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通讯作者:

孙倍成,E-mail:sunbc@nju.edu.cn

中图分类号:R735.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)05-595-10

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230502

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目录contents

    摘要

    肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是最常见的原发性肝癌。在过去十年中,HCC治疗领域最令人瞩目的当属新型免疫疗法的蓬勃发展。自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞是免疫系统的一员,在抗肿瘤免疫中发挥着至关重要的作用。嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)-NK细胞疗法是一种新型的肿瘤免疫疗法,通过基因工程技术使NK细胞能够特异性识别肿瘤相关抗原,从而更精准高效地发挥抗肿瘤作用。本篇综述通过关注CAR-NK的靶点和相关免疫检查点,总结了 CAR-NK在HCC治疗中面临的挑战及一些可能的解决方案,并讨论了提高CAR-NK疗效的潜在策略。

    Abstract

    Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common type of primary liver cancer. The boom in novel immunotherapies has topped the most remarkable progress in HCC treatment in the past decade. As members of the immune system,natural killer(NK) cells play a vital role in anti-tumor immunity. Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-NK cell therapy is a new type of tumor immunotherapy, in which NK cells are genetically engineered to specifically recognize tumor-associated antigens to produce more precise and efficient anti -tumor efficacy. Focusing on CAR targets and related immune checkpoints,this review summarizes the challenges and possible solutions for CAR-NK in HCC treatment. Furthermore,it discusses potential strategies for boosting the efficacy of CAR-NK.

  • 近年来,原发性肝癌的发病率和死亡率不断上升。2020年,全球约有90.57万例新确诊的肝癌,在所有癌种中位列第 6,同时约有 83.02 万人死于肝癌,是全球的第3大肿瘤死因[1]。肝细胞癌(hepato⁃ cellular carcinoma,HCC)在原发性肝癌中占90%,其发病原因主要包括乙肝病毒和丙肝病毒感染、酗酒和肥胖。其中,80%的HCC患者与乙肝和丙肝病毒感染相关,因而HCC可以被看成一种经典的由炎症引起的肿瘤[2]

  • 1 免疫疗法在HCC治疗中的兴起

  • 目前 HCC 主流的治疗方案包括肝切除、肝移植、射频消融、经肝动脉化疗栓塞和蛋白激酶抑制剂等,手术治疗是 HCC 的一线治疗措施。遗憾的是,由于缺乏特异性症状,大部分HCC患者确诊时已达中晚期,很难接受根治性治疗,目前仅 10%~25%的早期 HCC 患者可以较好地接受外科手段进行干预[3]。此外,肝切后复发率高也是一大问题,接受肝切术的HCC患者,其5年复发率约为70%,5年存活率约在50%[4]。对于中晚期患者,可供选择且公认有效的疗法十分有限,如蛋白激酶抑制剂——索拉非尼,也仅能延长2.8个月的生存时间[5]。所以,寻找并应用新的针对HCC 更有效的治疗方法是目前亟需解决的问题。

  • 近年,HCC治疗领域最受人注目的前沿进展当属新型免疫疗法,其中以嵌合抗原受体(chimeric an⁃ tigen receptor,CAR)为基础的细胞免疫治疗和免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)的临床结果最令人鼓舞。

  • HCC是一种对免疫疗法敏感的肿瘤。当前,免疫检查点PD⁃1抑制剂(纳武单抗[6]、派母单抗[7])被批准用来治疗HCC,此外,针对免疫检查点CTLA⁃4 的抗体和PD⁃1抑制剂联用时,也可达到更好的抗肿瘤效果[8]。ICI在HCC治疗领域取得广泛应用的同时,与其相关的不良反应也引起了普遍的重视。ICI 的免疫毒性较广,可累及多个系统,易导致迟发性不良反应,会对器官造成永久性的损害[9]。而CAR 免疫细胞疗法通过改造免疫细胞,提供了较安全的针对特定肿瘤抗原的方案。随着 CAR 免疫细胞疗法的发展与应用,近年来其已在多种血液病和实体肿瘤中进行临床试验,目前已有多款产品获批上市,给肿瘤治疗带来了新的选择[10]。表1总结了国内外最近正在开展的CAR 免疫细胞疗法治疗肝细胞癌的临床试验。

  • 2 相关基础理论知识

  • 2.1 自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞简介及其作用机制

  • NK 细胞是先天免疫系统的重要成员,是一种特殊的细胞毒性淋巴细胞。NK细胞在肝脏中扮演着重要角色,肝脏中30%~50%的淋巴细胞是NK细胞,NK 细胞在肝脏中的比例是在脾脏或者外周血中的5倍[11]。据报道,HCC患者的肝NK细胞数量显著增加,占所有肝淋巴细胞的90%。NK细胞表达不同的活化性受体和抑制性受体,通过受体间激活与抑制信号的净平衡来控制对靶细胞的反应或耐受[12]。NK 细胞在清除肿瘤方面至关重要,可以通过多种方式来清除肿瘤细胞或限制肿瘤细胞的生长、扩散。一方面,NK 细胞可以直接释放穿孔蛋白、颗粒酶等细胞毒性物质或者分泌细胞因子来杀伤肿瘤细胞,如肿瘤坏死因子⁃α和干扰素(interferon, IFN)⁃γ。另一方面,NK细胞能够发挥抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒性作用(antibody ⁃ dependent cell ⁃ medicated cytotoxicity,ADCC)[13]。此外,NK 细胞还能通过分泌细胞因子和趋化因子调节其他细胞的免疫反应。研究发现,HCC患者外周血和肝脏组织中NK细胞的比例明显减少,活性降低,同时NK细胞的浸润能力和释放因子的能力显著减弱,这与 HCC 的进展和患者的存活率密切相关[14]。Zerbini 等[15] 研究发现 HCC 患者进行射频消融治疗破坏 HCC肿瘤组织时,NK细胞的功能可得到显著增强,具体表现在外周血NK细胞数量的增加以及释放更多的细胞因子。

  • 表1 正在开展的CAR细胞疗法治疗HCC的临床试验

  • Table1 Recently ongoing clinical trials with chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

  • AE:不良事件;DLT:剂量限制性毒性;MTD:最大耐受剂量。

  • 尽管NK细胞能够识别和杀伤肿瘤细胞,但是,肿瘤细胞也有自己的机制来规避NK细胞的识别与杀伤。例如,肿瘤细胞可以产生免疫抑制性细胞因子白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃10 或转化生长因子 (transforming growth factor,TGF)⁃β来抑制 NK 细胞发挥相应的功能效应[16]。不仅如此,肿瘤细胞还可以通过减少肿瘤相关抗原的表达和提高主要组织相容性复合物 Ⅰ 类(major histocompatibility class Ⅰ,MHC⁃Ⅰ)相关分子的表达来躲避 NK 细胞的杀伤,促使NK细胞失活[17]

  • 2.2 CAR⁃NK细胞的构建及其优势

  • 为了克服这种免疫逃避,研究者们设计了 CAR。CAR是一种经基因工程改造的人工受体,可使免疫细胞特异性地识别肿瘤相关抗原,从而更精准高效地发挥抗肿瘤作用。CAR 的基础结构设计包含一个胞内结构域(含共刺激域和信号转导结构域),一个跨膜结构域和一个胞外结构域,胞外域包括铰链区和来源于肿瘤特异性抗体的单链可变区片段(single⁃chain fragment variable,ScFv)。目前,应用最普遍的CAR的导入方式是将CAR的完整序列克隆至逆转录病毒或慢病毒载体质粒中,并进一步包装成病毒,用于感染 NK 细胞,以此来构建 CAR⁃ NK细胞[18]。CAR⁃NK细胞可以强化NK细胞的靶向杀伤功能,因为CAR⁃NK不仅可以通过CAR介导识别肿瘤细胞发挥作用,同时还能够利用自身的受体攻击肿瘤细胞[19]

  • 同样,通过给T细胞导入CAR而构建的CAR⁃T 细胞也可以强化 T 细胞的靶向杀伤功能。目前, CAR⁃T细胞已被用于治疗HCC并取得了进展,显示出优异的抗肿瘤活性[20]。可遗憾的是,虽然CAR⁃T 细胞在HCC治疗领域展现出了较好的前景,但由于其固有的缺陷,限制了更广泛的应用。与CAR⁃T细胞相比,CAR⁃NK 细胞主要有两个显著的优势[21]。首先,CAR⁃NK细胞的制备时间更短。由于担心引起移植物抗宿主病,CAR⁃T细胞主要采用患者自体的T细胞,制备时间可长达数周。而NK细胞的来源则更广泛,患者可以选择异体来源的已制备的“即用型”CAR⁃NK细胞,周期更短,价格也更低。其次, CAR⁃NK细胞的安全性更高。在细胞治疗中,CAR⁃ T细胞释放的细胞因子(如IL⁃1、IL⁃2、IL⁃6等)易导致细胞因子释放综合征和神经毒性等严重不良反应,如果处理不及时会危及患者生命[22]。而 NK 细胞主要释放 IFN⁃γ和粒细胞⁃巨噬细胞集落刺激因子,因此产生严重不良反应的风险较低[23]

  • 2.3 CAR⁃NK的细胞来源及其优缺点

  • CAR⁃NK 细胞的来源可分为自体NK细胞来源和异体 NK 细胞来源。实验表明,由 IL⁃2 刺激的自体 NK 细胞虽然治疗安全性高,但疗效不确切。自体 NK 细胞没有表现出良好的临床反应可能与自体 NK细胞的功能障碍有关,如抑制性杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体识别MHC⁃Ⅰ类分子导致NK细胞功能受抑制,IL⁃2的应用使外周血中抑制性的调节T细胞数量增加等[24]。相较之下,异体NK细胞的应用则更为广泛。异体NK细胞有多种来源,如脐血、外周血、胚胎干细胞、诱导多能干细胞和NK细胞系(如NK⁃92) 等[25]。近年的研究表明,接受异体NK细胞免疫治疗的HCC患者总体生存率得到了明显提高[26]

  • NK⁃92细胞株具有良好的细胞毒性和扩增动力学,所以将CAR导入NK⁃92细胞株获得的CAR⁃NK⁃ 92细胞是目前异体NK细胞回输治疗的主力军[27]。值得注意的是,由于NK⁃92细胞株来源于淋巴瘤细胞,所以其回输安全性问题无法回避。同时,NK⁃ 92 细胞缺乏多种可以促发细胞毒性的天然受体,导致其在监视抗原丢失的肿瘤细胞时,也无法像原代 NK 细胞那样利用自身抗体来发挥抗肿瘤作用[28]

  • Liu等[29] 研究发现,脐带血来源的NK细胞比外周血来源的NK细胞更年轻,增殖能力更强,且不良反应更少。此外,冷冻的脐带血不仅容易获得具有高增殖能力的高功能 NK 细胞,而且具有回输通用性(无需筛选合适的个体供体)。因此,脐带血被认为是一种具有明显优势的现成NK细胞来源。

  • 总的来说,NK 细胞的治疗反应被认为是抑制信号和活化信号综合的结果,而不同 NK 来源的 CAR⁃NK细胞在增殖能力、细胞毒性等功能和安全性上存在着差异,这意味着今后仍需不断地筛选并改善 NK细胞的功能,以增强CAR⁃NK的抗癌效果[30]

  • 3 针对不同靶点的CAR⁃NK在HCC治疗中的应用

  • 采用 CAR⁃NK 细胞疗法治疗 HCC 的首要挑战是确定一个安全且有效的肿瘤相关抗原。合理选择具有HCC高特异性的肿瘤相关抗原,是保障CAR⁃NK 治疗效益的关键。近年来,针对不同靶点的 CAR⁃ NK细胞的临床前研究都显示出了良好的抗肿瘤效果[2731-32]

  • 3.1 磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖 3(glypican ⁃ 3,GPC3) CAR⁃NK

  • GPC3 是一种膜相关蛋白多糖,据统计 70%以上的HCC患者肿瘤组织高表达GPC3蛋白,而正常的肝组织中并不表达该蛋白。GPC3 在 HCC 的发生、发展中起着重要作用,并且GPC3的表达水平与 HCC 的不良预后高度相关,即使在疾病复发后, GPC3在细胞上的表达也会维持[33]。近期,Zhu等[34] 证明使用靶向GPC3的抗体来治疗HCC是安全有效的。基于以上原因,GPC3 成为了 HCC 免疫治疗的理想靶点,以GPC3为靶点的CAR有望获得更精准高效的抗癌能力。Shi等[20] 进行的一项GPC3 CAR⁃T 细胞治疗晚期HCC的Ⅰ期试验取得了令人鼓舞的结果,经治疗后患者的 3 年、1年和6个月的总生存率分别为10.5%、45.0%,50.3%,展现出良好的抗肿瘤活性。

  • 近期,Yu等[27] 通过慢病毒载体转导开发出了具有 GPC3 特异性的 GPC3 CAR ⁃NK 细胞株(NK ⁃92/ 9.28.z)。研究发现,不管在体内还是体外,NK⁃92/ 9.28.z细胞都能够显著提升NK细胞对HCC的细胞毒性,同时不会增加对非肿瘤细胞的毒性。并且, NK⁃92/9.28.z细胞的抗肿瘤活性不会受到肝癌患者血清中的可溶性GPC3、TGF⁃β和低氧环境的影响。此外,NK⁃92/9.28.z细胞还具有持续增殖的能力,更具临床成本效益。

  • 3.2 CD147 CAR⁃NK

  • CD147是一种属于免疫球蛋白家族的跨膜糖蛋白,参与了多种生理和病理过程,如营养物质的转运、细胞的迁移、精子的形成、单羧酸转运蛋白的表达、淋巴细胞的活化和冠状病毒的感染等[35-36]。尽管CD147作用广泛,但其在肿瘤免疫中所发挥的作用才是近十年研究的重点方向。近些年的一系列研究表明,CD147在免疫细胞的激活和增殖,肿瘤细胞的迁移、黏附和侵袭中发挥着至关重要的作用[37]

  • CD147在HCC中高度表达,且高表达的CD147 与肿瘤的发生、发展和预后密切相关[38]。近期,CD147 被提议作为 HCC 新的预后标志物和治疗靶点[39-40]。Chen等[41] 开展的临床实验结果表明,美妥珠单抗(抗 CD147)在抑制 HCC 生长和转移方面发挥出了良好的效果。

  • Tseng 等[31] 的一项关于 CD147 CAR 修饰的 NK 细胞治疗 HCC 的研究验证了 CD147 靶点在特异性杀伤方面的临床应用潜力。其设计了一种针对 HCC 的抗原,通过逆转录载体,将识别表面标志物 CD147 的 CAR 转导入 NK 细胞,随之进行了体内和体外实验。CD147 CAR 可以选择性地杀伤双抗原阳性(CD147 + GPC3 +),而不是单抗原阳性(CD147 + GPC3)的HCC细胞。并且,在人CD147转基因小鼠中没有观测到严重的脱靶毒性。CD147 CAR⁃NK细胞在体外可以有效且特异地杀伤各种恶性HCC 细胞系,在体内可以较好地抑制HCC细胞的生长,同时在HCC 患者肿瘤组织来源的异种移植小鼠PDX 模型中展示了良好的肿瘤清除效果。

  • 与其他针对 HCC 的 CAR 相比,CD147⁃CAR 具有两个明显的优点。首先,作为CAR介导的新型有效靶点,其在体外和体内均具有高特异性和可耐受的毒性。其次,CD147 CAR⁃NK 细胞还具有用于治疗各种 CD147上调肿瘤的潜力。

  • 3.3 自然杀伤细胞2族成员D(natural killer group 2 member D,NKG2D)CAR⁃NK

  • NK细胞对肿瘤细胞的识别主要依赖于表面的活化性受体和抑制性受体的相互调控,NKG2D是一个关键的活化性受体,在所有 NK 细胞中表达。在早期NK细胞前体阶段已经观察到NKG2D的表达,同时该受体的浓度随着NK细胞的成熟而增加[42]

  • NKG2D 有多种 NKG2D 配体(ligand of NKG2D, NKG2DL),包括 MHC ⁃Ⅰ类相关基因 A(MHC ⁃Ⅰ chain⁃related protein A,MICA)和 MHC⁃Ⅰ类相关基因 B(MHC ⁃ Ⅰ chain ⁃ related protein B,MICB)。 NKG2D通过与其配体结合,激活NK细胞产生IFN⁃γ 等细胞因子,发挥免疫监视和抗肿瘤功能[43]。但在晚期肿瘤中,NKG2D/NKG2DL 的表达却明显下降,这可能与肿瘤细胞分泌 TGF⁃β和血清中的可溶性 MICA/B的水平升高有关[44]。作为一种免疫抑制因子,TGF⁃β可以促进MICA 的脱落和抑制NKG2D的表达。此外,Kohga等[45] 发现HCC患者血清中的可溶性MICA/B的水平远远高于健康人。高水平的可溶性MICA/B可以通过金属基质蛋白酶从细胞表面脱落,从而下调NKG2D的表达[46]。同时,研究发现高级别的 HCC 低表达各类 NKG2DL,通过阻碍NKG2D/NKG2DL信号通路来实现免疫逃逸[47]

  • NKG2D 的强激活效力以及 NKG2DL 在恶性肿瘤细胞上的选择性表达使其成为免疫领域关注的新型重要靶点[48]。有多种方式可以通过NKG2D靶向肿瘤,包括向肿瘤募集 NKG2D+ 细胞、增强 NK 细胞上 NKG2D 和/或肿瘤上 NKG2DL 的表达、用表达 NKG2D CAR 的 NK 细胞,治疗或直接靶向表达 NKG2DL 的肿瘤细胞。与针对肿瘤特异性抗原的 CAR 相比,NKG2D CAR 有两个特点:首先,从构成上,NKG2D受体胞外域并不属于ScFv,基于NKG2D 的 CAR 并不仅仅是特异性识别 NKG2DL 的改造 TCR,而是将特异性结合NKG2DL的NKG2D受体的胞外域同转导TCR胞内激活信号的CD3ζ的信号域相融合[49],使其通过NKG2D 精准识别NKG2DL+ 肿瘤细胞,独立于TCR,直接向胞内转导激活信号,产生更多的炎性细胞因子和表达出更强的细胞毒性[50];其次,在作用上,NKG2D CAR利用了肿瘤细胞相对特异的表达 NKG2DL 的特征,且 NKG2D CAR 不仅识别肿瘤细胞,也会识别在免疫抑制细胞上表达的 NKG2DL,如骨髓来源的抑制细胞、调节性 T 细胞、肿瘤微环境中的内皮细胞等,更具有普适性。

  • Chang 等[32] 发现 NKG2D CAR 的表达可以明显提高 NK 细胞对肿瘤的细胞毒性潜力,激活 NK 细胞,增强对肿瘤的杀伤。Chang 等设计了一种被称为 NKG2D⁃DAP10⁃CD3ζ的受体,它由 NK 细胞激活分子NKG2D及两个关键信号分子DAP10和CD3ζ组成,并评估了其在体外和小鼠模型中杀伤癌细胞的能力。研究表明,NKG2D CAR显著提高了NK细胞表面NKG2D的表达,这些细胞对肿瘤细胞的毒性较对照组更高。在小鼠肿瘤模型中,表达 NKG2D ⁃ DAP10⁃CD3ζ的 NK 细胞具有更高的抗肿瘤活性, CAR的表达明显提升了其细胞因子的释放,降低了肿瘤负荷。此外,Chang 等还运用一种新型的电转方法,可以在NK 细胞中快速、大量地表达该受体,以期解决因肿瘤患者血 NK 细胞数目减少,扩增困难,而难以高效率地批量制备 CAR 的问题,助推 NKG2DCAR⁃NK的应用。

  • 4 CAR⁃NK联合免疫检查点抑制剂

  • 总体来看,尽管有很多CAR⁃NK的基础研究和临床试验正在积极推进,然而当前CAR⁃NK对HCC 的治疗效果并不如血液病那样可观,研究认为这可能与实体瘤中免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境有关[51]。免疫反应是由刺激性和抑制性的免疫检查点分子控制的。一般而言免疫检查点的表达可以维持自我耐受,避免产生针对正常细胞的免疫反应,然而肿瘤细胞却可以通过刺激免疫检查点来实现免疫逃逸。

  • 近年来随着研究的深入,发现基于 NK 细胞的检查点数量一直在增加。除了经典的NK细胞表面受体,如自然杀伤细胞 2 族成员 A(natural killer group 2 member A,NKG2A)、杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体和白细胞免疫球蛋白样受体外,另外的一些检查点也被证实会导致肿瘤中的 NK 细胞功能障碍,这些检查点包括已在临床取得较大进展的PD⁃ 1、CTLA⁃4和新近发现的B7H3、LAG⁃3、TIGIT、TIM⁃ 3、Siglec⁃7/ 9、CD200R和CD47等[52]。而随着ICI的发展与应用,ICI已被批准用来治疗HCC,显示出了较好的疗效和长期的临床改善。作为新的治疗工具,ICI已在HCC 中展现出令人欣喜的抗肿瘤活性和可控的耐受性。近期一些临床试验在陆续进行,以确定 ICI 在实体肿瘤患者中的安全性和有效性[53-54]

  • 不仅如此,由于实体肿瘤的异质性及免疫微环境的复杂性,CAR 和 ICI 的联合应用正逐渐取代单药治疗,成为目前探索的热点。联合用药的最大优势在于二者在治疗中可以产生协同作用[55-56]。研究发现,抑制性免疫检查点会在肿瘤患者 NK 细胞中上调并导致NK细胞功能的衰竭,如PD⁃1/PD⁃L1免疫抑制性途径的存在大大削弱了NK细胞的治疗效果。而通过ICI进行抗体封闭可增强CAR⁃NK细胞的杀伤活性,有效逆转 NK 细胞耗竭和恢复抗肿瘤免疫[57]

  • CAR和ICI的联用可以分为两类。一类是直接联用已有的获批药物,优点是药物的可靠性和有效性都有着较高保障,如PD⁃1/PD⁃L1类。目前这一类的临床试验正在如火如荼地开展,比如CAR联合帕博利珠单抗的Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT04995003、 NCT04847466),联合纳武单抗的Ⅰb 期临床研究 (NCT05352828),联合卡瑞利珠单抗的Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT05320081),联合替雷利珠单抗的Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT04539444)均在进行之中。另一类是联用针对NK细胞特异的ICI,如NKG2A抑制剂,这一类属于在理论上更为贴近的联用,目前相关临床前研究也取得了进展[58-59],但具体效果仍需进一步临床试验来检验。

  • 4.1 联合PD1/PDL1抑制剂

  • 研究表明,NK 细胞表面的抑制性检查点 PD⁃1深刻影响着 NK 细胞的活化和效应功能[60]。虽然 PD⁃1免疫检查点最初是在T淋巴细胞中发现的,但现已证明NK细胞同样表达PD⁃1受体[61]。除了T细胞相关通路外,PD⁃1检查点抑制剂还可能通过激活 NK细胞来增强先天免疫系统。近期一项Ⅱ期临床试验意在通过检测NK细胞的耗竭/增殖来评估PD⁃1 抑制剂对肿瘤患者NK细胞功能的影响。PD⁃1与瘤内NK细胞功能的紊乱密切相关,PD⁃1+ NK细胞较 PD⁃1- NK细胞释放IFN⁃γ的能力更弱,同时CD107a 的表达量更低[62-63]。另外,在肿瘤微环境的影响下,HCC 患者肿瘤细胞表面高表达 PD⁃1 的配体 PD⁃L1 [64],从而抑制表达 PD⁃1 的 CAR⁃NK 细胞的功能。

  • 通过封闭 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 信号通路来逆转 T 细胞的功能,开启了免疫治疗的新纪元[65]。之前认为阻断 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 通路的作用多数体现在恢复 T 细胞的功能上,但由于许多肿瘤丢失了人类白细胞抗原 (human leukocyte antigen,HLA)且不表达新抗原,导致CD8+ T细胞并不能识别肿瘤细胞,从而难以得益于PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路的阻断作用。而NK细胞虽不表达肿瘤特异性的识别受体,但可以识别HLA丢失的肿瘤细胞(HLA低表达的肿瘤往往表达高水平的PD⁃ L1),从而受益于PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路的阻断作用[66]

  • 利用 PD⁃1 阻断剂恢复 NK 在 HCC 肿瘤微环境中的作用,极有可能是未来极具前景的免疫疗法。 Hsu等[55] 通过小鼠肿瘤模型发现,活化的NK细胞表达 PD⁃1,并且 PD⁃L1+ 肿瘤细胞与 PD⁃1 结合会抑制 NK细胞介导的对肿瘤的免疫反应,通过阻断PD⁃1/ PD⁃L1就能够有效激活NK细胞的反应性。NK细胞得益于PD⁃1/PD⁃L1的阻断作用主要表现在细胞因子如 IFN⁃γ的释放增多,同时表达更多的活化指标 CD107a [55]。日前Lin等[56] 开展的一项临床试验也证明了帕博利珠单抗(PD⁃1单抗)联合NK细胞在晚期肿瘤患者中的安全性和有效性。Lin等将患者随机分配到A组(帕博利珠单抗联合NK细胞治疗)和B 组(仅给予帕博利珠单抗治疗)。结果表明A组患者的中位生存期(15.5个月)优于B组(13.3个月)。此外,A 组中接受多疗程 NK 细胞输注的中位生存期 (18.5 个月)优于接受 NK 细胞单疗程输注的患者 (13.5个月)。

  • 总之,肿瘤微环境中PD⁃1/PD⁃L1信号通路会抑制 NK 细胞发挥功能效应,如细胞毒性和细胞因子的分泌功能等[57]。因此,和PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂联合的 CAR⁃NK 在保持原有的对 HCC 的特异靶向性的同时,很有可能得益于 PD ⁃1/PD ⁃L1 的阻断,逆转 HCC肿瘤微环境对CAR⁃NK的负调节作用,从而恢复NK细胞的功能。

  • 4.2 联合NKG2A/HLA⁃E抑制剂

  • NK细胞通过表达一系列的免疫受体来识别肿瘤细胞,从而维持NK细胞的活化和耐受,NKG2A是 NK细胞表面重要的抑制性受体[51]。在肿瘤微环境的影响下,HCC 患者肿瘤细胞表面高表达 NKG2A 的配体HLA⁃E[67]。HLA⁃E是一种非经典MHC Ⅰ类蛋白,NKG2A通过结合HLA⁃E,向NK细胞传递负调控信号,抑制NK细胞的因子分泌和细胞毒性[68-69]。 Sun等[67] 研究发现HCC患者外周血中和瘤内的NK 细胞表面的 NKG2A 表达升高会引起 NK 细胞的耗竭,表现为细胞因子分泌的减少和杀伤能力的减弱,进而影响HCC患者的总生存期。另外,免疫微环境中的巨噬细胞和树突状细胞会释放大量的IL⁃ 12,IL⁃12的释放导致HCC患者的NKG2A表达明显增高,进而诱导NK细胞功能的耗竭[58]

  • 正因如此,NKG2A/HLA⁃E 也作为肿瘤微环境中的新检查点而备受关注。近期,Kamiya等[58] 设计了一种缺乏NKG2A的高功能NK细胞,以此来绕过 HLA⁃E 的负调控。这种使用逆转录病毒载体制备的NKG2Anull NK细胞消除了NKG2A的表达,载体来自于和内质网保留域相连的 NKG2A 抗体的 ScFv 段。实验表明,NKG2Anull NK细胞对表达HLA⁃E 的肿瘤细胞具有明显更高的细胞毒性。NKG2A的下调解除了HLA⁃E的负调控,使得NK细胞分泌细胞因子增多。同时,NKG2A 的下调也会增加 ADCC 活性,并抑制IL⁃12对NKG2A的上调。在随后的免疫缺陷小鼠模型中,相较于 NKG2A+ NK 细胞, NKG2Anull NK细胞更为有效地降低了肿瘤负荷并显著提升了小鼠的存活率。

  • 在另一项相关研究中,Andre 等[59] 揭示了联合 NKG2A单抗的联合疗法具有强大的抗癌潜力,阻断 NKG2A可增强体内NK细胞的免疫活性,从而提高抗肿瘤反应。研究者们开发出一种人源化的抗 NKG2A抗体(莫那利珠单抗)来进行实验。在动物实验中,研究者们按治疗方式将小鼠分为单独用药组、联合用药组和对照组。结果相较于对照组,单独用药组的小鼠存活率为40%,而联合用药的存活率高达75%。在Ⅱ期临床试验中,研究者们发现联合莫那利珠单抗的联合疗法能够获得 31%的客观缓解率,使50%患者的病情得到稳定控制,更有1例患者的病灶完全消失,显示出了较高的缓解率和持久的反应性,且未见严重不良反应。

  • 综上,将抗 NKG2A 的免疫检查点抑制剂和 CAR⁃NK细胞联合治疗HCC,既可以精准、快速、高效地靶向肿瘤,又可以克服 HLA⁃E 介导的肿瘤对 NK细胞的抵抗,提高CAR⁃NK的功能。目前这一思路正得到越来越多的关注,作为第一代抗癌免疫疗法的补充,有望在将来HCC的基础研究和临床治疗中展现进一步效果。

  • 5 小结与展望

  • CAR⁃NK细胞疗法凭借其出色的安全性和确切的疗效成为了肝癌免疫治疗领域的一颗新星,近年来针对不同靶点的CAR⁃NK细胞的临床前研究都显示出了良好的抗肿瘤效果,与 ICI 的联合应用也体现出了强大的抗癌活性。但无法回避的是,若想实现肝癌的可靠治愈,CAR⁃NK 还需克服诸多挑战。未来CAR⁃NK需要持续优化CAR的设计,以期获得更好的特异性、更强的细胞毒性和更高的安全性。此外,如何逆转不断变化的肿瘤微环境对 NK 细胞的抑制,恢复NK细胞的功能以增强CAR⁃NK的抗癌效果更是任重而道远的课题。欣喜的是,目前有很多CAR⁃NK的基础研究和临床试验正在积极推进,而随着这些难题被不断突破,相信将来CAR⁃NK会在肝癌的免疫治疗中获得更广阔的应用前景。

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