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通讯作者:

曾晓宁,E-mail:zeng_xiao_ning@hotmail.com

中图分类号:R562.25

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)05-655-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230510

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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 24
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究蛋白酶激活受体2(protease-activated receptor 2,PAR2)对人内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cell,EPC) 功能的影响。方法:EPC予以PAR2天然激动剂类胰蛋白酶、合成激动剂SLIGKV-NH2、合成抑制剂FSLLRY-NH2处理,EdU、 Transwell实验观察EPC增殖、迁移,实时定量PCR、ELISA分析检测相关细胞因子及受体表达,免疫印迹法评估Ras同源家族成员A(Ras homolog family member A,RhoA)水平;同时给予RhoA特异性抑制剂Y-27632,观察PAR2活化效应可否被取消。结果:PAR2激动剂可剂量依赖性抑制EPC增殖及迁移(P < 0.05),下调血管内皮生长因子A、血管内皮生长因子受体2、基质细胞衍生因子1及趋化性细胞因子受体4等表达(P < 0.05),该效应可被PAR2抑制剂取消;活化PAR2可显著上调EPC RhoA表达 (P < 0.05),抑制PAR2活性可取消该效应;Y-27632可逆转PAR2激动剂导致的EPC 细胞增殖、迁移抑制(P < 0.05)。结论: PAR2经RhoA信号抑制EPC增殖、迁移功能,是极具潜力的内皮再生与血管生成调控靶点。

    Abstract

    Objective:The present study aims to investigate the role of protease - activated receptor 2(PAR2)in the regulation of human endothelial progenitor cell(EPC)function. Methods:EPCs were stimulated with tryptase(a natural agonist of PAR2),SLIGKV- NH2(a synthetic agonist of PAR2)and FSLLRY-NH2(an antagonist of PAR2). Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated by EdU incorporation and Transwell model. Expression of the cytokines and receptors were estimated by real - time quantitative PCR and ELISA. Level of intercellular Ras homolog family member A(RhoA)was assessed by Western blot analysis. And RhoA antagonist Y- 27632 was also applied to determine whether the effects of PAR2 activation can be abolished by RhoA inhibition. Results:The agonists of PAR2 dramatically inhibited EPCs proliferation and migration in a dose - dependent manner(P < 0.05). PAR2 activation markedly suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2,stromal cell- derived factor -1and C -X -C chemokine receptor type 4(P < 0.05). All these effects can be abolished by the PAR2 antagonist(P < 0.05). PAR2 activation increased the level of RhoA in EPCs,which was also repressed by FSLLRY-NH2(P < 0.05). Y-27632 notably reversed the influence of PAR2 activation on EPCs proliferation and migration(P < 0.05). Conclusion:The activation of PAR2 blunted EPCs proliferation and migration via RhoA signal,hinting a potential role of PAR2 as a novel target for the modulation of endothelial regeneration and vasculogenesis.

  • 蛋白酶激活受体(protease ⁃ activated receptor, PAR)属 G 蛋白偶联受体,包括 4 个亚型。其中, PAR2作为唯一胰酶受体,功能最为特殊,可被胰蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶等活化,在平滑肌、上皮和内皮等多种结构细胞上均有表达[1]。研究表明,多种血管疾病进展与PAR2的激活有关,如肺动脉高压、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病血管并发症等,提示 PAR2 在调节内皮完整性和血管稳态方面起重要作用[2-3]。有研究显示,PAR2活化可参与内皮细胞的多种功能,如细胞增殖、血管生成及促炎介质释放等[4-5]。Ras 同源家族成员 A(Ras homolog family member A, RhoA)作为重要的 PAR2 下游信号[6],被证实参与内皮功能调控[7-8]。在研究中发现作为调节内皮完整性和血管稳态的重要来源,内皮祖细胞(endo⁃ thelial progenitor cell,EPC)存在 PAR2 表达,然其是否参与调控 EPC 功能及其相关机制目前仍知之甚少。

  • EPC起源于骨髓,可从外周血单个核细胞中分离提取[9],体内外均具有高增殖和促血管生成潜能。机体受损时,损伤部位释放趋化细胞因子可使 EPC从骨髓动员至外周血,继而迁至受损处分化为成熟内皮细胞,嵌入并修复血管[10]。有证据证实,肺动脉高压患者循环EPC数量显著减少并伴功能障碍,提示EPC可能是血管功能异常的重要原因[11]。近年来在一些血管相关疾病如肺动脉高压[12]、糖尿病血管并发症[13] 和冠心病[14] 中,EPC作为细胞治疗的有力候选成员之一,其功能改善已成为治疗此类疾病的重要策略。

  • EPC表达PAR2,而PAR2激活能否调节EPC功能有待进一步研究。本研究通过体外培养EPC,观察 PAR2 活化对 EPC 增殖、迁移功能的影响及其相关因子、受体的水平变化,阐明RhoA信号在该过程中的重要作用。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 类胰蛋白酶(Tr,T7063,Sigma⁃Aldrich 公司,美国);PAR2激动剂SLIGKV⁃NH2(AP,RP20334,南京金斯瑞公司),PAR2 抑制剂 FSLLRY ⁃ NH2(FS, C7865BL120⁃1,南京金斯瑞公司),RhoA 抑制剂 Y⁃ 27632(B1293,Apexbio公司,美国);EdU细胞增殖检测试剂盒(C10310,广州锐博生物科技有限公司),人血管内皮生长因子 A(vascular endothelial growth factor⁃A,VEGF⁃A)酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme⁃linked immuno sorbent assay,ELISA)检测试剂盒 (DVE00,R&D公司,美国),人基质细胞衍生因子1 (stromal cell⁃derived factor⁃1,SDF⁃1)ELISA 检测试剂盒(DSA00,R&D 公司,美国);抗 PAR2 特异性抗体(ab180953,Abcam公司,英国),抗RhoA特异性抗体(ab187027,Abcam公司,英国),抗甘油醛⁃3⁃磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde ⁃3⁃phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)特异性抗体(2118,CST 公司,美国),辣根过氧化物酶标记的山羊抗兔IgG抗体(sc⁃2004,San⁃ ta Cruz 公司,美国);EGM ⁃ 2 BulletKit 培养基 (CC3162,Lonza公司,美国)。

  • 本研究方案经南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:2019⁃SR⁃184),并获得所有患者的书面知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 细胞培养

  • 人外周血分离EPC,培养于EGM⁃2完全培养基中,置 37℃、5% CO2条件的细胞培养箱孵育,每隔 2~3 d更换培养基,直至细胞密度达80%后,胰酶消化、传代。选择第4~6代细胞进行实验。

  • 1.2.2 EdU掺入实验

  • EdU掺入实验检测 EPC 增殖功能。细胞铺至孔板并饥饿 6~8 h 后,以不同浓度类胰蛋白酶、 SLIGKV⁃NH2 分别刺激 EPC 24 h,抑制剂联合组在 PAR2 激动剂给药前 30 min 予 FS 或 Y ⁃27632;50 μmol/L EdU 孵育 4 h 后,固定、破膜、Apollo 及 Hoechst 染色。通过计算 Apollo、Hoechst 双染的细胞核数目以评估细胞增殖率。随机选取 5 个不同视野进行拍照计数,重复 3 次后进行统计学分析。

  • 1.2.3 Transwell小室实验

  • Transwell 小室实验检测 EPC 迁移功能。细胞铺板并饥饿 6~8 h,低血清培养基调整细胞密度后以 150 μL 细胞悬液接种于 Transwell 上室,置于 24 孔板中,加入含不同刺激物的完全培养基于下室;细胞培养箱孵育 24 h,弃培养基、PBS 清洗,多聚甲醛固定 30 min 后棉签擦拭移除小室上层细胞,结晶紫染色后 PBS 清洗、晾干,显微镜拍照。随机选取 4 个不同视野进行拍照计数并统计学分析。

  • 1.2.4 实时定量PCR

  • 实时定量PCR(real⁃time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qPCR)检测 EPC 中 VEGF⁃A、血管内皮生长因子受体 2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor⁃2,VEGFR⁃2)、SDF⁃1、趋化性细胞因子受体 4(C⁃X⁃C chemokine receptor type4,CXCR⁃4)mRNA 表达量。100 pmol/L Tr或100 μmol/L SLIGKV⁃NH2刺激EPC 24 h,PBS清洗2遍,使用TRIzol提取细胞总 RNA,逆转录试剂盒逆转录后加入 SYBR 进行实时定量PCR实验。扩增条件为下:预变性95℃30 s → 变性95℃ 5 s → 退火60℃ 30 s → 延伸72℃ 10 min,共 40 个循环。以 GAPDH 为内参,计算 2-∆∆CT值,最后比较目的基因相对表达量。所用引物委托南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成:人 GAPDH 上游引物5′⁃AGAAGGCTGGGGCTCATTTG⁃3′,下游引物5′⁃ AGGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTC⁃3′;人VEGF⁃A上游引物 5′⁃AGGGCAGAATCATCACGAAGT⁃3′,下游引物 5′⁃AGGGTCTCGATTGGATGGCA⁃3′;人VEGFR⁃2上游引物 5′⁃GGCCCAATAATCAGAGTGGCA⁃3′,下游引物5′⁃CCAGTGTCATTTCCGATCACTTT⁃3′;人SDF⁃1 上游引物 5′ ⁃ATTCTCAACACTCCAAACTGTGC ⁃3′,下游引物 5′ ⁃ACTTTAGCTTCGGGTCAATGC ⁃3′;人 CXCR ⁃ 4 上游引物 5′ ⁃ ACTACACCGAGGAAAT⁃ GGGCT ⁃ 3′,下游引物 5′ ⁃ CCCACAATGCCAGTTA⁃ AGAAGA⁃3′。

  • 1.2.5 ELISA

  • ELISA检测EPC上清中VEGF⁃A 及SDF⁃1的蛋白表达量。100 pmol/L 类胰蛋白酶或 100 μmol/L SLIGKV⁃NH2刺激EPCs 24 h后收集细胞上清,采用人VEGF⁃A、SDF⁃1 ELISA 检测试剂盒,根据说明书进行检测。

  • 1.2.6 蛋白质免疫印迹实验

  • 蛋白质免疫印迹实验检测 EPC 中 PAR2、RhoA 蛋白水平。不同药物作用 EPC 24 h 后收集细胞, 200 μL RIPA 冰上裂解 15 min;收集裂解物, 12 000 r/min 离心 20 min 后吸取上清,十二烷基硫酸钠蛋白变性;制胶上样,80~120 V 恒压电泳, 300 mA 恒流PVDF转膜;含Tween 20的Tris洗涤缓冲液(tris buffered saline tween,TBST)配制 5%脱脂奶粉溶液,室温封闭 1 h;加入抗 PAR2(1∶1 000)、 RhoA(1∶1 000)、GAPDH(1∶1 000)抗体 4℃孵育过夜;TBST洗涤后,与辣根过氧化物酶标记的山羊抗兔 IgG 抗体孵育;ECL 化学发光液曝光,并用 Bio⁃ Rad成像系统及Image J软件进行分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用 Graphpad 6.0 进行分析处理,计量资料以均数±标准误(x-±Sx-)表示,单因素方差分析比较多组间差异。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 类胰蛋白酶、SLIGKV⁃NH2抑制EPC增殖与迁移

  • Tr 是 PAR2 的天然激动剂。免疫印迹结果显示,EPC存在PAR2表达,给予Tr100 pmol/L处理24 h 后,PAR2表达上调(P <0.05),PAR2抑制剂FS可取消此效应(图1A),提示类胰蛋白酶可通过PAR2引起自身反馈性表达增高。细胞增殖、迁移是血管生成的重要事件。本研究结果显示,不同浓度(1、10、 50、100、1 000 pmol/L)Tr处理24 h可导致细胞增殖、迁移功能明显减弱(P <0.05,图1B、C)。AP作为激活 PAR2 的模拟合成肽,亦可剂量依赖性(1、10、 50、100、200 μmol/L)抑制 EPC 增殖与迁移(P <0.05,图1D、E),浓度≥100 μmol/L 时差异具有显著性。据上述结果,后续实验选择 100 pmol/L Tr 和 100 μmol/L AP进行。

  • 2.2 PAR2激活下调EPC增殖、迁移相关细胞因子及受体表达

  • EPC释放的生长、趋化因子及其受体参与缺血组织处细胞的增殖与迁移。实时定量 PCR 结果显示,Tr、SLIGKV⁃NH2下调VEGF⁃A、VEGFR⁃2、SDF⁃1、 CXCR⁃4的mRNA水平(P <0.05,图2A)。ELISA结果亦显示,PAR2激活后EPC上清中VEGF⁃A及SDF⁃1 的蛋白表达量显著下降(P <0.05,图2B)。

  • 2.3 PAR2抑制剂FS取消PAR2活化引起的EPC功能改变

  • 为了探讨PAR2激动剂引起的EPC功能改变是否直接经由PAR2受体实现,本研究选用PAR2抑制剂 FS 以阻断 PAR2 受体功能。200 μmol/L FS 可取消2种激动剂诱导的EPC细胞增殖、迁移功能下调效应(P <0.05,图3)。

  • 2.4 RhoA参与介导PAR2活化引起的EPC增殖、迁移抑制过程

  • 作为 PAR2 下游的重要信号分子,RhoA 参与调节细胞的骨架重塑、黏附运动等功能。免疫印迹结果显示,Tr、AP 处理 EPC 24 h 后,RhoA 表达显著上调(P <0.05),PAR2 抑制剂 FS 可取消此上调效应(图4A)。同时,予以特异性 RhoA 抑制剂 Y⁃27632(图4B,C),PAR2 激动剂引起的 EPC 增殖、迁移抑制被逆转(P <0.05)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究通过分离、培养人外周血来源的EPC,发现选择性激活 PAR2 可经由 RhoA 信号抑制 EPC 增殖、迁移功能。PAR2 激动剂 Tr、PAR2 合成激动剂 AP 可下调增殖、迁移相关细胞因子及受体表达、上调RhoA信号,该效应分别被PAR2及RhoA抑制剂取消,提示PAR2⁃RhoA信号轴可能是EPC参与血管修复、再生的重要机制之一。

  • 图1 PAR2活化抑制EPC细胞增殖与迁移

  • Figure1 The activation of PAR2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of EPC

  • 图2 PAR2活化对细胞增殖、迁移相关因子及受体的影响

  • Figure2 Implication of PAR2 activation in the expression of EPC proliferation and migration⁃related cytokines and re⁃ ceptors

  • 图3 类胰蛋白酶/SLIGKV⁃NH2通过激活PAR2抑制EPC增殖与迁移

  • Figure3 Tryptase/SLIGKV⁃NH2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of EPC by activating PAR2

  • 1997年,Asahara等[9] 通过免疫磁珠法首次从人外周血单核细胞层分离出EPC,其在心血管系统疾病[14]、呼吸系统疾病[12] 等多种病理生理过程中的重要作用均被证实。研究显示,野百合碱诱导的肺动脉高压大鼠接受骨髓来源的EPC后,右心衰表现明显减轻,存活率也显著提高[12],提示 EPC 是肺动脉高压等血管相关疾病治疗的有效手段。

  • PAR2 参与血管功能调控过程,研究表明动脉粥样硬化斑块中PAR2表达上调[3];PAR2激活可引起内皮屏障破坏、血管通透性增加、炎症介质上调,导致血脑屏障结构与功能紊乱[4],提示内皮细胞调控中PAR2至关重要。然而,PAR2在EPC中的作用尚不清楚。鉴于EPC是内皮细胞的干性前体细胞,本研究通过原代培养EPC以探究PAR2激活对其功能的影响,阐明血管稳态调控的EPC机制及其作为潜在治疗靶标的可能性。

  • 图4 PAR2激活经由RhoA信号抑制EPC增殖与迁移

  • Figure4 PAR2 activation decreased the proliferation and migration of EPC via RhoA

  • EPC增殖作为细胞关键功能,对内皮再生及伤口愈合十分重要。本研究探究了PAR2激活对EPC 增殖的影响,同时选用Tr、AP[15] 进行观察。结果显示两者效应相似,均剂量依赖性抑制 EPC 增殖功能,效应均被PAR2抑制剂取消,表明EPC增殖抑制确实通过活化 PAR2 实现。同时,EPC 迁移作为机体受损后细胞归巢至损伤部位的重要事件,对血管的精准修复颇为关键。本研究观察了PAR2活化对 EPC 迁移的影响,发现激活 PAR2 可显著抑制 EPC 迁移功能,抑制 PAR2 活性可取消该效应。上述结果均表明,PAR2 参与调控 EPC 功能,特异性活化 PAR2可直接抑制EPC增殖与迁移。

  • 生理状态下EPC主要定居于骨髓干细胞池,损伤后接受相关信号、从骨髓动员至外周血,继而定位于受损组织、发挥生物学效应。该过程受多种信号调控,如 VEGF⁃A、SDF⁃1、VEGFR⁃2、CXCR⁃4 等。 VEGF⁃A作为多效生长因子,可与受体VEGFR⁃2结合,通过促进EPC增殖以促进血管生成[16];SDF⁃1作为关键干细胞归巢因子,SDF⁃1/CXCR⁃4 轴在调控 EPC迁移中发挥重要作用[17]。本研究发现PAR2激活显著下调VEGF⁃A、SDF⁃1及相关受体表达,提示 PAR2抑制 EPC 功能可能与此相关。然而,有研究显示 PAR2 激活可促 EPC 迁移及成管而不影响增殖[18],与本研究结果存在差异。究其原因,可能由于该研究类胰蛋白酶组同时加入了肝素,改变了类胰蛋白酶结构(肝素参与类胰蛋白酶组装[19]),造成细胞反应差异;此外研究中 EPC 来源不同,也可能是造成差异的重要因素。

  • RhoA作为PAR2的重要下游信号,参与细胞骨架重塑、运动黏附以及凋亡等过程[20]。本研究显示,RhoA 是 PAR2 诱导 EPC 功能变化的重要通路。活化 PAR2 可上调 EPC 中 RhoA 表达,PAR2 抑制剂可取消该效应,特异性抑制RhoA活性可逆转PAR2 激活诱导的 EPC 功能下调。作为细胞运动调节相关的核心因子,Rho家族参与细胞事件中的诸多环节,RhoA通过其效应器Rho相关蛋白激酶,促肌动球蛋白收缩以参与细胞运动相关过程。研究表明,细胞增殖过程中 RhoA 表达下调,抑制肌动球蛋白形成与收缩,进而促进与干/祖细胞增殖、分化相关的 Yes 相关蛋白/含 PDZ 结合序列转录共激活子 (Yes ⁃ associated protein/transcriptional co ⁃ activator with PDZ binding motif,YAP/TAZ)核转位,细胞增殖能力增强[21];而细胞运动过程中,除细胞前端板状伪足提供动力外,下调的 RhoA 导致细胞后缘肌动球蛋白收缩力减弱,有利于松散细胞与细胞以及细胞与基质间的连接,使其易向不同方向延伸[22-23]。本研究中RhoA表达受PAR2激活而上调,可能通过调控肌动球蛋白的形成并增强其收缩,在增殖迁移相关动力学事件中发挥作用。而另有研究发现, RhoA还可通过调节肌动蛋白的再分布及组装、参与 SDF⁃1诱导的细胞迁移[24];本研究发现PAR2活化诱导SDF⁃1下调,或可通过改变RhoA信号、参与EPC 迁移抑制过程。

  • 综上所述,本研究表明 PAR2 可通过上调 EPC RhoA信号抑制细胞增殖、迁移功能,PAR2可能作为 EPC功能调控的重要靶标。鉴于EPC在内皮修复与再生中的重要作用,研究结果为血管相关疾病的治疗提供了新思路。然而本研究仅在体外进行了相关探索,仍存在不足,有待在体内进一步展开深入研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 王红玉,顾浩,葛爱,等.蛋白酶激活受体2经ROS 信号调控支气管上皮间充质表型转化[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(6):790-795

    • [2] JOSEPH C,BERGHAUSEN E M,BEHRINGER A,et al.Coagulation ⁃ independent effects of thrombin and factor Xa:role of protease⁃activated receptors in pulmonary hy⁃ pertension[J].Cardiovasc Res,2022,118(16):3225-3238

    • [3] JONES S M,MANN A,CONRAD K,et al.PAR2(protease ⁃ activated receptor 2)deficiency attenuates atherosclero⁃ sis in mice[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2018,38(6):1271-1282

    • [4] ZHOU Q,WANG Y W,NI P F,et al.Effect of tryptase on mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells via protease⁃ activated receptor 2[J].J Neuroinflammation,2018,15(1):248

    • [5] LIU H,LESSIEUR E M,SAADANE A,et al.Neutrophil elastase contributes to the pathological vascular permea⁃ bility characteristic of diabetic retinopathy[J].Diabetolo⁃ gia,2019,62(12):2365-2374

    • [6] DAS K,PRASAD R,SINGH A,et al.Protease ⁃activated receptor 2 promotes actomyosin dependent transforming microvesicles generation from human breast cancer[J].Mol Carcinog,2018,57(12):1707-1722

    • [7] SHU A,DU Q,CHEN J,et al.Catalpol ameliorates endo⁃ thelial dysfunction and inflammation in diabetic nephrop⁃ athy via suppression of RAGE/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway[J].Chem Biol Interact,2021,348:109625

    • [8] MEEKINS L C,ROSADO⁃ADAMES N,MADDALA R,et al.Corneal endothelial cell migration and proliferation en⁃ hanced by Rho kinase(ROCK)inhibitors in in vitro and in vivo models[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2016,57(15):6731-6738

    • [9] ASAHARA T,MUROHARA T,SULLIVAN A,et al.Isola⁃ tion of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogene⁃ sis[J].Science,1997,275(5302):964-967

    • [10] LEE N G,JEUNG I C,HEO S C,et al.Ischemia⁃induced Netrin ⁃4 promotes neovascularization through endothelial progenitor cell activation via Unc⁃5 Netrin receptor B[J].Faseb J,2020,34(1):1231-1246

    • [11] SUN H X,LI G J,DU Z H,et al.The relationship between endothelial progenitor cells and pulmonary arterial hyper⁃ tension in children with congenital heart disease[J].BMC Pediatr,2019,19(1):502

    • [12] HARPER R L,MAIOLO S,WARD R J,et al.BMPR2⁃ex⁃ pressing bone marrow⁃derived endothelial⁃like progenitor cells alleviate pulmonary arterial hypertension in vivo[J].Respirology,2019,24(11):1095-1103

    • [13] DAI Q,FAN X,MENG X,et al.FGF21 promotes isch⁃ aemic angiogenesis and endothelial progenitor cells func⁃ tion under diabetic conditions in an AMPK/NAD+⁃depen⁃ dent manner[J].J Cell Mol Med,2021,25(6):3091-3102

    • [14] ZHANG H F,WANG Y L,TAN Y Z,et al.Enhancement of cardiac lymphangiogenesis by transplantation of CD34(+)VEGFR ⁃ 3(+)endothelial progenitor cells and sus⁃ tained release of VEGF ⁃C[J].Basic Res Cardiol,2019,114(6):43

    • [15] GARCÍA ⁃ GONZÁLEZ G,SÁNCHEZ ⁃ GONZÁLEZ A,HERNÁNDEZ⁃BELLO R,et al.Triggering of protease⁃ac⁃ tivated receptors(PARs)induces alternative M2 macro⁃ phage polarization with impaired plasticity[J].Mol Immu⁃ nol,2019,114:278-288

    • [16] YU B,DONG B,HE J,et al.Bimodal imaging ⁃ visible nanomedicine integrating CXCR4 and VEGFa genes di⁃ rects synergistic reendothelialization of endothelial pro⁃ genitor cells[J].Adv Sci(Weinh),2020,7(24):2001657

    • [17] YU G,LIU P,SHI Y,et al.Sitagliptin stimulates endothe⁃ lial progenitor cells to induce endothelialization in aneu⁃ rysm necks through the SDF ⁃ 1/CXCR4/NRF2 signaling pathway[J].Front Endocrinol(Lausanne),2019,10:823

    • [18] QIAN N,LI X,WANG X,et al.Tryptase promotes breast cancer angiogenesis through PAR⁃2 mediated endothelial progenitor cell activation[J].Oncol Lett,2018,16(2):1513-1520

    • [19] HALLGREN J,LINDAHL S,PEJLER G.Structural re⁃ quirements and mechanism for heparin⁃dependent activa⁃ tion and tetramerization of human beta Ⅰ⁃ and betaⅡ⁃ tryptase[J].J Mol Biol,2005,345(1):129-139

    • [20] FLENTJE A,KALSI R,MONAHAN T S.Small GTPases and their role in vascular disease[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(4):917

    • [21] OTSU K,IDA ⁃YONEMOCHI H,IKEZAKI S,et al.Oxy⁃ gen regulates epithelial stem cell proliferation via RhoA ⁃ actomyosin⁃YAP/TAZ signal in mouse incisor[J].Devel⁃ opment,2021,148(4):dev194787

    • [22] LAWSON C D,RIDLEY A J.Rho GTPase signaling com⁃ plexes in cell migration and invasion[J].J Cell Biol,2018,217(2):447-457

    • [23] MAVRIA G,VERCOULEN Y,YEO M,et al.ERK⁃MAPK signaling opposes Rho ⁃kinase to promote endothelial cell survival and sprouting during angiogenesis[J].Cancer Cell,2006,9(1):33-44

    • [24] LUO J,LI D,WEI D,et al.RhoA and RhoC are involved in stromal cell⁃derived factor⁃1⁃induced cell migration by regulating F ⁃ actin redistribution and assembly[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2017,436(1⁃2):13-21

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 王红玉,顾浩,葛爱,等.蛋白酶激活受体2经ROS 信号调控支气管上皮间充质表型转化[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(6):790-795

    • [2] JOSEPH C,BERGHAUSEN E M,BEHRINGER A,et al.Coagulation ⁃ independent effects of thrombin and factor Xa:role of protease⁃activated receptors in pulmonary hy⁃ pertension[J].Cardiovasc Res,2022,118(16):3225-3238

    • [3] JONES S M,MANN A,CONRAD K,et al.PAR2(protease ⁃ activated receptor 2)deficiency attenuates atherosclero⁃ sis in mice[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2018,38(6):1271-1282

    • [4] ZHOU Q,WANG Y W,NI P F,et al.Effect of tryptase on mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells via protease⁃ activated receptor 2[J].J Neuroinflammation,2018,15(1):248

    • [5] LIU H,LESSIEUR E M,SAADANE A,et al.Neutrophil elastase contributes to the pathological vascular permea⁃ bility characteristic of diabetic retinopathy[J].Diabetolo⁃ gia,2019,62(12):2365-2374

    • [6] DAS K,PRASAD R,SINGH A,et al.Protease ⁃activated receptor 2 promotes actomyosin dependent transforming microvesicles generation from human breast cancer[J].Mol Carcinog,2018,57(12):1707-1722

    • [7] SHU A,DU Q,CHEN J,et al.Catalpol ameliorates endo⁃ thelial dysfunction and inflammation in diabetic nephrop⁃ athy via suppression of RAGE/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway[J].Chem Biol Interact,2021,348:109625

    • [8] MEEKINS L C,ROSADO⁃ADAMES N,MADDALA R,et al.Corneal endothelial cell migration and proliferation en⁃ hanced by Rho kinase(ROCK)inhibitors in in vitro and in vivo models[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2016,57(15):6731-6738

    • [9] ASAHARA T,MUROHARA T,SULLIVAN A,et al.Isola⁃ tion of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogene⁃ sis[J].Science,1997,275(5302):964-967

    • [10] LEE N G,JEUNG I C,HEO S C,et al.Ischemia⁃induced Netrin ⁃4 promotes neovascularization through endothelial progenitor cell activation via Unc⁃5 Netrin receptor B[J].Faseb J,2020,34(1):1231-1246

    • [11] SUN H X,LI G J,DU Z H,et al.The relationship between endothelial progenitor cells and pulmonary arterial hyper⁃ tension in children with congenital heart disease[J].BMC Pediatr,2019,19(1):502

    • [12] HARPER R L,MAIOLO S,WARD R J,et al.BMPR2⁃ex⁃ pressing bone marrow⁃derived endothelial⁃like progenitor cells alleviate pulmonary arterial hypertension in vivo[J].Respirology,2019,24(11):1095-1103

    • [13] DAI Q,FAN X,MENG X,et al.FGF21 promotes isch⁃ aemic angiogenesis and endothelial progenitor cells func⁃ tion under diabetic conditions in an AMPK/NAD+⁃depen⁃ dent manner[J].J Cell Mol Med,2021,25(6):3091-3102

    • [14] ZHANG H F,WANG Y L,TAN Y Z,et al.Enhancement of cardiac lymphangiogenesis by transplantation of CD34(+)VEGFR ⁃ 3(+)endothelial progenitor cells and sus⁃ tained release of VEGF ⁃C[J].Basic Res Cardiol,2019,114(6):43

    • [15] GARCÍA ⁃ GONZÁLEZ G,SÁNCHEZ ⁃ GONZÁLEZ A,HERNÁNDEZ⁃BELLO R,et al.Triggering of protease⁃ac⁃ tivated receptors(PARs)induces alternative M2 macro⁃ phage polarization with impaired plasticity[J].Mol Immu⁃ nol,2019,114:278-288

    • [16] YU B,DONG B,HE J,et al.Bimodal imaging ⁃ visible nanomedicine integrating CXCR4 and VEGFa genes di⁃ rects synergistic reendothelialization of endothelial pro⁃ genitor cells[J].Adv Sci(Weinh),2020,7(24):2001657

    • [17] YU G,LIU P,SHI Y,et al.Sitagliptin stimulates endothe⁃ lial progenitor cells to induce endothelialization in aneu⁃ rysm necks through the SDF ⁃ 1/CXCR4/NRF2 signaling pathway[J].Front Endocrinol(Lausanne),2019,10:823

    • [18] QIAN N,LI X,WANG X,et al.Tryptase promotes breast cancer angiogenesis through PAR⁃2 mediated endothelial progenitor cell activation[J].Oncol Lett,2018,16(2):1513-1520

    • [19] HALLGREN J,LINDAHL S,PEJLER G.Structural re⁃ quirements and mechanism for heparin⁃dependent activa⁃ tion and tetramerization of human beta Ⅰ⁃ and betaⅡ⁃ tryptase[J].J Mol Biol,2005,345(1):129-139

    • [20] FLENTJE A,KALSI R,MONAHAN T S.Small GTPases and their role in vascular disease[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(4):917

    • [21] OTSU K,IDA ⁃YONEMOCHI H,IKEZAKI S,et al.Oxy⁃ gen regulates epithelial stem cell proliferation via RhoA ⁃ actomyosin⁃YAP/TAZ signal in mouse incisor[J].Devel⁃ opment,2021,148(4):dev194787

    • [22] LAWSON C D,RIDLEY A J.Rho GTPase signaling com⁃ plexes in cell migration and invasion[J].J Cell Biol,2018,217(2):447-457

    • [23] MAVRIA G,VERCOULEN Y,YEO M,et al.ERK⁃MAPK signaling opposes Rho ⁃kinase to promote endothelial cell survival and sprouting during angiogenesis[J].Cancer Cell,2006,9(1):33-44

    • [24] LUO J,LI D,WEI D,et al.RhoA and RhoC are involved in stromal cell⁃derived factor⁃1⁃induced cell migration by regulating F ⁃ actin redistribution and assembly[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2017,436(1⁃2):13-21