stability around single implants placed with guided bone regeneration in the anterior maxilla:a 3⁃ year retrospective study[J].J Prosthet Dent,2022,128(5):919-927

    • [6] FABIAN D,PETER V,DOMINIK J,et al.The alveolar ridge splitting technique on maxillae:a biomechanical hu⁃ man cadaveric investigation[J].Biomed Res Int,2020,2020:8894471

    • [7] HUANG L,ZOU R,HE J Q,et al.Comparing osteogenic effects between concentrated growth factors and the acel⁃ lular dermal matrix[J].Braz Oral Res,2018,32:29

    • [8] TOLSTUNOV L,HAMRICK J F E,BROUMAND V,et al.Bone augmentation techniques for horizontal and vertical alveolar ridge deficiency in oral implantology[J].Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin N Am,2019,31(2):163-191

    • [9] CHEN J,WAN Y,LIN Y,et al.Considerations for clinical use of concentrated growth factor in maxillofacial regenera⁃ tive medicine[J].J Craniofac Surg,2021,32(4):1316-1321

    • [10] CHIAPASCO M,CASENTINI P.Horizontal bone⁃augmen⁃ tation procedures in implant dentistry:prosthetically guided regeneration[J].Periodontol 2000,2018,77(1):213-240

    • [11] NAYANSI J,HA C E,KUMAR K N,et al.Types of devices used in ridge split procedure for alveolar bone expansion:a systematic review[J].PLoS One,2017,12(7):e0180342

    • [12] BASSETTI M A,BASSETTI R G,BOSSHARDT D D.The alveolar ridge splitting/expansion technique:a systematic review[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2016,27(3):310-324

    • [13] LOKWANI B V,GUPTA D,AGRAWAL R S,et al.The use of concentrated growth factor in dental implantology:a systematic review[J].J Indian Prosthodont Soc,2020,20(1):3-10

    • [14] EITAN M,DRORA A H,OREN P,et al.Use of PRP,PRF and CGF in periodontal regeneration and facial rejuvena⁃ tion—a narrative review[J].Biology,2021,10(4):317

    • [15] CHEN X,WANG J,YU L,et al.Effect of concentrated growth factor(CGF)on the promotion of osteogenesis in bone marrow stromal cells(BMSC)in vivo[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):5876

    • [16] ÖZVERI KOYUNCU B,İÇPINAR ÇELIK K,ÖZDEN YÜCE M,et al.The Role of concentrated growth factor on implant stability:a preliminary study[J].J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg,2020,121(4):363-367

    • [17] 王亚敏,周震,刀俊峰,等.浓缩生长因子应用于上颌前牙区骨缺损引导骨再生的效果评价[J].口腔疾病防治,2020,28(4):236-240

    • [18] 刘瑞敏,鄢明东,黄文秀,等.上颌窦侧壁开窗提升术中应用CGF的骨增量影像学评价与临床对照研究[J].口腔医学研究,2021,37(2):162-166

    • [19] BRONI Ć A,COEN H D,MARGETIĆ S,et al.Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medi⁃ cine:national recommendations for blood collection,pro⁃ cessing,performance and reporting of results for coagula⁃ tion screening assays prothrombin time,activated partial thromboplastin time,thrombin time,fibrinogen and D⁃di⁃ mer[J].Biochem Med,2019,29(2):020503

    • [20] KANNO Y,ISHISAKI A,KAWASHITA E,et al.Plasmino⁃ gen/plasmin modulates bone metabolism by regulating the osteoblast and osteoclast function[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(11):8952-8960

    • [21] DACI E,EVERTS V,TORREKENS S,et al.Increased bone formation in mice lacking plasminogen activators [J].J Bone Miner Res,2003,18(7):1167-1176

    • [22] TAKAFUJI Y,TATSUMI K,ISHIDA M,et al.Plasmino⁃ gen activator inhibitor⁃1 deficiency suppresses osteoblas⁃ tic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in mice[J].J Cell Physiol,2019,234(6):9687-9697

    • [23] YU M,WANG X J,LIU Y,et al.Correction to:cytokine release kinetics of concentrated growth factors in different scaffolds[J].Clin Oral Investig,2019,23(4):1999