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通讯作者:

林琳,E-mail:lin9100@aliyun.com

中图分类号:R574.62

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)04-510-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230409

参考文献 1
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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参考文献 23
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参考文献 26
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参考文献 27
HUANG Z,LI S,FOREMAN R D,et al.Sacral nerve stim⁃ ulation with appropriate parameters improves constipation in rats by enhancing colon motility mediated via the auto⁃ nomic ⁃cholinergic mechanisms[J].Am J Physiol Gastro⁃ intest Liver Physiol,2019,317(5):G609-G617
参考文献 28
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:根据功能性便秘(functional constipation,FC)患者临床资料分析内脏自主神经功能与便秘症状特征、心理状态及生活质量的相关性。方法:评估102例FC患者和42例健康对照者的一般资料、精神心理状态和心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)检测结果,再根据HRV检测结果将FC患者分为自主神经张力偏向正常组、严重偏向交感神经张力组和严重偏向副交感神经张力组;比较各组间Zung’s焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)和抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)、便秘评分系统(constipation scoring system,CSS)和便秘患者症状自评量表(patient assessment of constipation symptoms, PAC-SYM)、便秘患者生活质量自评问卷(patient assessment of constipation quality of life,PAC-QOL)分值差异,同时比较不同 HRV分组间肛直肠测压参数、肠电图参数差异,分析便秘患者生活质量与自主神经功能、精神心理状态、便秘症状之间的相关性。果:与健康对照组相比,FC患者焦虑抑郁水平显著升高,HRV检测结果显示自主神经功能异常率高。不同HRV分组的 FC患者间肛直肠测压参数、肠电图参数差异无统计学意义;与交感-副交感神经张力偏向正常组相比,严重偏向交感神经张力组患者明显存在明显的焦虑抑郁情绪、PAC-SYM较高、生活质量降低(主要是躯体不适和担心焦虑两个维度)。严重偏向副交感神经张力组患者CSS评分最高,可能与抑郁情绪为主导有关。多重线性回归显示,患者的焦虑抑郁情绪、自主神经功能显著影响便秘患者生活质量。结论:自主神经功能紊乱的便秘患者存在明显的焦虑抑郁情绪,与便秘严重程度相比,自主神经功能紊乱、焦虑抑郁情绪对便秘患者的生活质量具有更明显的负面影响。调节自主神经功能、心理干预或中枢神经药物等治疗可能具有重要临床意义。

    Abstract

    Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between autonomic nervous function and constipation symptoms,psychological status and quality of life in function constipation(FC)patients. Methods:The characteristics,psychological status and heart rate variability(HRV)test of 102 FC patients and 42 healthy controls were evaluated. Then the FC patients were divided into three groups according to the result of HRV test,the autonomic tone balance normal group,the balance severely sympathetic tone group and the balance severely parasympathetic tone group. The results of self - rating anxiety and depression scale (SAS/SDS),constipation scoring system(CSS)and patient assessment of constipation symptom(PAC - SYM),patient assessment of constipation quality of life(PAC-QOL)were compared among three groups. Meanwhile,anorectal manometry and electrointestinogram parameters were assessed. We also analyzed the potential association of PAC - QOL with ANS function,mental status,constipation symptoms in all the constipation patients. Results:Compared with the healthy control group,the scores of SAS and SDS in FC patients increased significantly. HRV test results showed that the abnormal rates of autonomic nervous function were higher in FC patients than that in normal controls. Anorectal physiology and intestinal electric activity showed no significant difference among the FC patients with different HRV. Compared with patients in the autonomic tone balance normal group,patients in the balance severely sympathetic tone group had higher SAS/SDS scores,higher PAC - SYM score and lower PAC - QOL,especially for the dimension of“physical discomfort”and“worry/anxiety”of PAC -QOL. The balance severely parasympathetic tone group showed higher CSS score than the other two groups which maybe correlated with the prominence of depressed emotion. Multiple regression analysis showed that anxiety/ depression emotion and ANS function state could significantly affect the quality of life. Conclusion:FC patients with autonomic dysfunction are prone to anxiety or depression. The QOL of FC patients correlates strongly with ANS function and emotion,but not symptoms. Treatrnents such as autonomic adjustment,psychological interventions and central nervous system drugs may have clinical significance for FC patients.

  • 功能性便秘(function constipation,FC)是以排便次数减少和/或排便困难为主要症状的功能性肠病。随着社会节奏加快、生活压力增大等,FC患病率有增加的趋势。流行病学调查发现,全球FC患病率为10.1%~15.0%[1]。FC消耗大量的健康管理资源和直接医疗费用,并降低患者的生活质量[2]

  • FC机制复杂,涉及到肠道微生态紊乱、内脏感觉异常、胃肠动力减慢以及肛直肠功能异常等[3]。近年来脑⁃肠互动机制在功能性胃肠病中的作用被广泛认可和关注,脑⁃肠轴通路中的自主神经功能可能受情绪影响,并影响肛门直肠功能以及便秘患者的疾病状态,但以上各因素之间的关联尚未明确。许多研究表明便秘患者较正常人更易出现焦虑、抑郁情绪[4],但情绪异常对于患者便秘症状、生活质量的机制和影响未明确。内脏自主神经系统包括交感和副交感(迷走)神经,可以将胃肠信号上传中枢,并可传导中枢对胃肠活动的支配作用[5]。文献表明,慢性便秘患者可能存在自主神经功能紊乱[6];交感神经活动增加或迷走神经活动下降与肠道运动减慢相关[7]。然而自主神经功能是否受患者情绪状态影响,并可能会影响肛门直肠功能、影响患者的排便症状和生活质量仍不清楚。

  • 心率变异性分析(heart rate variability,HRV)是目前临床常用的无创评估内脏自主神经功能的方法[8],高频(high frequency,HF)、低频(low frequency, LF)、LF/HF比值等频域分析参数能定量评估自主神经系统中副交感神经和交感神经的活性状态。

  • 本研究根据 FC 患者 HRV 检测结果分组,旨在分析自主神经功能与 FC 患者肛直肠测压、精神心理、便秘症状以及生活质量之间的关系,探讨自主神经参与FC的可能机制。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2021年8月—2022年8月在南京医科大学第一附属医院胃肠动力中心进行检查的便秘患者资料。纳入标准:①符合 FC 的罗马Ⅳ诊断标准[9],必须包括以下 2项或2项以上,至少有 25% 的排便存在 a:排便费力;b:块状便或硬便;c:排便不尽感;d:肛门直肠梗阻感/阻塞感;e:需手法辅助排便;f:每周排便次数 <3次;不使用泻剂很少出现稀便;不符合肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)的诊断标准。诊断前症状出现至少 6 个月,近3个月符合以上诊断标准;②年龄为18~80周岁; ③均接受HRV、高分辨率肛直肠测压(high⁃resolution anorectal manometry,HRAM)检查;④能够有效沟通且自愿参加。排除标准:①器质性疾病导致的便秘;②可能影响胃肠功能和自主神经功能的慢性疾病史(糖尿病、甲状腺功能减退、精神障碍等);③既往胃肠手术史或药物导致的便秘;④妊娠或哺乳期妇女;⑤使用起搏器或植入式心脏转复除颤器,以及射频消融等治疗心律失常者[10]。最终共纳入 102例FC患者。选取42例本院体检中心体检健康者为对照组。本研究通过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审核批准(伦理编号:2022⁃SR⁃607),所有患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 自主神经功能检测

  • HRV 功率谱可用来评估交感和副交感神经活动。HRV 频域分析中的低频带(LF,0.04~0.15 Hz) 反映交感和副交感神经张力的双重影响,但以交感神经张力为主;高频带(HF,0.15~0.40 Hz)仅反映副交感神经张力(主要是迷走神经张力);LF/HF比值反映交感与副交感神经张力之间的平衡[8]。本研究根据HRV检测结果,将FC患者分为3组:自主神经张力偏向正常组,患者自主神经张力平衡点区间范围为-1.5σ~1.5σ;严重偏向交感神经张力组,患者自主神经张力平衡点区间范围为≥1.5σ;严重偏向副交感神经张力组,患者自主神经张力平衡点区间范围为≤-1.5σ。HRV检测仪(ZSY⁃1,沈阳威今基因科技有限公司)检测患者自主神经功能,σ代表该仪器检测受试者的数值与内部健康人资料库数值进行比对后的统计量[11]

  • 1.2.2 肛直肠动力和感觉功能评估

  • 采用宁波迈达医疗仪器有限公司的8通道水灌注式肛直肠压力监测仪行 HRAM 检查。检查前患者应至少停用促胃肠动力药物3 d,排除药物影响。检查当天用开塞露排空直肠大便,检查时患者左侧屈膝卧位,经肛门插入前端带有球囊的测压导管至少 6 cm,等患者适应5 min后,按以下顺序检测:静息状态、缩紧肛门、模拟排便状态,记录下肛门括约肌静息压、肛门括约肌长度、最大缩榨压、缩肛持续时间、直肠排便压。同时评估直肠感觉功能:向直肠球囊内持续缓慢注气,依次记录患者初始感觉阈值、初始排便、排便窘迫阈值和最大耐受容量[12]

  • 1.2.3 肠电图检查

  • 使用合肥凯利光电公司的胃肠电图记录仪 (EGEG⁃8D)无创监测患者的肠电活动[13]。患者检查当日早上空腹,检查时仰卧位,清洁腹部局部皮肤后放置一次性电极。体表电极位置:RL 接地电极置于右小腿内侧踝部;RA 参考电极置于右手腕内侧;C1导联在脐下2 cm向右旁开2~5 cm;C2导联在脐下1 cm;C3导联在脐下2 cm向左旁开2~5 cm; C4 导联在 C3 导联旁边。检查期间患者保持清醒、安静,不可说话及玩手机。嘱患者进食标准餐后再记录餐后肠电图30 min。C1、C2、C3、C4导联分别代表升结肠、横结肠、降结肠和直肠的体表定位。肠电参数包括餐前和餐后平均频率和振幅。本研究中102例患者有11例未完成肠电图检查。

  • 1.2.4 便秘症状评估

  • 采用便秘评分系统(constipation scoring system, CSS)评估便秘症状客观严重程度,总分范围0~30分[14],得分越高,便秘症状越严重。便秘患者症状自评量表(patient assessment of constipation symptoms, PAC⁃SYM)反映患者对便秘症状的主观感受,包含腹部症状、直肠症状、粪便性状3个子量表,每个子量表采用李克特评分(0~4 分),得分越高,便秘症状越重[15]。便秘患者生活质量自评问卷(patient assessment of constipation quality of life,PAC⁃QOL)评估便秘患者的生活质量,包含28个条目,分为躯体不适、心理社会不适、担心焦虑、满意度4个维度;得分越高,便秘相关生活质量越差[16]

  • 1.2.5 精神心理状况评估

  • 采用 Zung’s 焦虑自评量表(self ⁃ rating anxiety scale,SAS)和抑郁自评量表(self ⁃ rating depression scale,SDS)评估患者就诊时近 1 周焦虑和抑郁状态[17]。两个量表均由 20 个项目组成,SAS 标准分 ≥50 分和 SDS 标准分≥53 分表明患者存在明显焦虑、抑郁情绪,分值越高,患者焦虑、抑郁越严重[18]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用 SPSS 26.0 软件进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-± s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验,多组间比较采用方差分析;偏态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,两组间比较采用 Mann⁃Whit⁃ ney U检验,多组间比较采用Kruskal⁃Wallis 检验;分类资料以例数(n)和百分数(%)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。采用Spearman分析探讨HRV参数与便秘严重程度、焦虑抑郁和生活质量之间的相关性。双尾检验,P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 FC患者与健康对照组一般资料、SAS/SDS评分以及HRV检测结果的比较

  • 本研究共纳入102例FC患者和42例健康对照组,分别比较他们的一般资料、焦虑抑郁评分以及 HRV检测结果(表1)。两组的年龄、性别及BMI基线资料差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05)。FC 组的 SAS评分和SDS评分高于健康对照组[SAS:(43.7 ± 8.2)分 vs.(38.7 ± 6.7)分;SDS:(45.9 ± 8.3)分 vs. (41.0 ± 6.5)分),差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。 FC患者自主神经功能异常高于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。FC患者自主神经张力严重偏向交感神经张力和副交感神经张力的检出率分别为24%和19%。

  • 2.2 不同HRV分组的FC患者一般资料

  • FC 患者按照 HRV 结果分为 3 组,其中自主神经张力偏向正常组58例(男/女:11/47),严重偏向交感神经张力组19例(男/女:3/16),严重偏向副交感神经张力组25例(男/女:6/19)。分别比较他们的年龄、性别、病程及BMI(表2)。3组间患者的年龄、性别、病程及 BMI 基线资料差异均无统计学意义 (P >0.05)。

  • 表1 FC患者与健康对照组一般资料、SAS/SDS评分以及HRV检测结果比较

  • Table1 The comparison of general information,SAS/SDS score and HRV test results between FC patients and healthy controls

  • 表2 各组FC患者基线资料

  • Table2 Baseline characteristics of FC patients among different HRV groups

  • 2.3 不同 HRV 分组的 FC 患者肛直肠测压以及肠电参数的比较

  • 3 组患者的肛门直肠动力、直肠感觉参数以及肠电参数差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05,表3、4)。

  • 表3 不同HRV分组的FC患者肛门直肠测压参数比较

  • Table3 The comparisons of anorectal manometry parameters in FC patients among different HRV groups

  • *:1例因不耐受未完成检查,n=18。

  • 2.4 不同HRV分组的FC患者焦虑抑郁、便秘严重程度和生活质量差异

  • 结果显示,3 组间的 SAS、SDS 具有统计学差异(SAS,P <0.001;SDS,P=0.011)。严重偏向交感神经张力组的患者 SAS 评分(50.37 ± 9.10)高于自主神经张力偏向正常组(41.95 ± 7.86)分和严重偏向副交感神经张力组的患者(42.54 ± 5.60)分,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.01)。严重偏向交感神经张力组的患者SDS评分高于自主神经张力偏向正常组的患者[(50.47 ± 11.18)分 vs.(44.08 ± 7.32)分,P <0.01],与严重偏向副交感神经张力组的患者无统计学差异[(50.47 ± 11.18)分vs.(46.71 ± 6.42)分,P >0.05,图1]。患者便秘症状的严重程度(CSS评分):3组间有显著差异(P=0.03),严重偏向副交感神经张力组得分[18.0(16.0,19.5)分]高于严重偏向交感神经张力组[16.0(15.0,18.0)分]和自主神经张力偏向正常组[16.0(14.0,18.0)分],差异有统计学意义 (P <0.05);而3组间的PAC⁃SYM 差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。生活质量(PAC⁃QOL 评分):与自主神经张力偏向正常组相比,严重偏向交感神经张力组患者生活质量差,主要体现在“躯体不适”和“担心焦虑“两个维度(P均 <0.05,表5)。

  • 表4 不同HRV分组的FC患者肠电参数比较

  • Table4 The comparisons of electrointestinogram parameters in FC patients among different HRV groups

  • CPM:次/min。

  • 两组比较,**P <0.01,***P <0.001。

  • 图1 不同HRV分组的FC患者焦虑、抑郁评分比较

  • Figure1 The comparisons of anxiety/depression scores in FC patients among different HRV groups

  • 表5 不同HRV分组的FC患者便秘严重程度、生活质量比较

  • Table5 The comparisons of constipation severity and quality of life in FC patients among different HRV groups

  • 表6 FC患者HRV参数与SAS/SDS、便秘严重程度以及生活质量的相关性分析

  • Table6 Correlation analysis of HRV parameters with SAS/SDS,constipation severity and quality of life in FC patients

  • * P <0.05,**P <0.01。

  • 2.5 FC患者HRV参数与焦虑抑郁评分、便秘严重程度以及生活质量的相关性分析

  • HF 与 SAS、SDS 评分呈负相关,提示焦虑抑郁情绪可能与患者的迷走神经活性降低有关;HF 和 LF/HF 与 CSS 评分分别呈正相关和负相关,而与 PAC⁃SYM评分无相关性,表明自主神经严重偏向副交感神经张力的患者便秘症状越重,而对便秘症状的主观感受并不强烈;LF/HF与PAC⁃QOL总分以及躯体不适、担心焦虑两个维度呈正相关(表6),提示自主神经偏向交感神经张力的便秘患者相关生活质量越低。综上,自主神经偏向交感神经张力的FC 患者焦虑抑郁情绪越明显、躯体相关生活质量越差,而与便秘严重程度无关。

  • 2.6 影响FC患者便秘相关生活质量的因素分析

  • 以FC患者的PAC⁃QOL为因变量,CSS、LF/HF、 SAS 和 SDS 评分为自变量,进行多重线性回归分析。结果显示:LF/HF、SDS和SAS评分是便秘相关生活质量的负性预测因素(P <0.05)。患者焦虑(回归系数为 0.016,P <0.05)和抑郁(回归系数为 0.025,P <0.05)情绪越明显,自主神经功能越偏向交感神经张力(回归系数为0.098,P <0.05),便秘相关生活质量越低(表7)。

  • 表7 影响FC患者便秘相关生活质量的因素分析

  • Table7 The analysis of factors related to constipation ⁃ related quality of life in FC patients

  • 3 讨论

  • 便秘是慢性功能性疾病,症状反复,频繁就诊,明显影响患者生活质量。在临床中发现部分FC患者本身便秘症状并不突出,但常伴有焦虑抑郁情绪,经 HRV 检测发现存在明显的自主神经功能紊乱,但患者心理状态、自主神经功能、便秘症状及生活质量之间的相互关系,特别是自主神经功能与其他因素的关联,循证证据尚不充分。

  • 本研究纳入的FC患者中43%存在明显的自主神经功能障碍,其中 57%患者存在焦虑抑郁情绪; 并且FC患者的自主神经功能与焦虑抑郁评分SAS、 SDS有明显的相关性。本研究发现自主神经功能偏向交感神经张力的 FC 患者的 SAS、SDS 均明显增高,具有焦虑抑郁共病。其他研究也发现,患者 HRV显示副交感神经活性的HF降低,与焦虑抑郁情绪有关[19]。本研究结果和文献数据均说明自主神经功能和焦虑抑郁情绪存在很强的关联。临床工作中对FC患者行HRV检查,除显示自主神经功能外,一定程度上也给胃肠科医生提示患者可能存在焦虑抑郁情绪。

  • 既往研究认为:焦虑和抑郁不仅干扰自主神经对结肠的支配,还通过中枢神经系统作用于自主神经而影响肠道运动[420]。焦虑抑郁可影响便秘患者的直肠功能,如抑制直肠感觉、增加直肠顺应性、降低直肠敏感性[21-22]。既往研究也提示,焦虑抑郁情绪与便秘症状的相关性[23]。但本研究中,根据HRV 结果对FC患者进行分组,结果发现,3组间FC的肛直肠动力和感觉、肠电参数均无明显差异,可能是本研究没有与健康对照相比较,纳入的FC患者本身都有肛直肠功能及肠电异常,FC患者之间分组,则不能体现明显差别。本研究发现,LF/HF与患者的便秘严重程度客观评分具有负相关性,说明自主神经功能偏向迷走神经张力,可能是便秘程度更严重的因素之一,迷走神经功能障碍可能参与便秘症状的发生。文献表明,结肠慢传输型便秘患者可能存在盆腔自主神经病变[24-25]。人类左半结肠和直肠主要由迷走神经支配,包括迷走神经骶反射和胃结肠反射两种通路,迷走神经损伤与结肠运动减慢和直肠肛门协同障碍有关;交感神经活动增加通过肌肠丛胆碱能神经释放去甲肾上腺素、抑制结肠运动,并直接作用于平滑肌细胞使肛门括约肌收缩[26]。临床上调节迷走神经兴奋性的方法可能改善便秘症状;有研究认为骶神经刺激(sacral nerve stimulation,SNS)通过刺激骶前迷走神经丛、释放肾上腺皮质激素,通过胆碱能神经增强结肠/直肠运动,改善便秘症状[27]

  • 既往研究认为便秘症状、焦虑抑郁情绪均可以影响FC患者的生活质量[28]。本研究发现,焦虑抑郁情绪与患者生活质量的相关性不容忽视;并且对患者生活质量进行回归分析后显示,与便秘严重程度相比,自主神经功能与患者生活质量的关联更突出,这也从一个侧面可解释:临床反复就诊的FC患者中,部分患者便秘症状可能并不突出,但经HRV 检测或焦虑抑郁评估后发现,此类患者自主神经和心理情绪明显异常,正是由于这些异常影响患者生活质量,导致患者频繁就医。在提高慢性功能性疾病患者生活质量的临床处理原则下,自主神经功能和焦虑抑郁情绪与FC患者生活质量的密切关联,为我们在临床诊疗中需处理FC患者的情绪和自主神经功能提供了依据。

  • 综上所述,FC患者自主神经功能与焦虑抑郁相关,HRV等自主神经功能检测可以反映部分患者的焦虑抑郁情绪。自主神经功能与FC症状严重程度及疾病相关生活质量均具有明显相关性,自主神经作为功能性胃肠病脑⁃肠互动机制中重要的中间环节,在FC的疾病机制中亦有重要作用。本研究结果提示在 FC 的临床诊疗中,需特别关注自主神经功能,调节自主神经功能的治疗可能是FC这种慢性功能性疾病的一个有前景的治疗选择。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BARBERIO B,JUDGE C,SAVARINO E V,et al.Global prevalence of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol,2021,6(8):638-648

    • [2] BHARUCHA A E,PEMBERTON J H,LOCKE G R.American Gastroenterological Association technical re⁃ view on constipation[J].Gastroenterology,2013,144(1):218-238

    • [3] DROSSMAN D A.Functional gastrointestinal disorders:history,pathophysiology,clinical features and Rome IV [J].Gastroenterology,2016,doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032

    • [4] CHAN A O,CHENG C,HUI W M,et al.Differing coping mechanisms,stress level and anorectal physiology in pa⁃ tients with functional constipation[J].World J Gastroen⁃ terol,2005,11(34):5362-5366

    • [5] BLACK C J,DROSSMAN D A,TALLEY N J,et al.Func⁃ tional gastrointestinal disorders:advances in understand⁃ ing and management[J].Lancet,2020,396(10263):1664-1674

    • [6] LIU Q,WANG E M,YAN X J,et al.Autonomic function⁃ ing in irritable bowel syndrome measured by heart rate variability:a meta⁃analysis[J].J Dig Dis,2013,14(12):638-646

    • [7] TOUGAS G.The autonomic nervous system in functional bowel disorders[J].Gut,2000,47(Suppl 4):iv78-iv80

    • [8] Heart rate variability.Standards of measurement,physio⁃ logical interpretation,and clinical use.Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology[J].Eur Heart J,1996,17(3):354-381

    • [9] AZIZ I,WHITEHEAD W E,PALSSON O S,et al.An ap⁃ proach to the diagnosis and management of Rome Ⅳ func⁃ tional disorders of chronic constipation[J].Expert RevGastroenterol Hepatol,2020,14(1):39-46

    • [10] GONG B Y,MA H M,ZANG X Y,et al.Efficacy of crani⁃ al electrotherapy stimulation combined with biofeedback therapy in patients with functional constipation[J].J Neu⁃ rogastroenterol Motil,2016,22(3):497-508

    • [11] KUO T B,LIN T,YANG C C,et al.Effect of aging on gen⁃ der differences in neural control of heart rate[J].Am J Physiol,1999,277(6):H2233-H2239

    • [12] SCOTT S M,CARRINGTON E V.The London classifica⁃ tion:improving characterization and classification of ano⁃ rectal function with anorectal manometry[J].Curr Gastro⁃ enterol Rep,2020,22(11):55

    • [13] CHEN J,MCCALLUM R W,RICHARDS R.Frequency components of the electrogastrogram and their correla⁃ tions with gastrointestinal contractions in humans[J].Med Biol Eng Comput,1993,31(1):60-67

    • [14] AGACHAN F,CHEN T,PFEIFER J,et al.A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients[J].Dis Colon Rectum,1996,39(6):681-685

    • [15] NERI L,CONWAY P M,BASILISCO G,et al.Confirma⁃ tory factor analysis of the patient assessment of constipa⁃ tion ⁃ symptoms(PAC ⁃ SYM)among patients with chronic constipation[J].Qual Life Res,2015,24(7):1597-1605

    • [16] MARQUIS P,DE LA LOGE C,DUBOIS D,et al.Devel⁃ opment and validation of the patient assessment of consti⁃ pation quality of life questionnaire[J].Scand J Gastroen⁃ terol,2005,40(5):540-551

    • [17] TANAKA ⁃ MATSUMI J,KAMEOKA V A.Reliabilities and concurrent validities of popular self ⁃ report measures of depression,anxiety,and social desirability[J].J Con⁃ sult Clin Psychol,1986,54(3):328-333

    • [18] ZUNG W W.A self⁃rating depression scale[J].Arch Gen Psychiatry,1965,12:63-70

    • [19] SHINBA T,KARIYA N,MATSUI Y,et al.Decrease in heart rate variability response to task is related to anxiety and depressiveness in normal subjects[J].Psychiatry Clin Neurosci,2008,62(5):603-609

    • [20] GUE M,JUNIEN J L,BUENO L.Conditioned emotional response in rats enhances colonic motility through the central release of corticotropin ⁃ releasing factor[J].Gas⁃ troenterology,1991,100(4):964-970

    • [21] ZHOU L,LIN Z,LIN L,et al.Functional constipation:im⁃ plications for nursing interventions[J].J Clin Nurs,2010,19(13-14):1838-1843

    • [22] LIU T T,YI C H,CHEN C L,et al.Impact of sleep dys⁃ function on anorectal motility in healthy humans[J].J Neurogastroenterol Motil,2011,17(2):180-184

    • [23] JIANG Y,TANG Y,LIN L.Clinical characteristics of dif⁃ ferent primary constipation subtypes in a Chinese popula⁃ tion[J].J Clin Gastroenterol,2020,54(7):626-632

    • [24] KNOWLES C H,SCOTT S M,LUNNISS P J.Slow transit constipation:a disorder of pelvic autonomic nerves?[J].Dig Dis Sci,2001,46(2):389-401

    • [25] RAETHJEN J,PILOT M A,KNOWLES C,et al.Selective autonomic and sensory deficits in slow transit constipation [J].J Auton Nerv Syst,1997,66(1/2):46-52

    • [26] LIU L,MILKOVA N,NIRMALATHASAN S,et al.Diag⁃ nosis of colonic dysmotility associated with autonomic dysfunction in patients with chronic refractory constipa⁃ tion[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):12051

    • [27] HUANG Z,LI S,FOREMAN R D,et al.Sacral nerve stim⁃ ulation with appropriate parameters improves constipation in rats by enhancing colon motility mediated via the auto⁃ nomic ⁃cholinergic mechanisms[J].Am J Physiol Gastro⁃ intest Liver Physiol,2019,317(5):G609-G617

    • [28] JIANG Y,TANG Y R,XIE C,et al.Influence of sleep dis⁃ orders on somatic symptoms,mental health,and quality of life in patients with chronic constipation[J].Medicine,2017,96(7):e6093

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BARBERIO B,JUDGE C,SAVARINO E V,et al.Global prevalence of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol,2021,6(8):638-648

    • [2] BHARUCHA A E,PEMBERTON J H,LOCKE G R.American Gastroenterological Association technical re⁃ view on constipation[J].Gastroenterology,2013,144(1):218-238

    • [3] DROSSMAN D A.Functional gastrointestinal disorders:history,pathophysiology,clinical features and Rome IV [J].Gastroenterology,2016,doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032

    • [4] CHAN A O,CHENG C,HUI W M,et al.Differing coping mechanisms,stress level and anorectal physiology in pa⁃ tients with functional constipation[J].World J Gastroen⁃ terol,2005,11(34):5362-5366

    • [5] BLACK C J,DROSSMAN D A,TALLEY N J,et al.Func⁃ tional gastrointestinal disorders:advances in understand⁃ ing and management[J].Lancet,2020,396(10263):1664-1674

    • [6] LIU Q,WANG E M,YAN X J,et al.Autonomic function⁃ ing in irritable bowel syndrome measured by heart rate variability:a meta⁃analysis[J].J Dig Dis,2013,14(12):638-646

    • [7] TOUGAS G.The autonomic nervous system in functional bowel disorders[J].Gut,2000,47(Suppl 4):iv78-iv80

    • [8] Heart rate variability.Standards of measurement,physio⁃ logical interpretation,and clinical use.Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology[J].Eur Heart J,1996,17(3):354-381

    • [9] AZIZ I,WHITEHEAD W E,PALSSON O S,et al.An ap⁃ proach to the diagnosis and management of Rome Ⅳ func⁃ tional disorders of chronic constipation[J].Expert RevGastroenterol Hepatol,2020,14(1):39-46

    • [10] GONG B Y,MA H M,ZANG X Y,et al.Efficacy of crani⁃ al electrotherapy stimulation combined with biofeedback therapy in patients with functional constipation[J].J Neu⁃ rogastroenterol Motil,2016,22(3):497-508

    • [11] KUO T B,LIN T,YANG C C,et al.Effect of aging on gen⁃ der differences in neural control of heart rate[J].Am J Physiol,1999,277(6):H2233-H2239

    • [12] SCOTT S M,CARRINGTON E V.The London classifica⁃ tion:improving characterization and classification of ano⁃ rectal function with anorectal manometry[J].Curr Gastro⁃ enterol Rep,2020,22(11):55

    • [13] CHEN J,MCCALLUM R W,RICHARDS R.Frequency components of the electrogastrogram and their correla⁃ tions with gastrointestinal contractions in humans[J].Med Biol Eng Comput,1993,31(1):60-67

    • [14] AGACHAN F,CHEN T,PFEIFER J,et al.A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients[J].Dis Colon Rectum,1996,39(6):681-685

    • [15] NERI L,CONWAY P M,BASILISCO G,et al.Confirma⁃ tory factor analysis of the patient assessment of constipa⁃ tion ⁃ symptoms(PAC ⁃ SYM)among patients with chronic constipation[J].Qual Life Res,2015,24(7):1597-1605

    • [16] MARQUIS P,DE LA LOGE C,DUBOIS D,et al.Devel⁃ opment and validation of the patient assessment of consti⁃ pation quality of life questionnaire[J].Scand J Gastroen⁃ terol,2005,40(5):540-551

    • [17] TANAKA ⁃ MATSUMI J,KAMEOKA V A.Reliabilities and concurrent validities of popular self ⁃ report measures of depression,anxiety,and social desirability[J].J Con⁃ sult Clin Psychol,1986,54(3):328-333

    • [18] ZUNG W W.A self⁃rating depression scale[J].Arch Gen Psychiatry,1965,12:63-70

    • [19] SHINBA T,KARIYA N,MATSUI Y,et al.Decrease in heart rate variability response to task is related to anxiety and depressiveness in normal subjects[J].Psychiatry Clin Neurosci,2008,62(5):603-609

    • [20] GUE M,JUNIEN J L,BUENO L.Conditioned emotional response in rats enhances colonic motility through the central release of corticotropin ⁃ releasing factor[J].Gas⁃ troenterology,1991,100(4):964-970

    • [21] ZHOU L,LIN Z,LIN L,et al.Functional constipation:im⁃ plications for nursing interventions[J].J Clin Nurs,2010,19(13-14):1838-1843

    • [22] LIU T T,YI C H,CHEN C L,et al.Impact of sleep dys⁃ function on anorectal motility in healthy humans[J].J Neurogastroenterol Motil,2011,17(2):180-184

    • [23] JIANG Y,TANG Y,LIN L.Clinical characteristics of dif⁃ ferent primary constipation subtypes in a Chinese popula⁃ tion[J].J Clin Gastroenterol,2020,54(7):626-632

    • [24] KNOWLES C H,SCOTT S M,LUNNISS P J.Slow transit constipation:a disorder of pelvic autonomic nerves?[J].Dig Dis Sci,2001,46(2):389-401

    • [25] RAETHJEN J,PILOT M A,KNOWLES C,et al.Selective autonomic and sensory deficits in slow transit constipation [J].J Auton Nerv Syst,1997,66(1/2):46-52

    • [26] LIU L,MILKOVA N,NIRMALATHASAN S,et al.Diag⁃ nosis of colonic dysmotility associated with autonomic dysfunction in patients with chronic refractory constipa⁃ tion[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):12051

    • [27] HUANG Z,LI S,FOREMAN R D,et al.Sacral nerve stim⁃ ulation with appropriate parameters improves constipation in rats by enhancing colon motility mediated via the auto⁃ nomic ⁃cholinergic mechanisms[J].Am J Physiol Gastro⁃ intest Liver Physiol,2019,317(5):G609-G617

    • [28] JIANG Y,TANG Y R,XIE C,et al.Influence of sleep dis⁃ orders on somatic symptoms,mental health,and quality of life in patients with chronic constipation[J].Medicine,2017,96(7):e6093