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通讯作者:

徐卫,E-mail:xuwei10000@hotmail.com

中图分类号:R733.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)04-518-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230410

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨血小板-淋巴细胞比值(platelet-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)在原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central ner- vous system lymphoma,PCNSL)中的预后作用,寻找适合亚洲PCNSL人群的改良国际结外淋巴瘤研究组(International Extranod- al Lymphoma Study Group,IELSG)评分系统。方法:回顾性分析2011年6月—2021年12月于南京医科大学第一附属医院就诊的72例原发中枢神经系统弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)患者的临床资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法、单因素和多因素 Cox 回归分析等进行生存分析和预后因素评估。结果:PCNSL 患者的中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)分别为 17 个月和 39 个月。单因素 Cox 回归分析证实 PLR≥107(P=0.022, P=0.038)、年龄≥54 岁(P=0.043,P=0.027)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)/参考值正常上限(upper limit of normal value,ULN)>2(P=0.080,P=0.064)、脑脊液(cerebro-spinal fluid,CSF)蛋白/ULN>2(P=0.051,P=0.023)、美国东部肿瘤协作组体能状态(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status,ECOG)评分≥2(P=0.029,P=0.027)和改良IELSG高危组(P=0.064, P=0.001)与较短的 PFS 和 OS 有关。多因素 Cox 回归分析证实 PLR≥107(P=0.011,P=0.022)和 ECOG 评分≥2(P=0.013, P=0.015)是PCNSL患者PFS和OS的独立危险因素。结论:PLR或可以作为一项评估PCNSL预后的指标。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the prognostic implication of the platelet - lymphocyte ratio(PLR)in primary central nervous system lymphoma(PCNSL)and to find a modified IELSG scoring system suitable for the Asian PCNSL population. Methods:The clinical data of 72 patients with PCNSL from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between June 2011 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan - Meier method,univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed for survival analysis and prognostic factors evaluation. Results:Median progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival (OS)were 17 months and 39 months in PCNSL patients,respectively. Univariate Cox regression analysis confirmed PLR ≥107(P=0.022, P=0.038),age 54≥ years(P=0.043,P=0.027),LDH/ULN>2(P=0.080,P=0.064),CSF protein/ULN>2(P=0.051,P=0.023), ECOG≥2(P=0.029,P=0.027)and modified IELSG high - risk group(P=0.064,P=0.001)were associated with shorter PFS and OS. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed PLR ≥107(P=0.011,P=0.022)and ECOG≥2(P=0.013,P=0.015)were independent risk factors for PFS and OS of PCNSL patients. Conclusion:PLR may be used as an indicator to evaluate the prognosis of PCNSL.

  • 原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)是一种罕见的非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non⁃Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL),局限于中枢神经系统,包括大脑、脊柱、脑脊液(cerebro⁃ spinal fluid,CSF)和眼睛[1]。PCNSL 约占淋巴结外 NHL 的 4%~6%,占所有原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤的2%~4%[2-3]。与其他脑肿瘤不同,PCNSL通常对化疗和放疗都有良好的反应,但与中枢神经系统以外的淋巴瘤相比,预后通常较差,5 年总生存(overall survival,OS)率为 33%。年轻患者的中位 OS 为 83 个月(<50 岁),而 50~69 岁患者的中位 OS 为 25 个月,≥70岁老年患者的中位OS为6个月,如果不进行治疗,疾病进展迅速,OS 仅为 1.5 个月[4-5]。近些年 PCNSL 发病率在老年人群中逐年上升[6]。随着甲氨蝶呤加入一线治疗方案,PCNSL的预后整体呈现出改善的形势,但缓解持续时间短、复发率高、神经系统不良反应较大,总体生存期短,此外,对于复发/难治 PCNSL,传统治疗方法效果并不能令人满意[7]。因此寻找新的 PCNSL 预后指标刻不容缓。

  • 目前有两种评分系统用于预测 PCNSL 患者的预后:国际结外淋巴瘤研究组(International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group,IELSG)评分和纪念斯隆⁃ 凯特琳癌症中心(Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,MSKCC)预后评分[8-9]。IELSG 包括 5 个变量:年龄、美国东部肿瘤协作组体能状态(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status,ECOG) 评分、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、 CSF 蛋白水平和脑深部受累程度,而 MSKCC 评分只包括两个变量,即年龄和 Karnofsky 行为状态评分(KPS)。除以上两种预后评分系统外,据报道, HIV 感染、EB 病毒感染、CXCL13 表达和 STAT3 磷酸化升高等与不良预后有关[10-13]。虽然 IELSG 和 MSKCC 模型的有效性已被证实,但诊断 PCNSL 时的风险评估效果仍不佳[14-16],这些预后模型仍需优化。

  • 既往研究表明,血小板与淋巴细胞比值 (platelet⁃lymphocyte ratio,PLR)在许多肿瘤中已经体现出了其预后价值[ 17 ]。大量的证据已经证实其在泌尿系统肿瘤[18-19]、乳腺癌[20]、肝癌[21] 等中的预后价值,但是关于 PLR 在 PCNSL 中的预后价值仍未有足够的证据证明。本研究旨在寻找一个方法简单且适合亚洲人群的预后模型。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2011年6月—2021年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院治疗的 72 例新诊断为原发中枢神经系统弥漫大B 细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B⁃cell lymphoma,DLBCL)患者。纳入标准如下:①根据2016年世界卫生组织分类病理诊断为中枢神经系统的DLBCL;②接受大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HD⁃MTX: 3.0~3.5 g/m2 )方案作为诱导化疗至少 3 个周期,并进行评估;③有完整的人口统计学数据和基线临床特征。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,所有患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 从医院电子病历系统中收集年龄、性别、ECOG 评分、病变数量和位置、一线治疗及结局。此外,还收集了实验室数据,包括CSF蛋白、LDH、淋巴细胞和血小板(platelet,PLT),均取自患者治疗前1周内结果。为了排除中枢以外部位的病灶,需要进行增强全身计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)或正电子发射断层扫描CT(PET⁃CT),以及骨髓抽吸和活检。

  • 所有病例通过门诊就诊记录、住院病历及电话进行随访,随访截止日期为2022年2月11日。无进展生存(progression free survival,PFS)定义为从开始治疗第1天至疾病发生进展或死亡时间;总生存定义为从开始治疗到由任何原因导致死亡或失访的时间。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS 25.0、GraphPad Prism 8和R4.1.1进行统计分析。通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线计算 PLR 最佳临界值。生存曲线采用 Kaplan⁃Meier 法进行,统计学相关性采用双侧对数秩和检验。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。对 OS 和 PFS 的结果进行单因素和多因素 Cox 回归分析,仅将单因素分析中有统计学意义的因素纳入多因素 Cox 分析。此外,采用 Cox 风险模型对具有 95%置信区间(95%CI)的风险比(HR)进行分析。利用森林图来可视化结果。利用一致性指数 (C⁃index)和ROC曲线的AUC来评价不同模型的性能。利用Bootstrap自抽样法再次对模型进行验证。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者的临床特征

  • 72 例患者的中位年龄为62(52,76)岁,其中年龄 >60岁共39例(54.2%)。男41例(56.9%),女31例 (43.1%),33 例(45.8%)患者 ECOG 评分≥2。25 例 (34.7%)患者为单一病变,47例(65.3%)患者涉及脑深部结构。大多数患者(90.3%)的 LDH 水平正常 (LDH≤271 U/L)。此外,对44例患者进行了CSF检查,其中34例(77.3%)患者发现CSF蛋白升高。根据 IELSG 评分,44 例患者中,11 例(25.0%)、25 例 (56.8%)和 8 例(18.2%)分别被评为低、中、高危患者。根据 MSKCC 评分,将患者分为 3 个危险组: 19.4%患者为“<50岁”组,37.5%患者为“≥50岁并且 KPS≥70”组,43.1%患者为“≥50岁并且KPS <70”组 (表1)。

  • 所有患者均接受治疗:52 例(72.2%)接受了手术和化疗,12 例(16.7%)同时接受了放疗和化疗,8例(11.1%)接受了单独化疗。中位随访时间为 41个月(3~105个月),中位PFS和OS分别为17个月 (95%CI:5.24~28.76个月)和39个月(95%CI:23.53~54.47个月)。

  • 2.2 确定PLR的最佳临界值、分组及生存分析

  • 72 例 PCNSL 患者,运用 ROC 曲线计算约登指数(灵敏度+特异性-1)。PFS 和 OS 的 ROC 曲线下面积(AUC)分别为 0.618 和 0.585;当 PLR 为 107.014 时,约登指数所对应的PFS和OS分别达到最大值 0.212 和 0.206,此时灵敏度、特异度分别为 67.4%和 53.9%、70.6%和 50.0%(图1);故将 107 作为 PLR 最佳临界值,将患者分为高 PLR 组(PLR≥ 107,n=43)和低 PLR 组(PLR<107,n=29)。分析患者PLR对PFS和OS的影响。由图2可见,高PLR是 PFS(P=0.015)和 OS(P=0.032)较短的显著预测因子,提示不良预后。

  • 表1 72例患者的基线临床特征

  • Table1 Baseline characteristics of 72 patients

  • A:基于PFS的PLR最佳临界值的ROC曲线分析;B:基于OS的PLR最佳临界值的ROC曲线分析。

  • 图1 PLR的最佳临界值

  • Figure1 The cut⁃off values for PLR

  • 图2 根据PLR分组的PCNSL患者Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线

  • Figure2 Kaplan⁃Meier survival curves of PCNSL patients stratified by PLR

  • 2.3 改良IESLG

  • 采用 ROC 曲线确定 IELSG 评分中各因素的最佳临界值(表2)。对 OS 分析,最佳临界值为:年龄 54 岁(AUC=0.560,灵敏度=0.824,特异度=0.395), CSF 蛋白 0.82 g/L(AUC=0.623,灵敏度=0.778,特异度 =0.654)和 LDH 200 U/L(AUC=0.590,灵敏度 = 0.618,特异度=0.658)。同时,这些临界值对PFS也有显著的预测价值,分别为年龄54岁(AUC=0.496,灵敏度=0.783,特异度=0.577)、CSF 蛋白 0.82 g/L (AUC = 0.580,灵敏度=0.630,特异度=0.647)和LDH 200 U/L(AUC=0.641,灵敏度=0.587,特异度=0.731)。单因素Cox回归分析显示,年龄≥54岁、ECOG 评分 ≥2、LDH/ULN >2、CSF 蛋白≥2 及 PLR≥107 与更短的PFS和OS有关(P <0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,PLR≥107、ECOG 评分≥2 是影响 PNCSL 患者 PFS(HR=2.20,95%CI:1.04~4.65,P=0.011;HR=2.16, 95%CI:1.09~4.28,P=0.013)和OS(HR=2.42,95%CI: 1.13~5.16,P=0.015;HR=2.35,95% CI:1.18~4.70, P=0.015)的独立危险因素(图3、4)。

  • 表2 变量的参考值和按最佳临界值分组

  • Table2 Reference values and the group divided by opti⁃ mal cut⁃off values for variable

  • 因为不同实验室检测的正常值上限(upper limitnormal,ULN)有很大的不同,为了方便临床应用,选择 LDH 和 CSF 蛋白与 ULN 的比值作为构建模型的指标。至此,在 44 例有 CSF 蛋白检查的患者中建立了改良的 IELSG 评分系统,该系统包括年龄 ≥54 岁、ECOG评分≥2、累及脑深部结构、CSF蛋白/ ULN >2和LDH/ULN >0.75。

  • 一致性指数 C⁃index 显示 PLR 联合改良 IELSG 评分系统(PFS:0.658,OS:0.715)和改良IELSG评分系统(PFS:0.661,OS:0.708)显著优于IELSG评分系统(PFS:0.603,OS:0.621)。同样,ROC分析也证实,前两种评分系统相较于后者的 PFS(AUC:0.755 vs. 0.759 vs. 0.697,P=0.004,图5A)和 OS(AUC:0.785 vs. 0.779 vs. 0.692,P=0.002,图5B)具有更高的预后准确性。此外,为了避免过拟合及对新建预后评分系统的高估,每个预后评分系统分别采用 Bootstrap 自抽样法进行了1 000次重复抽样求平均值,结果依旧可以证明前两者预后准确性高于后者 (表3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • PCNSL 约占淋巴结外 NHL 的 4%~6%,占所有原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤的2%~4%[2-3]。PCNSL患者总体预后差,5 年生存率为 33%。如果不进行治疗,疾病进展迅速,OS 仅为 1.5 个月[4-5]。由于其原发中枢的特殊性,很多化疗药物无法通过血脑屏障从而无法发挥作用。本研究中,72 例 PCNSL 患者中位发病年龄为 62 岁,发病年龄与既往文献报道相似[22]

  • 大量研究认为 IELSG 评分在 PCNSL 的预后评估中发挥着重要作用,尤其是在指导临床治疗方面,但IELSG评分的建立是在欧洲患者的基础上,难以全面表现亚洲患者的预后。与此同时,上述评分系统包括的临床特征并不能全面反映 PCNSL 患者的生物学特征。因此,目前的评分系统需要改良和更新。

  • A:森林图预测PFS单因素Cox回归分析;B:森林图预测PFS多因素Cox回归分析。

  • 图3 森林图预测OFS单因素及多因素Cox回归分析

  • Figure3 The forest plot presents the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of factors in predicting PFS

  • A:森林图预测OS单因素Cox回归分析;B:森林图预测OS多因素Cox回归分析。

  • 图4 森林图预测OS的单因素及多因素Cox回归分析

  • Figure4 The forest plot presents the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of factors in predicting OS

  • 越来越多的证据表明,炎症反应贯穿肿瘤发生发展的各个环节,癌症相关炎症可以促进恶性细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移[23]。以PLR为代表的其他全身性炎症反应指标的预后价值也已在几种癌症中得到证明[17-21]。有研究发现,炎症反应释放多种细胞因子,如白介素⁃2等,将会抑制宿主免疫反应,从而抑制免疫功能,促进肿瘤细胞增殖[24-27]。淋巴细胞作为肿瘤微环境中的组成部分之一,其在肿瘤的发生及发展中发挥着重要的作用[27]。既往研究发现,外周血淋巴细胞数量减少是影响滤泡细胞淋巴瘤、结外 NK/T 细胞淋巴瘤、DLBCL 预后的独立危险因素[28-30]。血小板由骨髓造血组织中的巨核细胞产生,很多研究表明血小板可以促进肿瘤细胞增殖和稳定,提高肿瘤细胞的侵袭能力[31-32]。体外实验中,血小板通过增强基质金属蛋白酶⁃9 的分泌来激活肿瘤细胞的侵袭性[33]。当肿瘤微环境中血小板增多或淋巴细胞减少,PLR比例增高,机体抵抗肿瘤的能力降低,促进肿瘤的增殖。该结论与本研究结果一致,本研究发现低 PLR 组 PFS 和 OS 较高 PLR 组长,单因素分析及多因素分析亦证实 PLR 是影响 PCNSL 患者预后的独立因素。分析原因可能是癌症刺激机体产生炎症反应,炎症刺激巨核细胞产生血小板,癌症患者外周血淋巴细胞减少,从而使得机体免疫反应失衡,肿瘤逃逸。

  • A:PLR+改进IELSG与改良IELSG和IELSG预测PFS的ROC曲线;B:PLR+改良IELSG与改进IELSG和IELSG预测OS的ROC曲线。

  • 图5 通过ROC曲线比较PLR+改良IELSG与IELSG和改良IELSG模型

  • Figure5 Improved IELSG with PLR was compared with IELSG and Improved IELSG by ROC curves

  • 表3 Bootstrap自抽样1 000次PFS及OS的AUC和C⁃index平均值和95%CI

  • Table3 AUC and C⁃index means and 95% confidence intervals for Bootstrap self⁃sampling1 000 times for PFS and OS

  • 此外,对本中心72例PCNSL患者进行了IELSA 分层评估,结果显示,原 IELSA 评分系统中只有ECOG评分有显著的预后意义,因此,重新计算了年龄、LDH 和 CSF 蛋白水平的最佳临界值。单因素 Cox 回归分析显示,年龄≥54 岁、ECOG 评分≥2、 LDH/ULN>0.75、CSF 蛋白/ULN>2 及 PLR≥107 与 PFS 和 OS 有关。多因素 Cox 回归分析显示,PLR≥ 107、ECOG≥2 是影响 PNCSL 患者 PFS 和 OS 的独立危险因素。

  • 本研究结果表明,PLR或可以作为PCNSL患者预后的一项危险因素,且因为血液学检查在各级医院均可检查,操作简单,容易获得且便于推广,对于指导临床来说,使用价值高。本研究仍旧存在局限之处:①是回顾性研究而非前瞻性;②样本量有限; ③单中心而非多中心。今后仍需要多中心的更大样本量回顾性或前瞻性研究来证实,以更好地指导临床医生制定个体化的治疗方案,改善患者预后。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GROMMES C,DEANGELIS L M.Primary CNS lymphoma [J].J Clin Oncol,2017,35(21):2410-2418

    • [2] HOUILLIER C,SOUSSAIN C,GHESQUIÈRES H,et al.Management and outcome of primary CNS lymphoma in the modern era:an LOC network study[J].Neurology,2020,94(10):e1027-e1039

    • [3] KORFEL A,SCHLEGEL U.Diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma[J].Nat Rev Neurol,2013,9(6):317-327

    • [4] MENDEZ J S,OSTROM Q T,GITTLEMAN H,et al.The elderly left behind ⁃changes in survival trends of primary central nervous system lymphoma over the past 4 decades [J].Neuro Oncol,2018,20(5):687-694

    • [5] PANAGEAS K S,ELKIN E B,DEANGELIS L M,et al.Trends in survival from primary central nervous system lymphoma,1975-1999:a population ⁃ based analysis[J].Cancer,2005,104(11):2466-2472

    • [6] HOANG⁃XUAN K,DECKERT M,FERRERI A J M,et al.European Association of Neuro⁃Oncology(EANO)guide⁃ lines for treatment of primary central nervous system lym⁃ phoma(PCNSL)[J].Neuro Oncol,2023,25(1):37-53

    • [7] 赵苗苗,徐卫.原发中枢神经系统淋巴瘤诊治进展 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1879-1884

    • [8] ABREY L E,BEN⁃PORAT L,PANAGEAS K S,et al.Pri⁃ mary central nervous system lymphoma:the Memorial Sloan ⁃ Kettering Cancer Center prognostic model[J].J Clin Oncol,2006,24(36):5711-5715

    • [9] FERRERI A J,BLAY J Y,RENI M,et al.Prognostic scor⁃ ing system for primary CNS lymphomas:the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group experience[J].J Clin Oncol,2003,21(2):266-272

    • [10] CHUNSONG H,YULING H,LI W,et al.CXC chemokine ligand 13 and CC chemokine ligand 19 cooperatively ren⁃ der resistance to apoptosis in B cell lineage acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia CD23 + CD5 + B cells[J].J Immunol,2006,177(10):6713-6722

    • [11] OYAMA T,YAMAMOTO K,ASANO N,et al.Age⁃relat⁃ ed EBV ⁃ associated B ⁃ cell lymphoproliferative disorders constitute a distinct clinicopathologic group:a study of 96 patients[J].Clin Cancer Res,2007,13(17):5124-5132

    • [12] VILLANO J L,KOSHY M,SHAIKH H,et al.Age,gen⁃ der,and racial differences in incidence and survival in primary CNS lymphoma[J].Br J Cancer,2011,105(9):1414-1418

    • [13] YANG X,WANG Y,SUN X,et al.STAT3 activation is as⁃ sociated with interleukin ⁃ 10 expression and survival in primary central nervous system lymphoma[J].World Neu⁃ rosurg,2020,134:e1077-e1084

    • [14] LIU C J,LIN S Y,YANG C F,et al.A new prognostic score for disease progression and mortality in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma[J].Cancer Med,2020,9(6):2134-2145

    • [15] SCHORB E,KASENDA B,ATTA J,et al.Prognosis of pa⁃ tients with primary central nervous system lymphoma af⁃ ter high ⁃ dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation[J].Haematologica,2013,98(5):765-770

    • [16] WIEDUWILT M J,VALLES F,ISSA S,et al.Immunoche⁃ motherapy with intensive consolidation for primary CNS lymphoma:a pilot study and prognostic assessment by dif⁃ fusion⁃weighted MRI[J].Clin Cancer Res,2012,18(4):1146-1155

    • [17] LI B,ZHOU P,LIU Y,et al.Platelet⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio in advanced cancer:review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Clin Chim Acta,2018,483:48-56

    • [18] LI D Y,HAO X Y,MA T M,et al.The prognostic value of platelet⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio in urological cancers:a meta⁃ analysis[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):15387

    • [19] 罗后宙,陈国强.外周血中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值和血小板/淋巴细胞比值预测前列腺癌去势治疗后的病情进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(9):1265-1270

    • [20] ZHANG M,HUANG X Z,SONG Y X,et al.High platelet⁃ to ⁃ lymphocyte ratio predicts poor prognosis and clinico⁃ pathological characteristics in patients with breast can⁃ cer:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Biomed Res Int,2017,2017:9503025

    • [21] MA W,ZHANG P,QI J,et al.Prognostic value of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:35378

    • [22] FENG Y,LIU Y,ZHONG M,et al.Complete blood count score model predicts inferior prognosis in primary central nervous system lymphoma[J].Front Oncol,2021,11:618694

    • [23] GRIVENNIKOV S I,GRETEN F R,KARIN M.Immuni⁃ ty,inflammation,and cancer[J].Cell,2010,140(6):883-899

    • [24] SHARMA D,BRUMMEL⁃ZIEDINS K E,BOUCHARD B A,et al.Platelets in tumor progression:a host factor that offers multiple potential targets in the treatment of cancer [J].J Cell Physiol,2014,229(8):1005-1015

    • [25] AMO L,TAMAYO⁃ORBEGOZO E,MARURI N,et al.In⁃ volvement of platelet ⁃ tumor cell interaction in immune evasion.Potential role of podocalyxin ⁃like protein 1[J].Front Oncol,2014,4:245

    • [26] TESFAMARIAM B.Involvement of platelets in tumor cell metastasis[J].Pharmacol Ther,2016,157:112-119

    • [27] GOODEN M J,DE BOCK G H,LEFFERS N,et al.The prognostic influence of tumour⁃infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer:a systematic review with meta ⁃ analysis[J].Br J Cancer,2011,105(1):93-103

    • [28] SIDDIQUI M,RISTOW K,MARKOVIC S N,et al.Abso⁃ lute lymphocyte count predicts overall survival in follicu⁃ lar lymphomas[J].Br J Haematol,2006,134(6):596-601

    • [29] HUANG J J,JIANG W Q,LIN T Y,et al.Absolute lym⁃ phocyte count is a novel prognostic indicator in extranod⁃ al natural killer/T⁃cell lymphoma,nasal type[J].Ann On⁃ col,2011,22(1):149-155

    • [30] FENG J,WANG Z,GUO X,et al.Prognostic significance of absolute lymphocyte count at diagnosis of diffuse large B ⁃ cell lymphoma:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Int J Hematol,2012,95(2):143-148

    • [31] 王爱云,曹玉珠,韦忠红,等.血小板促进肿瘤生长与转移机制研究进展[J].中国药理学通报,2018,34(8):1045-1049

    • [32] MEZOUAR S,FRèRE C,DARBOUSSET R,et al.Role of platelets in cancer and cancer⁃associated thrombosis:Ex⁃ perimental and clinical evidences[J].Thromb Res,2016,139:65-76

    • [33] SUZUKI K,AIURA K,UEDA M,et al.The influence of platelets on the promotion of invasion by tumor cells and inhibition by antiplatelet agents[J].Pancreas,2004,29(2):132-140

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GROMMES C,DEANGELIS L M.Primary CNS lymphoma [J].J Clin Oncol,2017,35(21):2410-2418

    • [2] HOUILLIER C,SOUSSAIN C,GHESQUIÈRES H,et al.Management and outcome of primary CNS lymphoma in the modern era:an LOC network study[J].Neurology,2020,94(10):e1027-e1039

    • [3] KORFEL A,SCHLEGEL U.Diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma[J].Nat Rev Neurol,2013,9(6):317-327

    • [4] MENDEZ J S,OSTROM Q T,GITTLEMAN H,et al.The elderly left behind ⁃changes in survival trends of primary central nervous system lymphoma over the past 4 decades [J].Neuro Oncol,2018,20(5):687-694

    • [5] PANAGEAS K S,ELKIN E B,DEANGELIS L M,et al.Trends in survival from primary central nervous system lymphoma,1975-1999:a population ⁃ based analysis[J].Cancer,2005,104(11):2466-2472

    • [6] HOANG⁃XUAN K,DECKERT M,FERRERI A J M,et al.European Association of Neuro⁃Oncology(EANO)guide⁃ lines for treatment of primary central nervous system lym⁃ phoma(PCNSL)[J].Neuro Oncol,2023,25(1):37-53

    • [7] 赵苗苗,徐卫.原发中枢神经系统淋巴瘤诊治进展 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1879-1884

    • [8] ABREY L E,BEN⁃PORAT L,PANAGEAS K S,et al.Pri⁃ mary central nervous system lymphoma:the Memorial Sloan ⁃ Kettering Cancer Center prognostic model[J].J Clin Oncol,2006,24(36):5711-5715

    • [9] FERRERI A J,BLAY J Y,RENI M,et al.Prognostic scor⁃ ing system for primary CNS lymphomas:the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group experience[J].J Clin Oncol,2003,21(2):266-272

    • [10] CHUNSONG H,YULING H,LI W,et al.CXC chemokine ligand 13 and CC chemokine ligand 19 cooperatively ren⁃ der resistance to apoptosis in B cell lineage acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia CD23 + CD5 + B cells[J].J Immunol,2006,177(10):6713-6722

    • [11] OYAMA T,YAMAMOTO K,ASANO N,et al.Age⁃relat⁃ ed EBV ⁃ associated B ⁃ cell lymphoproliferative disorders constitute a distinct clinicopathologic group:a study of 96 patients[J].Clin Cancer Res,2007,13(17):5124-5132

    • [12] VILLANO J L,KOSHY M,SHAIKH H,et al.Age,gen⁃ der,and racial differences in incidence and survival in primary CNS lymphoma[J].Br J Cancer,2011,105(9):1414-1418

    • [13] YANG X,WANG Y,SUN X,et al.STAT3 activation is as⁃ sociated with interleukin ⁃ 10 expression and survival in primary central nervous system lymphoma[J].World Neu⁃ rosurg,2020,134:e1077-e1084

    • [14] LIU C J,LIN S Y,YANG C F,et al.A new prognostic score for disease progression and mortality in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma[J].Cancer Med,2020,9(6):2134-2145

    • [15] SCHORB E,KASENDA B,ATTA J,et al.Prognosis of pa⁃ tients with primary central nervous system lymphoma af⁃ ter high ⁃ dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation[J].Haematologica,2013,98(5):765-770

    • [16] WIEDUWILT M J,VALLES F,ISSA S,et al.Immunoche⁃ motherapy with intensive consolidation for primary CNS lymphoma:a pilot study and prognostic assessment by dif⁃ fusion⁃weighted MRI[J].Clin Cancer Res,2012,18(4):1146-1155

    • [17] LI B,ZHOU P,LIU Y,et al.Platelet⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio in advanced cancer:review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Clin Chim Acta,2018,483:48-56

    • [18] LI D Y,HAO X Y,MA T M,et al.The prognostic value of platelet⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio in urological cancers:a meta⁃ analysis[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):15387

    • [19] 罗后宙,陈国强.外周血中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值和血小板/淋巴细胞比值预测前列腺癌去势治疗后的病情进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(9):1265-1270

    • [20] ZHANG M,HUANG X Z,SONG Y X,et al.High platelet⁃ to ⁃ lymphocyte ratio predicts poor prognosis and clinico⁃ pathological characteristics in patients with breast can⁃ cer:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Biomed Res Int,2017,2017:9503025

    • [21] MA W,ZHANG P,QI J,et al.Prognostic value of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:35378

    • [22] FENG Y,LIU Y,ZHONG M,et al.Complete blood count score model predicts inferior prognosis in primary central nervous system lymphoma[J].Front Oncol,2021,11:618694

    • [23] GRIVENNIKOV S I,GRETEN F R,KARIN M.Immuni⁃ ty,inflammation,and cancer[J].Cell,2010,140(6):883-899

    • [24] SHARMA D,BRUMMEL⁃ZIEDINS K E,BOUCHARD B A,et al.Platelets in tumor progression:a host factor that offers multiple potential targets in the treatment of cancer [J].J Cell Physiol,2014,229(8):1005-1015

    • [25] AMO L,TAMAYO⁃ORBEGOZO E,MARURI N,et al.In⁃ volvement of platelet ⁃ tumor cell interaction in immune evasion.Potential role of podocalyxin ⁃like protein 1[J].Front Oncol,2014,4:245

    • [26] TESFAMARIAM B.Involvement of platelets in tumor cell metastasis[J].Pharmacol Ther,2016,157:112-119

    • [27] GOODEN M J,DE BOCK G H,LEFFERS N,et al.The prognostic influence of tumour⁃infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer:a systematic review with meta ⁃ analysis[J].Br J Cancer,2011,105(1):93-103

    • [28] SIDDIQUI M,RISTOW K,MARKOVIC S N,et al.Abso⁃ lute lymphocyte count predicts overall survival in follicu⁃ lar lymphomas[J].Br J Haematol,2006,134(6):596-601

    • [29] HUANG J J,JIANG W Q,LIN T Y,et al.Absolute lym⁃ phocyte count is a novel prognostic indicator in extranod⁃ al natural killer/T⁃cell lymphoma,nasal type[J].Ann On⁃ col,2011,22(1):149-155

    • [30] FENG J,WANG Z,GUO X,et al.Prognostic significance of absolute lymphocyte count at diagnosis of diffuse large B ⁃ cell lymphoma:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Int J Hematol,2012,95(2):143-148

    • [31] 王爱云,曹玉珠,韦忠红,等.血小板促进肿瘤生长与转移机制研究进展[J].中国药理学通报,2018,34(8):1045-1049

    • [32] MEZOUAR S,FRèRE C,DARBOUSSET R,et al.Role of platelets in cancer and cancer⁃associated thrombosis:Ex⁃ perimental and clinical evidences[J].Thromb Res,2016,139:65-76

    • [33] SUZUKI K,AIURA K,UEDA M,et al.The influence of platelets on the promotion of invasion by tumor cells and inhibition by antiplatelet agents[J].Pancreas,2004,29(2):132-140