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通讯作者:

邵东华,E-mail:13805281211@163.com

中图分类号:R743.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)04-582-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230420

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目录contents

    摘要

    微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一种特殊RNA,其不直接翻译成蛋白质,在基因转录后水平发挥作用,是最先被研究的非编码RNA之一。miRNA在哺乳动物神经系统中表达丰富,参与调控神经退行性损伤、脑卒中、脑外伤等疾病。近年来的研究发现miRNA与缺血性脑卒中关系尤为密切。文章归纳总结了miRNA在缺血性脑卒中作为诊断和判断预后的生物标志物以及作为治疗靶点的脑保护机制最新进展,为以miRNA为核心的核酸治疗应用于临床提供借鉴与依据。

    Abstract

    microRNA(miRNA),a class of specialized RNA,which does not translate into proteins directly,but plays a role in the post - transcriptional level of genes,and it is one of the first non - coding RNAs to be studied. miRNA is richly expressed in the mammalian nervous system,and is involved in the regulation of neurodegenerative injury,stroke,brain trauma and other diseases. Recent studies have found that miRNA is especially associated with ischemic stroke. This paper summarized the latest progress of miRNA as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of ischemic stroke and brain protection mechanisms as therapeutic targets,providing reference and basis for the clinical application of nucleic acid therapy with miRNA as the core.

  • 缺血性脑卒中是一组因缺血性脑损伤引起脑部受累区域神经功能紊乱的急性血管性疾病,具有高发生率、高致残率、高致死率的特点。在围手术期间,缺血性脑卒中是手术最严重的并发症之一,也是术后 5 年生存率降低的主要原因[1-2]。目前,临床上对缺血性脑卒中的诊断缺乏特异度高、灵敏度高的早期指标;治疗方面主要依靠组织型纤溶酶原激活剂溶栓,但由于治疗时间窗短,并伴随出血风险,实际治疗效果有限[3]。微小 RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是近年来的研究热点之一,缺血性脑卒中患者较健康人具有不同的miRNA表达谱[4],这提示 miRNA与缺血性脑卒中关系密切,有可能成为缺血性脑卒中的临床检测指标。此外,在临床前阶段,大量实验研究表明,miRNA通过抑制凋亡、炎症、氧自由基活化等反应减少脑梗死面积[5-8],有望作为缺血性脑卒中的治疗新靶点。因此,本文就miRNA作为缺血性脑卒中的潜在分子标志物和治疗靶点的分子机制作一综述。

  • 1 miRNA概述

  • 1.1 miRNA的来源

  • miRNA是进化上高度保守的长22个核苷酸左右的小单链非编码 RNA。miRNA 自身不编码蛋白质,可通过碱基互补配对结合到信使RNA(messenger RNA,mRNA)的靶序列,干扰翻译过程,从而抑制或改变蛋白质合成[9]。miRNA 仅占人类基因总数的 2%,却参与调节1/3的人类基因[10],在中枢神经系统更是参与了30%左右的基因调节[11]

  • 目前研究认为,miRNA 起源于核酸序列中的内含子[12],是一系列复杂酶促反应的结果。miRNA 的基因首先在细胞核内由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录成初级 miRNA,随后被 Drosha⁃DGCR 复合体断裂成只有约 70 个碱基对的前体 miRNA。茎环状的前体 miRNA从细胞核转运进入细胞质,在胞浆中被剪切为成熟 miRNA,随即被整合进 RNA 沉默复合物 (RNA⁃induced silencing complex,RISC)中行使其生物学功能。

  • 1.2 miRNA的调控机制

  • miRNA 发挥作用主要通过其与靶基因 mRNA 的3′端非翻译区(untranslated region,UTR)特异性结合,调节 mRNA 的蛋白翻译过程。一般来说,一个 miRNA 可以识别和结合数千个靶 mRNA[13]。结合了 miRNA 的 RISC 复合体主要通过两种方式在转录后水平抑制mRNA的翻译。一方面,如果该复合体与 mRNA 碱基对完全配对,则 mRNA 被 RISC 完全降解。另一方面,如果碱基对配对不完全,这种结合将会造成mRNA的脱腺苷化及脱帽,该不稳定的 mRNA 最终被核酸酶所降解[14-15]。此外,mRNA 的编码区或 5′UTR 也被证明可与miRNA结合产生作用[16]

  • 2 miRNA可作为缺血性脑卒中的特异诊断指标

  • 目前,对缺血性脑卒中的诊断多依赖于临床医生对患者的评估和影像学检查,然而缺血性脑卒中患者早期 CT 图像通常表现正常,MRI 具有明显的时间滞后性,往往延误治疗最佳时机。循环miRNA 广泛存在于血清、脑脊液、尿液等体液中,易于获取和检测,其独特的差异 miRNA 表达图谱更使循环 miRNA 具有可辅助疾病进展判断的独特优势[417]。此对疾病的早期诊断优势已在冠状动脉疾病、急性心肌梗死、心力衰竭等[18-20] 疾病中得到证实。

  • 近年来的众多研究已经明确,缺血性脑卒中患者体液中的 miRNA 表达差异明显。临床上根据缺血性脑卒中的发病时长分为 4 期,即超急性期(6 h 以内)、急性期(1~3 d)、亚急性期(4~14 d)和康复期(14 d 以后)。在超急性期,miR⁃221⁃3p 和miR⁃382⁃5p在缺血性脑卒中患者血清中明显降低,并可作为有用的非侵入性诊断指标[21]。在急性期, Tiedt等[22] 利用RNA测序技术,通过收集缺血性脑卒中患者与健康人员的血清进行比对,并应用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)验证,结果表明miR⁃125a⁃5p、miR⁃125b⁃5p和miR⁃143⁃3p的表达明显升高,这3种miRNA用于区别患者与健康人时,其灵敏度可达 85.6%,特异度可达 76.3%,可作为缺血性脑卒中的早期诊断指标。其他研究发现 miR⁃15a、miR⁃16 和 miR⁃17⁃5p 与缺血性脑卒中相关,在亚急性期,患者血清miR⁃15a、miR⁃16和 miR⁃17⁃5p随时间逐渐升高,miR⁃17⁃5p更可作为脑卒中独立的诊断指标[23]。除此以外,对血浆外泌体源性miRNA的研究发现,与健康人相比,缺血性脑卒中患者血浆外泌体中的miR⁃422a 在急性期显著升高,miR⁃422a和 miR⁃125b⁃2⁃3p在亚急性期均降低,受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析提示这两种miRNA在亚急性期有高曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC),其中miR⁃422a 的诊断价值最好,并且联合使用这两种血浆外泌体 miRNA可用于区别临床分期[24]。Wang等[25] 的后续研究将超急性期以及康复期患者纳入调查,结果发现,血浆外泌体源性 miR⁃21⁃5p 水平在亚急性期和康复期显著高于对照组,而血浆外泌体源性 miR ⁃ 30a ⁃ 5p 在超急性期明显升高,且其 AUC 为 0.826,可以更早地发现和诊断缺血性脑卒中,为临床医师应用于早期诊断提供了新的参考(表1)。

  • 表1 缺血性脑卒中患者miRNA表达量变化及其诊断时期

  • Table1 Changes of miRNA expression in patients with ischemic stroke and its diagnostic period

  • 3 miRNA可用于判断缺血性脑卒中的预后

  • 临床诊疗中,缺血性脑卒中的诊断和治疗备受重视,患者的预后状况往往被忽略。作为一种高致死率、致残率的疾病,目前没有一种行之有效的预后指标应用于临床。研究显示,miRNA有潜力成为一种多功能的评估分析指标,在判断预后以及评估治疗反应方面均具有优势[26]

  • 研究发现,miRNA除了可以作为具有诊断作用的分子标志物外,一些miRNA还可用于判断缺血性脑卒中患者的预后状况。 Scherrer等[27] 的一项队列研究发现,缺血性脑卒中患者的血浆 miR⁃150⁃5p 水平明显降低,Logistics 回归和 Cox 分析进一步证实miR⁃150⁃5p与患者90 d内致死率负相关,相较于传统的预后指标,miR⁃150⁃5p 改善了风险分类,具有更高的准确性和更好的预警作用。在急性脑卒中患者,血浆miR⁃124⁃3p水平与3个月致死率正相关,miR⁃16恰恰相反,高水平血浆miR⁃16的脑卒中患者预后更好[28]。此外,最近一项样本量约200例的临床研究发现,血清 miR⁃185 和 miR⁃424 可作为预测缺血性脑卒中结局的重要指标,当两者联合应用,其 AUC 为 0.928,具有极高的特异度和准确性[29]。对于部分已接受静脉溶栓治疗的缺血性脑卒中患者,He 等[30] 的研究发现,不良预后患者的 miR⁃124⁃3p、miR⁃125b⁃5p和miR⁃192⁃5p水平高于良好预后患者。Logistic回归分析和ROC曲线分析表明,这些改变的miRNA可作为缺血性脑卒中患者接受溶栓治疗预后的生物标志物并与卒中严重程度密切相关(表2)。

  • 表2 缺血性脑卒中患者miRNA与致死率的相关性和AUC值

  • Table2 Correlation between miRNA and mortality in patients with ischemic stroke and AUC values

  • 4 miRNA在缺血性脑卒中脑保护中的研究现状

  • 缺血性脑卒中的治疗存在一些常见问题,包括治疗手段缺乏、治疗窗短以及继发性脑损伤。此外,临床上常用的机械取栓和静脉溶栓治疗对某些患者有不良影响,如神经毒性、缺血再灌注损伤和出血性转化。现今研究表明,miRNA可以用于特定疾病的治疗,其优势在于合成的模拟物和抑制剂可以改变体内内源性miRNA的水平,进而对下游目标基因产生作用。该方法在临床上已被应用于肿瘤和丙型肝炎的治疗[31-32]。大量研究显示,缺血性脑卒中病理机制复杂[33],在动物卒中模型中,miRNA 已被证实可以通过靶向特定病理机制产生脑保护作用。有鉴于此,业界认为miRNA用于治疗缺血性脑卒中具有应用前景。

  • 4.1 miRNA抗氧化应激

  • 氧自由基活化引起的氧化应激是缺血性脑卒中的重要病理生理机制之一,超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxide dismutase,SOD)和丙二醛(malondialde⁃ hyde,MDA)是氧化应激中关键作用分子,Ma等[34] 的一项研究发现,miR⁃29b 在大脑中动脉阻塞模型 (middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)小鼠表达明显增高,敲低模型小鼠和体外神经元细胞中miR⁃29b 可以明显升高SOD,降低MDA,减轻氧化应激,改善缺血性脑卒中损伤。转录调节蛋白 1(BTB domain and CNC homolog1,BACH1)作为一种抑制因子,可以抑制血红素氧化酶1(heme oxygenase1,HO⁃1)的作用,miR⁃98⁃5p 特异性识别 BACH1 的 3′UTR 区域,抑制其翻译,进而逆转其促氧化作用,miR⁃98⁃5p 有望成为治疗缺血性脑卒中的新靶标之一[35]。 miR⁃217在神经系统表达丰富,介导参与阿尔兹海默症、急性脑损伤等病理过程,Shi等[36] 研究了其与缺血性脑卒中的关系,结果显示与阴性对照组相比,miR⁃217 表达升高并负向调节肌细胞增强因子 2(MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2,MEF2D),减轻氧化应激损伤。为进一步研究氧化应激在缺血性脑卒中损伤中的作用,研究人员用过氧化氢构建氧化损伤细胞模型,发现过表达 miR⁃23a⁃5p 可以减少一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)和3⁃硝基酪氨酸(3⁃nitrotyrosine,3⁃NT),增加 SOD,从而减轻损伤[37]。此外,miR⁃203可以调节线粒体功能,减少氧自由基的产生[38]

  • 4.2 miRNA减轻炎症反应

  • 缺血性脑卒中易引起血流停滞,通过血管内白细胞的激活引起内皮细胞释放促炎介质,进而增强炎症风暴,加重组织损伤。因此,有效地减轻炎症反应可以显著改善缺血性脑卒中患者预后。 Zhou 等[39] 发现,miR⁃19a/b⁃3p 升高可以促进炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子⁃α(tumor necrosis factor⁃α,TNF⁃α)、白介素⁃6(interleukin⁃6,IL⁃6)和白介素⁃1β(interleukin⁃ 1β,IL⁃1β)的表达,抑制 miR⁃19a/b⁃3p 可通过沉默调节蛋白 1(sirtuin 1,SIRT1)/叉头框类蛋白 O 类 (forkhead box protein O,FOXO3)/鞘氨醇激酶 1 (sphingosine kinase1,SPHK1)通路抑制炎症反应,减轻缺血性损伤。脑卒中血脑屏障损伤很大一部分是由炎症引起,Bernstein 等[40] 的研究发现,对小鼠行 MCAO 处理后,miR⁃98 显著降低,而过表达 miR⁃98后,小鼠脑梗死面积明显减小,并且降低了炎症引起血脑屏障的通透性,小鼠的运动障碍明显改善。构成神经系统的细胞种类繁多,星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和神经元是其主要成分,这3种细胞可以摄取外源性miR⁃1906,减少梗死体积并改善预后。miR⁃1906 也可通过靶向 Toll 样受体 4(toll⁃like receptor 4,TLR4)[41]抑制缺血性卒中后的神经炎症。此外,由于miRNA具有分子量小、碱基对短的特点,易于被外泌体所携带,小鼠干细胞来源的外泌体 miR⁃542⁃3p 可以结合 TLR4 受体,抑制其介导的胶质细胞炎症反应[42]

  • 4.3 miRNA抗凋亡

  • 凋亡是机体为维持内环境稳定,由基因控制的自主有序的程序性死亡。Sugawara 等[43] 的研究认为,缺血性脑损伤诱发凋亡程序启动,当细胞接收到死亡信号时,促凋亡蛋白 tBID 易位进入线粒体膜,并与Bcl⁃2家族的其他促凋亡蛋白相互作用。这些促凋亡家族成员通过一连串酶链反应引发凋亡。Wang等[44] 发现,miR⁃186能通过负向调节胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin⁃like growth factor,IGF⁃1)抑制凋亡,减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤。此外,miRNA 可以被环状 RNA(circular RNA,CircRNA)所吸附,在 CircRNA 介导下发挥其作用。Chen 等[45] 研究结果显示,CircRNA CircUCK2作为分子海绵吸附 miR⁃125b⁃5p,竞争性抑制生长分化因子(growth differentiation factor,GDF11)的表达,从而起到抗凋亡,缩小脑梗死面积的作用。另一项研究在基因敲除 miR⁃15a/16⁃1 的小鼠行 MCAO 处理,发现与阴性对照组相比,实验组小鼠脑梗死面积减小,同时,Bcl⁃w、Bcl⁃xl等凋亡相关蛋白也明显减少,实验证实 miR⁃15a/16⁃1 家族介导凋亡引起缺血再灌注损伤,降低 miR⁃15a/16⁃1 可以抗凋亡,起到脑保护作用[46]

  • 4.4 miRNA调节自噬

  • 自噬是一个吞噬自身异常蛋白质或细胞器并与溶酶体结合形成吞噬溶酶体,降解其包含物的过程。一般认为,自噬不具有选择性。细胞的自噬作用可以被缺血再灌注损伤激活,激活后能够去除氧化损伤的蛋白质和受损的细胞器,从而促进细胞存活。最近研究发现,远端缺血预处理可以提高miR⁃204⁃5p水平,通过Pink/Park通路激活线粒体自噬,减轻缺血性脑卒中损伤[47]。然而,较长时间的缺血易导致细胞自噬对关键细胞器以及自身健康组织的损害。Zhang 等[48] 研究显示,miR⁃127⁃3p 通过抑制自噬减轻缺血性脑卒中损伤。除此以外, Zhou 等[49] 对缺血性脑卒中患者血浆中 miR⁃143⁃3p 的特异表达进行深入研究,体外细胞实验和动物实验结果显示,自噬引发缺血性损伤,而抑制 miR⁃143⁃3p 的表达,可以通过激活甲基胞嘧啶双加氧酶(translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase1, TET1)/氧气调节蛋白 150(oxygen regulated protein 150,ORP150)通路抑制自噬,产生脑保护作用。此外,针灸这项中医技术也被发现可以通过 miRNA 的介导减轻缺血性脑损伤。Cao 等[50] 的研究证实,电针灸(传统针灸技术的一种)被广泛应用于缺血性脑卒中的治疗,可以通过降低miR⁃34,减轻自噬引发的脑损伤。

  • 5 总结与展望

  • 越来越多的临床对照研究表明,在缺血性脑卒中患者的血清、血浆或全血中可以检测到miRNA表达的改变。许多miRNA 与缺血性脑卒中的一些预后结局相关,如脑梗死体积、脑水肿、卒中严重程度。此外,研究证实,在缺血性脑卒中动物模型中, miRNA模拟物和抑制剂可以穿透血脑屏障,保护大脑免受缺血性损伤。因此,未来miRNA可能成为缺血性脑卒中患者诊断和预后的非侵入性生物标志物,有望作为治疗的新靶点。

  • 值得注意的是,在卒中治疗中有效使用miRNA 仍有一些问题亟待突破。目前,对卒中miRNA的研究主要集中在单个miRNA与其靶基因的关系上,对 miRNA的共调控网络仍研究甚少,miRNA能否在不影响其他脏器功能的情况下治疗缺血性脑卒中,这仍需要大量的实验验证。协助miRNA 通过血脑屏障并将其运送到受影响组织的药物是另一个主要挑战。相信随着这些问题的解决,以miRNA为核心的核酸靶向治疗可以为缺血性脑卒中患者带来新的希望。

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