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通讯作者:

束永前,E-mail:shuyongqian@csco.org.cn

中图分类号:R730

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)05-640-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230508

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨75岁以上老年人使用免疫检查点抑制剂的不良反应,讨论免疫衰老以及老年癌症患者的免疫治疗毒性以及相关毒性的管理。方法:收集2018 年1 月1 日—2021 年12 月31日在南京医科大学第一附属医院接受PD-1/ PD-L1 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的各类实体恶性肿瘤患者的不良反应信息,并进行回顾性分析及相关性评价。影响因素的相关性分析采用 Pearson卡方检验,生存分析采用 Kaplan-Meier 方法。结果:166例患者共接受910次治疗,平均接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗 5.48次。共有146例发生不同程度的不良反应,共记录462次不良反应,平均2.78次/例,不良反应发生率为87.9%,发生比例较高的不良反应有贫血(78.9%),白细胞降低 (28.9%),中性粒细胞降低(18.7%),血小板降低(42.8%),高血糖(21.7%),甲状腺功能异常(9.6%),皮质醇异常(9.6%)等。肯定和很可能与免疫检查点抑制剂相关的不良反应占总体不良反应的11.9%。发生 3级及以上不良反应的有22例,占患者总数13.2%。经分析,是否存在≥ 3 个系统的合并症以及是否联用其他抗肿瘤药物对不良反应的发生率有显著影响。结论:基于本研究数据,75岁以上老年患者免疫检查点抑制剂的不良反应与75岁以下患者相当,使用免疫检查点抑制剂并未增加严重不良事件的发生。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the adverse events,the immune aging and the immunotherapeutic toxicity of elderly cancer patients over 75 years old that received immune checkpoint inhibitors,and the management of related toxicity. Methods:The adverse event information of solid cancer patients who received PD - 1/PD - l1 immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 1,2018 and December 31,2021 was collected and the retrospective analysis and correlation evaluation were performed. Pearson’s chi - square test was used for correlation analysis of influencing factors,and Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Results:A total of 166 patients received 910 times of treatment,with an average of 5.48 times of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. A total of 146 cases had adverse events of different degrees,and a total of 462 adverse events were recorded,with an average of 2.78 times/case. The incidence of adverse events was 87.9%. The adverse events with a higher proportion anemia(78.9%),leucopenia(28.9%),neutropenia(18.7%),thrombocytopenia(42.8%),hyperglycemia(21.7%), abnormal thyroid function(9.6%),abnormal cortisol(9.6%),etc. The positive and likely adverse events related to immune checkpoint inhibitors accounted for 11.9% of the total adverse events . There were 22 cases of grade 3 and above adverse events,accounting for 13.2% of the total number of patients. After analysis,whether there are complications of ≥ 3 systems and whether they are combined with other antitumor drugs have a significant impact on the incidence of adverse events. Conclusion:Based on the data of the current study,the adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients over 75 years old are equivalent to those in patients under 75 years old,and there is no increase in the occurrence of serious adverse events.

  • 癌症是我国和发达国家的首要死因[1-2]。免疫检查点抑制剂作用于程序性死亡受体 1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD⁃1)或细胞程序性死亡配体1 (programmed cell death ligand 1,PD⁃L1)或细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关蛋白 4(cytotoxic T⁃lymphocyte⁃asso⁃ ciated protein 4,CTLA⁃4)等靶点,阻断T淋巴细胞与抗原提呈细胞之间的抑制性信号通路,激活肿瘤特异性T细胞的抗肿瘤作用,促进免疫反应清除肿瘤细胞[3]。免疫检查点抑制剂在众多癌种中显示出了生存获益和良好的安全性,已成为晚期恶性黑色素瘤、肺癌、肾癌、肝癌、食管癌等的一线或二线标准治疗用药[4-10]。在安全性方面,尽管有免疫相关不良事件 (immune⁃related adverse events,irAE)发生,但与具有细胞毒性的化疗相比,免疫检查点抑制剂的不良反应相对较小[11]

  • 老年人群是癌症患病率增长最快的人群之一[12],在中国,人口老龄化的发展也推动了癌症人群的扩大[13]。免疫治疗的研究进展从根本上改变了许多肿瘤治疗方案,近年来,不适用于细胞毒性化疗的老年患者可接受免疫治疗并取得疗效[14]。但由于存在与年龄相关的合并症[15],以及“免疫衰老”现象 [16-19],老年患者的免疫相关不良反应值得关注。目前,老年人入组肿瘤临床研究的比例仍相对较低[20],绝大多数临床研究中年龄的入组标准都在75岁以下,纳入临床研究的75岁以上的患者占癌症患者的比例不到10%[21]。当前对于75岁以上老年人免疫治疗不良反应的分析较缺。

  • 因此,本研究就75岁以上老年人使用免疫检查点抑制剂联合或不联合其他抗肿瘤综合治疗模式治疗恶性肿瘤期间出现的不良反应进行分析,并与既往临床研究中75岁以下人群相对比,讨论了免疫衰老以及老年癌症患者的免疫治疗毒性以及相关毒性的管理。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 共收集到 2018 年 1 月 1 日—2021 年 12 月 31 日在南京医科大学第一附属医院接受PD⁃1/ PD⁃L1 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗各类实体恶性肿瘤的患者 179例,排除其中基线资料或后续随访缺失的13例,共录入166 例患者,共接受910 次治疗,平均接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗5.48次。本研究经过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(2021⁃SR⁃311),所有患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 主要免疫检查点抑制剂治疗药物及用法用量

  • 信迪利单抗注射液(200 mg,3周1次),纳武利尤单抗注射液(3 mg/kg或240 mg,2周1次),帕博利珠单抗注射液(200 mg,3周1次),注射用卡瑞利珠单抗(200 mg,3周1次),特瑞普利单抗注射液(3 mg/kg, 2周1次或240 mg,3周1次),替雷利珠单抗注射液 (200 mg,3周1次),派安普利单抗(200 mg,3周1次),度伐利尤单抗(10 mg/kg,3 周 1 次),阿替利珠单抗 (1 200 mg,3周1次)。

  • 1.2.2 不良反应评价

  • 通过回顾性查阅患者病历记录、体温单、实验室检查结果以及影像学检查结果等,记录患者接受 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗期间发生的所有不良反应信息,以不良事件评价标准(CTCAE) 5.0 版为依据进行评价,包括不良反应的类别和分级,相关性评价的标准为:①用药与不良反应/事件的出现有无合理的时间关系;②反应是否符合该药已知的不良反应类型;③停药或减量后,反应是否消失或减轻;④再次使用可疑药品是否再次出现同样的反应/事件;⑤反应/ 事件是否可用合并用药的作用、患者病情的进展、其他治疗的影响来解释。评价结果分为肯定、很可能、可能、可能无关,其中可能无关以上等级的不良反应判定为有关。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用统计软件SPSS 26.0 对相关数据进行统计分析,影响因素的单因素相关性分析采用Pearson卡方检验,P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。影响因素的多因素分析使用Logistic 回归分析,Kaplan⁃Meier 方法进行生存分析,置信区间为 95%。P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料

  • 166例患者共接受910次治疗,平均接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗5.48次。其中男131例(78.9%),女 35 例(21.1%),年龄范围在75~92 岁。本研究中统计的合并症主要包括老年人常见慢性病:高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病或血糖升高、慢性肺部疾患、甲状腺功能异常、肝脏疾病、心脏病、卒中、肾脏疾病、胃部或消化系统疾病、情感和精神障碍、与记忆相关疾病(如阿尔茨海默病、脑萎缩、帕金森病)、关节炎或风湿病、哮喘[22]。合并症≥ 3 个系统的 137 例患者中包含既往确诊糖尿病或血糖升高的患者31例,占患者总数18.6%,未统计到既往甲状腺功能异常的患者(表1)。

  • 2.2 不良反应

  • 2.2.1 不良反应数据

  • 在 166 例患者中,共有 146 例发生不同程度的不良反应,最终共记录 462 次不良反应,平均 2.78 次/例。不同癌种中不良反应发生的例数及发生率见表2,纳入研究的癌种主要是肺癌、消化系统相关肿瘤,其不良反应发生率与总体不良反应发生率相似。不良反应发生例数、严重程度分级及相关性评价见表3、4。

  • 表1 患者基本情况

  • Table1 Clincial characteristics of 166 patients in cohort

  • *:分期为 Ⅰ~Ⅱ期的患者均为新辅助免疫治疗;**:使用2种及以上不同免疫抑制剂的患者,为发生irAE停药后免疫治疗再挑战。

  • 本研究共涉及9 种已上市的PD⁃1/ PD⁃L1 免疫检查点抑制剂,使用分布及各自不良反应发生例数见表5。

  • 2.2.2 不良反应相关的单因素分析

  • 采用卡方检验,对患者的性别、是否是一线使用、是否存在3种及以上合并症、肿瘤分期、是否使用2种及以上免疫治疗药物、是否联合其他抗肿瘤药物进行不良反应发生率的分析(表6)。

  • 表2 不同癌种中不良反应发生的例数及发生率

  • Table2 The number and incidence of adverse events in different cancers

  • *:包括肺腺癌、肺鳞癌、肺小细胞癌。

  • 表3 不良反应(实验室指标)例数、严重程度分级及相关性评价

  • Table3 The number,severity grade and correlation analysis of adverse events(laboratory test)

  • 表4 不良反应(临床表现)例数、严重程度分级及相关性评价

  • Table4 The number,severity grade and correlation analysis of adverse events(clinical manifestation)

  • 表5 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1免疫检查点抑制剂使用分布及相关不良反应发生例数

  • Table5 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors and their adverse events

  • 2.2.3 不良反应相关的多因素分析

  • 如前文所述,对患者的性别、是否是一线使用、是否存在 3 种及以上合并症、肿瘤分期、是否使用 2 种及以上免疫治疗药物、是否联合其他抗肿瘤药物进行不良反应发生率的单因素分析,结果发现是否存在≥ 3 个系统的合并症(χ2 =52.200,P<0.001) 以及是否联用其他抗肿瘤药物(χ2 =26.524,P< 0.001)对不良反应的发生率有显著性影响。采用 Logistic回归分析在调整了性别、肿瘤分期等混杂因素后,本研究发现存在3种及以上合并症的患者,使用免疫抑制剂后发生不良反应的风险增加(OR= 11.382,CI:4.073~31.808)。

  • 表6 不同因素对不良反应率的影响

  • Table6 Influence of different factors on the adverse reaction rate

  • 2.2.4 免疫相关皮肤毒性及内分泌系统不良反应

  • 多项临床研究表明,皮肤毒性及内分泌系统不良反应的发生,与免疫治疗的生存率提高存在相关性[23-26]。本研究分析发现,34 例(20.5%)患者发生皮肤毒性或内分泌免疫相关不良事件。皮肤或内分泌系统不良反应的总例数为 42。皮肤和内分泌不良事件包括皮肤毒性10例(6.0%)、甲状腺功能减退 16 例(9.6%)、肾上腺皮质功能不全 16 例 (9.6%)。单变量生存分析显示,皮肤或内分泌系统不良反应与生存时间的延长相关(图1)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 免疫检查点抑制剂通过促进免疫反应清除肿瘤细胞[3],因此,药物增强的免疫反应导致了一系列有别于传统细胞毒性治疗的特殊的不良反应,称为 irAE。主要的 irAE 包括腹泻、结肠炎、肝炎、肺炎、皮肤毒性和内分泌疾病等,如垂体炎和甲状腺功能障碍[27-30]。本研究针对irAE以及其他常见不良反应进行回顾分析,以提供全面且详实的临床数据。

  • 本研究中166例75岁以上老年人群接受PD⁃1/ PD⁃L1 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗后,共有 146 例发生不同程度的不良反应,不良反应发生率为87.9%,发生比例较高的不良反应有贫血(78.9%)、白细胞降低(28.9%)、中性粒细胞降低(18.7%)、血小板降低 (42.8%)、高血糖(21.7%)、甲状腺功能异常(9.6%)、皮质醇异常(9.6%)等。进一步对每一项不良反应进行相关性评价,相关性为肯定的16 例,很可能的39 例,可能的82 例,可能无关的325例。肯定和很可能与PD⁃1 相关的不良反应仅占11.9%,这可能是由于老年患者相对体弱且存在合并症,且多数患者联用其他抗肿瘤药物,由表6可知,是否存在≥ 3 个系统的合并症以及是否联用其他抗肿瘤药物对不良反应的发生率有显著影响。在166 例患者中,有 139 例(83.7%)接受了PD⁃1 联合其他抗肿瘤药物的治疗方法,联用细胞毒类化疗药物的共 128 例 (77.1%),因此在相关性评价中予以综合分析,考虑许多不良反应与PD⁃1/ PD⁃L1 免疫检查点抑制剂的应用可能无关。

  • 图1 皮肤或内分泌免疫相关不良事件的生存曲线分析

  • Figure1 Survival curve analysis of cutaneous or endo⁃ crine immune⁃related adverse events

  • 本研究共记录了462 次不良反应,按照CTCAE 5.0 的标准对其进行分类,其中420 次的严重程度为 1~2 级,42 次的严重程度为3~5级,总体而言,多数不良反应程度较轻,且在停药或对症处理后很快得到缓解。不良反应总发生率为 87.9%,发生 3 级及以上不良反应的有22例,占患者总数13.2%。与其他临床研究中75岁以下患者免疫治疗不良反应数据相对比可知,本研究中发生3~5级不良反应的比例较低,不良反应总发生率稍高,可能由于本研究中样本量偏少且未对癌种进行分层,存在混杂因素。另一个可能的原因是回顾性研究与临床研究方法不同,临床研究入组标准更为严格,本研究中存在超适应证用药,可能导致总体不良反应率升高。此外,本研究共涉及9种已上市的PD⁃1/ PD⁃L1 免疫检查点抑制剂,从表5可知,由于真实世界中免疫检查点抑制剂的使用数量参差不齐,可及性差导致观察到的不良反应发生情况也有较大差异。另一方面,随着年龄的增长,人类的免疫系统出现老化,这一过程通常称为“免疫衰老”[31-32]。免疫衰老的特征包括:由于胸腺退化导致的 T 细胞生成及活化减少[1933],与高龄相关炎症产生的与衰老相关的分泌表型(senescence⁃associated secretory phenotype, SASP)[33-35] 等。目前 irAEs 确切的潜在机制尚不清楚,大部分已知信息来自自身免疫和自身炎症的临床前和临床研究[36],对 irAE 患者的转化研究表明,T 细胞反应、抗体和细胞因子反应都可能参与其中[37]。老年患者的免疫衰老状态也可能与不良反应发生率的差异相关。

  • 在不良反应发生因素的单因素相关性分析中,是否存在3种及以上合并症、是否联合其他抗肿瘤药物对不良反应的发生率有显著影响,Logistic回归分析在调整了混杂因素后显示是否存在3种及以上合并症为显著影响因素。患者的性别、是否是一线使用、肿瘤分期、是否使用2种及以上免疫治疗药物与不良反应发生率相关性不大。但许多研究表明,免疫治疗联合化疗、靶向治疗、抗血管治疗等存在获益[38-40]。如帕博利珠单抗的汇总分析数据显示,75 岁以下癌症患者免疫治疗毒性发生率为 63.2%,3~5级毒性发生率为16.9%[42];75岁以下的黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌和肾细胞癌患者免疫治疗毒性发生率为49.0%,3~5级毒性发生率为14.5%[43]。因此应辩证看待联合用药引起的不良反应。

  • 在合并症方面,用于老年患者合并症相对较多,对irAE的治疗应具体分析。糖皮质激素是目前 irAE治疗的主要药物,尤其是irAE≥2级的患者[41],老年患者合并糖尿病的可能性较高,因酌情调整用药剂量及疗程。

  • 临床研究表明,皮肤毒性及内分泌系统不良反应与免疫治疗预后相关[23-26],在本研究中,生存分析也显示发生皮肤毒性及内分泌系统不良反应的患者具有更长的生存曲线。

  • 总体而言,基于本研究数据,75 岁以上老年患者免疫检查抑制剂的不良反应与75岁以下患者相当,并未增加严重不良事件的发生。因此,75岁以上老年患者使用免疫检查抑制剂是安全的,但需要更为全面地评估免疫不良事件发生的可能。

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  • 参考文献

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