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通讯作者:

孙晋,E-mail:wander21@126.com

中图分类号:R734.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)04-536-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230413

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评估小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)患者原发灶18F-FDG PET/CT代谢参数与外周血炎症标志物之间的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月—2019年12月于南京医科大学第一附属医院核医学科行PET/CT检测且未行任何治疗的 SCLC 患者,收集 PET/CT 检查前 1 周内的血清炎症标志物[中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet/lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、单核细胞与淋巴细胞比值(monocyte/lymphocyte ratio,MLR)及全身免疫炎症指数(systemic immune-inflammation index,SII)]、临床资料及原发灶PET/CT代谢参数[最大标准摄取值(maximum standardized uptake value,SUVmax)、平均标准摄取值(mean standardized uptake value,SUVmean)、肿瘤代谢体积(metabolic tumor volume,MTV)和病灶糖酵解总量(total lesion glycolysis,TLG)]数据,通过Spearman检验分析它们之间的相关性。结果:56例 SCLC 患者的血清炎症标志物 NLR、PLR、MLR、SII 与原发灶 PET/CT 部分代谢参数[TLG(rNLR=0.309,rPLR=0.304,rMLR=0.271, rSII=0.362),MTV(rNLR=0.354,rPLR=0.341,rMLR=0.290,rSII=0.411)]之间存在轻度正相关性(P 均 < 0.05),而与原发灶的SUVmax 及 SUVmean 均无显著相关性(P 均 > 0.05)。广泛期 SCLC 患者 NLR、MLR、SII、中性粒细胞及原发灶 PET/CT 部分代谢参数 (MTV、TLG)的水平高于局限期,广泛期淋巴细胞低于局限期(P均 < 0.05),而其余原发灶的代谢参数(SUVmax、SUVmean)、 PLR、单核细胞及血小板在SCLC广泛期和局限期中无统计学差异(P 均 > 0.05)。结论:SCLC基线NLR、SII、MLR可能不仅反映全身炎症情况,而且反映肿瘤病灶以18F-FDG活性为代表的炎症情况。对NLR、MLR和SII增高的SCLC患者而言,可能有必要通过PET/CT检查进行分期,从而调整后续的治疗方案。

    Abstract

    Objective:The current study aims to evaluate the correlation between inflammatory markers and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT)metabolic parameters in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC)at baseline. Methods:A total of 56 SCLC patients,who underwent 18F - FDG PET/CT and did not receive any treatment in Department of Nuclear Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2014 and December 2019,were analyzed retrospectively. The inflammatory markers[neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio(NLR),platelet/lymphocyte ratio(PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio(MLR)and systemic immune-inflammation index(SII)],clinical data and metabolic parameters of primary tumor[maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax),mean standardized uptake value(SUVmean),metabolic tumor volume(MTV),TLG(total lesion glycolysis)]within one week before PET/CT detection were collected to analyze the correlation by Spearman’s rho test. Results:The slight positive correlations were found between inflammatory markers(NLR,PLR,MLR,SII)and partial metabolic parameters[TLG(rNLR=0.309,rPLR=0.304,rMLR=0.271,rSII=0.362),MTV(rNLR=0.354,rPLR=0.341,rMLR=0.290,rSII=0.411)]of primary tumor in 56 patients with SCLC(all P < 0.05). The SUVmax and SUVmean were not found to be correlated with these hematological parameters(all P > 0.05). The neutrophils,NLR,MLR,SII,MTV and TLG in extensive stage were higher than those in limited stage, and the lymphocytes in extensive stage were lower than those in limited stage(all P < 0.05),but SUVmax,SUVmean,PLR,monocytes and platelets were not found differences between extensive and limited stage(all P > 0.05). Conclusion:Baseline NLR,MLR,SII of SCLC not only reflect the systemic metabolism,but also reflect the local inflammation of tumor. It may be necessary to receive whole- body PET/CT for staging to adjust treatment strategy in those patients with high NLR or MLR,SII.

    关键词

    小细胞肺癌NLRPLR代谢参数PET/CT

  • 肺癌是全世界癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一[1],小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)占所有肺癌 15%左右,具有早期转移、易复发及 5 年生存率 (5%~10%)低等特点[2]。SCLC 患者手术治疗效果差,目前主要通过放化疗联合进行治疗。18F⁃脱氧葡萄糖(18F⁃fluorodeoxyglucose,18F⁃FDG)正电子发射断层显像/计算机体层摄影(positron emission tomography/ computed tomography,PET/CT)作为功能和解剖一体的显像手段,已被广泛用于大多数恶性肿瘤包括肺癌的分期、再分期、术前评估、预后及疗效评估等方面[3]。PET/CT 代谢参数包括临床使用最广泛的最大标准摄取值(maximum standardized uptake value,SUVmax)、平均标准摄取值(mean standardized uptake value,SUVmean)、肿瘤代谢体积(metabolic tumor volume,MTV)和病灶糖酵解总量(total lesion glycolysis,TLG),后两者能反映肿瘤的葡萄糖代谢活性和肿瘤负荷情况,间接反映了肿瘤的生物侵袭能力。因此,研究报道 PET/CT 代谢参数可预测肿瘤预后[4]

  • 近年研究表明炎症在肿瘤的发生发展、免疫监测和治疗反应中起至关重要的作用,通过促进炎症因子和免疫调节因子的释放,从而形成有利于肿瘤发展的微环境,且可促进肿瘤血管生成,降低肿瘤对抗肿瘤治疗的敏感性[5]。外周血炎症标志物如中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血小板、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet/lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、单核细胞与淋巴细胞比值(monocyte/lymphocyte ratio,MLR) 及全身免疫炎症指数(systemic immune⁃inflammation index,SII)等被证实是多种恶性肿瘤(如肺癌、食管癌、乳腺癌及肾癌等)的潜在预后预测因子[6-12]。目前研究主要集中于炎症标志物和PET/CT代谢参数对恶性肿瘤(非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌等) 预后的影响。但对于 SCLC PET/CT 代谢参数与炎症标志物之间的相关性研究极少。因此,本研究旨在评估 SCLC 外周血炎症指标(NLR、PLR、MLR、 SII)和原发灶 PET/CT 代谢参数(SUVmax、SU⁃ Vmean、MTV和TLG)之间的相关性。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2014年1月—2019年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院PET/CT中心进行检查的56例未经任何治疗的 SCLC 患者,并收集患者临床资料如性别、年龄、吸烟史、体重、身高、血指标(白细胞计数、单核细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、血小板),其中男 48 例,女 8 例,平均年龄 63 岁,43 例有吸烟史。SII 为血小板×中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞计算所得。纳入标准:经组织病理学确诊为SCLC;行 18F⁃FDG PET/CT检查前均未接受过任何治疗和任何影响FDG摄取的临床操作(如穿刺等);患者资料完整。排除标准:PET/CT检查或血常规时处于感染或炎症期;原发灶位置不确定;仅存在转移性淋巴结及其它部位转移灶;原发灶与转移性淋巴结等分界不清;合并严重心、肝、肾和造血系统疾病及其他恶性肿瘤;患者资料不完整且图像质量无法到达诊断标准。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 18 F⁃FDG PET/CT检查

  • 采用德国西门子公司Biograph 16HR PET/CT扫描仪。18F⁃FDG 由美国 GE 公司回旋加速器生产合成,放化纯度≥95%。嘱患者禁食 6 h 以上,使空腹血糖≤7.0 mmol/L,按 3.70~5.55 MBq/kg 体重经静脉注射 18F⁃FDG,在安静状态下休息 60 min 后行检查,先行 CT(管电压 120 kV,管电流 65 mAs,层厚 5.0 mm,层间距 5.0 mm)扫描;随后进行全身 PET(3D采集模式,扫描6~7个床位,2 min/床位)采集,范围自颅顶至股骨上段。用CT数据对PET进行衰减校正,获得融合图像(轴位、冠状位及矢状位)。

  • 1.2.2 图像分析

  • 由 2 名诊断经验丰富的影像科医师进行盲法独立阅片,意见不统一时由科室集体讨论决定。采用肿瘤代谢评估软件对 PET 和 CT 数据进行处理,对 SCLC 原发灶的边缘勾画感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),记录所有患者原发灶的 SUVmax、 SUVmean、MTV和TLG。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用 SPSS 20.0 统计软件分析,符合正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差(x-± s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验,非正态分布数据采用中位数 (四分位数)MP25P75)表示,组间比较采用 Mann⁃ Whitney U 检验;相关性分析采用Spearman检验(相关系数的绝对值:0~0.40为轻度;0.41~0.70为中度; 0.71~1.00为高度)。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 原发灶PET/CT代谢参数及外周血指标在局限期和广泛期之间的差异

  • 本研究中广泛期SCLC的NLR、MLR、SII、MTV、 TLG 与中性粒细胞值均高于局限期 SCLC,差异均有统计学意义(P 均 <0.05);广泛期的淋巴细胞低于局限期(P=0.046);广泛期的 PLR、白细胞、单核细胞、血小板、SUVmax、SUVmean 与局限期相比,差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05,表1)。

  • 表1 广泛期与局限期小细胞肺癌患者外周血指标及原发灶代谢参数的差异

  • Table1 The differences of inflammatory markers in peripheral blood and metabolic parameters of primary tumor between the extensive and limited stage SCLC patients

  • 2.2 原发灶PET/CT代谢参数与外周血指标之间的关系

  • 56 例 SCLC 患者的基线外周血中的指标 NLR、 PLR、MLR、SII与原发灶PET/CT部分代谢参数[TLG (rNLR=0.309,rPLR=0.304,rMLR=0.271,rSII=0.362),MTV (rNLR=0.354,rPLR=0.341,rMLR=0.290,rSII=0.411)]之间具有轻中度正相关性(P 均 <0.05),但均与原发灶 SUVmax或SUVmean无明显相关性(P均>0.05)。此外,患者的中性粒细胞仅与原发灶MTV之间具有轻度正相关性(r=0.276,P=0.040);白细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞及血小板和原发灶PET/CT所有代谢参数均无明显相关性(P >0.05,表2)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 炎症参与肿瘤进展和宿主对肿瘤反应的多种过程,宿主对肿瘤细胞全身反应会产生炎症,系统炎症在各种肿瘤发生发展过程中必不可少[13-14]。 Mirili等[7] 发现54例SCLC的NLR与PET/CT代谢参数(SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV、全身MTV、TLG及全身 TLG)均存在轻中度正相关性。本研究发现炎症指NLR 和原发灶的部分代谢参数(MTV、TLG)呈轻中度正相关,但和原发灶 SUVmax 及 SUVmean 无明显相关性。在一项关于 1 034 例非 SCLC 的 18F⁃FDG摄取与外周血指标之间的相关研究发现原发灶 SUVmax 和白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞及 NLR 之间存在轻度相关[15]。本研究未发现淋巴细胞与原发灶代谢参数(SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV 及 TLG)存在相关性,而中性粒细胞仅与原发灶 MTV 之间存在轻度相关性。Jeong等[15] 发现非小细胞肺癌 PLR 与原发灶 SUVmax 之间无显著相关性;但 Wang等[16] 和Fujii等[17] 分别发现在非小细胞肺癌及浸润性导管乳腺癌中原发灶高SUVmax的患者伴有高PLR。此外,在一项关于宫颈癌[18] 及另一项关于结直肠癌[19]18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT 研究中发现,PLR 与 MTV、TLG之间存在轻中度正相关性,但与SUVmax、 SUVmean 之间无相关性。目前并未有研究报道 SCLC 代谢参数与 PLR、MLR、SII 之间存在相关性。因此,本研究首次发现它们和 SCLC原发灶 MTV、TLG 呈轻中度正相关,但和原发灶 SUVmax 及 SUVmean 无明显相关性。SUVmax、SUVmean 和 MTV、TLG 均是 PET/CT 的半定量参数,SUVmax 和 SUVmean 仅能反映肿瘤内最高区域和病灶内平均 18F⁃FDG,但是 MTV 和 TLG 能更好地反映整个肿瘤的糖代谢情况、肿瘤生长及进展的能力。本研究中 SCLC患者基线NLR、PLR、MLR、SII 与原发灶MTV、 TLG 之间存在轻中度正相关性,表明 SCLC 基线 NLR、PLR、MLR、SII 增高与原发灶的糖代谢增高相关。

  • 表2 小细胞肺癌患者原发灶PET/CT代谢参数与外周血指标之间的关系

  • Table2 The correlations between the PET/CT metabolic parameters of primary tumor and inflammatory markers in peripheral blood in SCLC patients

  • 肿瘤代谢参数作为 18F ⁃FDG 摄取的半定量指标,受到葡萄糖转运体表达、活细胞数、肿瘤灌注和炎症等多种因素的影响,因此肿瘤代谢参数可能不仅反映了局部肿瘤本身代谢情况,也反映了局部肿瘤炎症微环境。虽然目前肿瘤代谢参数与炎症指标之间的相关性机制尚不明确,但存在以下两种猜想[18]:一种是肿瘤局部浸润的炎性细胞,如活跃的中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞等利用葡萄糖量增加导致肿瘤局部的 18F⁃FDG 摄取增加;另一种可能是与炎症诱导血管生成有关,炎症使肿瘤局部微环境缺氧诱导血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)分泌,促进肿瘤新生血管的生成,在整个新生血管形成过程中利用葡萄糖量增加,此时肿瘤局部的18F⁃FDG摄取量也会相应增加。结合相关临床研究,推测 SCLC 原发灶 18F⁃FDG 摄取,不只反映肿瘤本身代谢及负荷情况,还反映局部肿瘤炎症微环境情况,今后需要更多分子水平的研究去探讨。

  • 此外,本研究首次发现广泛期 SCLC 的 NLR、 MLR、SII 中性粒细胞高于局限期,淋巴细胞低于局限期。中性粒细胞可通过释放细胞因子和趋化因子加速增殖和血管形成,最终导致肿瘤细胞迁移和转移[20];而淋巴细胞通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖来监测细胞变异,并在肿瘤免疫反应中发挥重要作用,淋巴细胞缺乏症与多种癌症的不良预后相关[21]。部分研究报道血小板通过分泌VEGF促进肿瘤血管生成及基质形成[22]。但本研究结果发现广泛期与局限期 SCLC 之间的血小板及 PLR 均无统计学差异。本研究还发现 SCLC 原发灶 SUVmax 及 SUVmean 在局限期和广泛期之间均不存在统计学差异,但广泛期原发灶代谢参数MTV和TLG高于局限期。结合上述NLR、MLR、SII均与MTV、TLG存在显著正相关性,因此对于 NLR、MLR、SLL 增高的 SCLC患者而言,可通过全身PET/CT检查进行分期,从而调整后续的治疗方案。

  • 本研究存在一定局限性。首先,本研究为回顾性研究,因此对于炎症相关肺病如慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、阻塞性肺炎、间质性肺炎和其他炎性病变均不能进行严格控制,此外吸烟也可引起系统性炎症,但本研究中不吸烟与吸烟患者之间的NLR、PLR差异无统计学意义;其次,本研究中广泛期SCLC患者样本量相对较少,可能会引起整体数据偏倚,今后应进一步开展前瞻性研究;最后,本研究只选取炎症细胞作为研究,而近年来越来越多炎症指标被证实参与肿瘤发生发展等过程,如白细胞介素⁃6(interleukin⁃ 6, IL⁃6)、C反应蛋白(C⁃reactive protein,CRP)、脂多糖结合蛋白等[23-24],对于其他炎症指标与肿瘤18F⁃FDG 代谢之间相关性需要更多基础及临床研究证实。综上所述,SCLC 患者基线 NLR、PLR、MLR、SII 与 PET/CT 代谢参数(MTV 和 TLG)之间存在正相关性。基线 NLR、MLR、SII 不仅反映全身系统的炎症,还可能反映肿瘤病灶以 18F⁃FDG活性为代表的炎症情况。且对于NLR、MLR、SII增高的SCLC患者而言,有必要通过PET/CT检查进行分期,从而调整后续的治疗方案。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] RUDIN C M,BRAMBILLA E,FAIVRE ⁃ FINN C,et al.Small⁃cell lung cancer[J].Nat Rev Dis Primers,2021,7(1):3

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    • [5] ALTORKI N K,MARKOWITZ G J,GAO D,et al.The lung microenvironment:an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2019,19(1):9-31

    • [6] ISHIBASHI Y,TSUJIMOTO H,YAGUCHI Y,et al.Prog⁃ nostic significance of systemic inflammatory markers in esophageal cancer:Systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis [J].Ann Gastroenterol Surg,2020,4(1):56-63

    • [7] MIRILI C,GUNEY I B,PAYDAS S,et al.Prognostic sig⁃ nificance of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio(NLR)and corre⁃ lation with PET ⁃ CT metabolic parameters in small cell lung cancer(SCLC)[J].Int J Clin Oncol,2019,24(2):168-178

    • [8] ZHAO L,LI T,YANG Y,et al.Clinical value of neutro⁃ phil⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of prognosis of Ret⁃ roNectin((R))⁃ activated cytokine ⁃ induced killer cell therapy in advanced non ⁃small ⁃cell lung cancer[J].Im⁃ munotherapy,2019,11(4):273-282

    • [9] LI X,DAI D,CHEN B,et al.The value of neutrophil⁃to⁃ lymphocyte ratio for response and prognostic effect of neo⁃ adjuvant chemotherapy in solid tumors:a systematic re⁃ view and meta ⁃analysis[J].J Cancer,2018,9(5):861-871

    • [10] BOISSIER R,CAMPAGNA J,BRANGER N,et al.The prognostic value of the neutrophil⁃lymphocyte ratio in re⁃ nal oncology:a review[J].Urol Oncol,2017,35(4):135-141

    • [11] KASMANN L,BOLM L,SCHILD S E,et al.Neutrophil⁃ to ⁃ lymphocyte ratio predicts outcome in limited disease small⁃cell lung cancer[J].Lung,2017,195(2):217-224

    • [12] WANG X,TENG F,KONG L,et al.Pretreatment neutro⁃ phil⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio as a survival predictor for small⁃ cell lung cancer[J].Onco Targets Ther,2016,9:5761-5770

    • [13] QIAN S,GOLUBNITSCHAJA O,ZHAN X.Chronic in⁃ flammation:key player and biomarker ⁃ set to predict and prevent cancer development and progression based on in⁃ dividualized patient profiles[J].EPMA J,2019,10(4):365-381

    • [14] 罗后宙,陈国强.外周血中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值和血小板/淋巴细胞比值预测前列腺癌去势治疗后的病情进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(9):1265-1270

    • [15] JEONG E,HYUN S H,MOON S H,et al.Relation between tumor FDG uptake and hematologic prognostic indicators in stage I lung cancer patients following curative resection[J].Medicine,2017,96(5):e5935

    • [16] WANG Y,ZHAO N,WU Z,et al.New insight on the cor⁃ relation of metabolic status on 18F ⁃FDG PET/CT with im⁃ mune marker expression in patients with non ⁃ small cell lung cancer[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2020,47(5):1127-1136

    • [17] FUJII T,TOKUDA S,NAKAZAWA Y,et al.Relationship between FDG uptake and the platelet/lymphocyte ratio in patients with breast invasive ductal cancer[J].In Vivo,2020,34(3):1365-1369

    • [18] DU S,SUN H,GAO S,et al.Metabolic parameters with different thresholds for evaluating tumor recurrence and their correlations with hematological parameters in local⁃ ly advanced squamous cell cervical carcinoma:an obser⁃ vational(18)F ⁃ FDG PET/CT study[J].Quant Imaging Med Surg,2019,9(3):440-452

    • [19] XU J,LI Y,HU S,et al.The significant value of predict⁃ ing prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer using(18)F⁃FDG PET metabolic parameters of primary tumors and hematological parameters[J].Ann Nucl Med,2019,33(1):32-38

    • [20] GIESE M A,HIND L E,HUTTENLOCHER A.Neutro⁃ phil plasticity in the tumor microenvironment[J].Blood,2019,133(20):2159-2167

    • [21] ZHAO W,WANG P,JIA H,et al.Lymphocyte count or percentage:which can better predict the prognosis of ad⁃vanced cancer patients following palliative care?[J].BMC Cancer,2017,17(1):514

    • [22] GHASEMZADEH M,HOSSEINI E.Intravascular leuko⁃ cyte migration through platelet thrombi:directing leuko⁃ cytes to sites of vascular injury[J].Thromb Haemost,2015,113(6):1224-1235

    • [23] 郑亮,夏加增,裴雷,等.胃癌患者血清 IL⁃6、CRP 水平的变化及其与肿瘤血管生成的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(7):1017-1020

    • [24] LIU C H,CHEN Z,CHEN K,et al.Lipopolysaccharide ⁃ mediated chronic inflammation promotes tobacco carcino⁃ gen ⁃induced lung cancer and determines the efficacy of immunotherapy[J].Cancer Res,2021,81(1):144-157

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SIEGEL R L,MILLER K D,FUCHS H E,et al.Cancer statistics,2021[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(1):7-33

    • [2] RUDIN C M,BRAMBILLA E,FAIVRE ⁃ FINN C,et al.Small⁃cell lung cancer[J].Nat Rev Dis Primers,2021,7(1):3

    • [3] 高珂梦,李天女,丁重阳,等.肺小细胞癌18F⁃FDG PET 代谢参数与相关代谢指标的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1855-1859

    • [4] ARAZ M,SOYDAL C,OZKAN E,et al.Prognostic value of metabolic parameters on baseline 18F ⁃FDG PET/CT in small cell lung cancer[J].Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2022,66(1):61-66

    • [5] ALTORKI N K,MARKOWITZ G J,GAO D,et al.The lung microenvironment:an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2019,19(1):9-31

    • [6] ISHIBASHI Y,TSUJIMOTO H,YAGUCHI Y,et al.Prog⁃ nostic significance of systemic inflammatory markers in esophageal cancer:Systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis [J].Ann Gastroenterol Surg,2020,4(1):56-63

    • [7] MIRILI C,GUNEY I B,PAYDAS S,et al.Prognostic sig⁃ nificance of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio(NLR)and corre⁃ lation with PET ⁃ CT metabolic parameters in small cell lung cancer(SCLC)[J].Int J Clin Oncol,2019,24(2):168-178

    • [8] ZHAO L,LI T,YANG Y,et al.Clinical value of neutro⁃ phil⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of prognosis of Ret⁃ roNectin((R))⁃ activated cytokine ⁃ induced killer cell therapy in advanced non ⁃small ⁃cell lung cancer[J].Im⁃ munotherapy,2019,11(4):273-282

    • [9] LI X,DAI D,CHEN B,et al.The value of neutrophil⁃to⁃ lymphocyte ratio for response and prognostic effect of neo⁃ adjuvant chemotherapy in solid tumors:a systematic re⁃ view and meta ⁃analysis[J].J Cancer,2018,9(5):861-871

    • [10] BOISSIER R,CAMPAGNA J,BRANGER N,et al.The prognostic value of the neutrophil⁃lymphocyte ratio in re⁃ nal oncology:a review[J].Urol Oncol,2017,35(4):135-141

    • [11] KASMANN L,BOLM L,SCHILD S E,et al.Neutrophil⁃ to ⁃ lymphocyte ratio predicts outcome in limited disease small⁃cell lung cancer[J].Lung,2017,195(2):217-224

    • [12] WANG X,TENG F,KONG L,et al.Pretreatment neutro⁃ phil⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio as a survival predictor for small⁃ cell lung cancer[J].Onco Targets Ther,2016,9:5761-5770

    • [13] QIAN S,GOLUBNITSCHAJA O,ZHAN X.Chronic in⁃ flammation:key player and biomarker ⁃ set to predict and prevent cancer development and progression based on in⁃ dividualized patient profiles[J].EPMA J,2019,10(4):365-381

    • [14] 罗后宙,陈国强.外周血中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值和血小板/淋巴细胞比值预测前列腺癌去势治疗后的病情进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(9):1265-1270

    • [15] JEONG E,HYUN S H,MOON S H,et al.Relation between tumor FDG uptake and hematologic prognostic indicators in stage I lung cancer patients following curative resection[J].Medicine,2017,96(5):e5935

    • [16] WANG Y,ZHAO N,WU Z,et al.New insight on the cor⁃ relation of metabolic status on 18F ⁃FDG PET/CT with im⁃ mune marker expression in patients with non ⁃ small cell lung cancer[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2020,47(5):1127-1136

    • [17] FUJII T,TOKUDA S,NAKAZAWA Y,et al.Relationship between FDG uptake and the platelet/lymphocyte ratio in patients with breast invasive ductal cancer[J].In Vivo,2020,34(3):1365-1369

    • [18] DU S,SUN H,GAO S,et al.Metabolic parameters with different thresholds for evaluating tumor recurrence and their correlations with hematological parameters in local⁃ ly advanced squamous cell cervical carcinoma:an obser⁃ vational(18)F ⁃ FDG PET/CT study[J].Quant Imaging Med Surg,2019,9(3):440-452

    • [19] XU J,LI Y,HU S,et al.The significant value of predict⁃ ing prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer using(18)F⁃FDG PET metabolic parameters of primary tumors and hematological parameters[J].Ann Nucl Med,2019,33(1):32-38

    • [20] GIESE M A,HIND L E,HUTTENLOCHER A.Neutro⁃ phil plasticity in the tumor microenvironment[J].Blood,2019,133(20):2159-2167

    • [21] ZHAO W,WANG P,JIA H,et al.Lymphocyte count or percentage:which can better predict the prognosis of ad⁃vanced cancer patients following palliative care?[J].BMC Cancer,2017,17(1):514

    • [22] GHASEMZADEH M,HOSSEINI E.Intravascular leuko⁃ cyte migration through platelet thrombi:directing leuko⁃ cytes to sites of vascular injury[J].Thromb Haemost,2015,113(6):1224-1235

    • [23] 郑亮,夏加增,裴雷,等.胃癌患者血清 IL⁃6、CRP 水平的变化及其与肿瘤血管生成的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(7):1017-1020

    • [24] LIU C H,CHEN Z,CHEN K,et al.Lipopolysaccharide ⁃ mediated chronic inflammation promotes tobacco carcino⁃ gen ⁃induced lung cancer and determines the efficacy of immunotherapy[J].Cancer Res,2021,81(1):144-157