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通讯作者:

杨留才,E-mail:13851083108@163.com

中图分类号:R285.5

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)05-678-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230513

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究白藜芦醇对内质网应激诱导神经细胞凋亡的影响及机制。方法:采用内质网应激诱导剂毒胡萝卜素 (thapsigargin,TG)处理PC12细胞,构建内质网应激模型。免疫印迹法检测GRP78蛋白表达,激光共聚焦和Fluo-3/AM检测胞浆钙离子浓度,比色法测定Caspase-3活性,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。结果:白藜芦醇减轻内质网应激诱导剂TG引起的 GRP78高表达,阻止内质网应激诱导的钙超载。白藜芦醇和钙离子螯合剂BAPTA均抑制内质网应激诱导的Caspase-3活化和神经细胞凋亡。结论:白藜芦醇可能通过Ca2+ /Caspase-3途径抑制内质网应激诱导的神经细胞凋亡。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of resveratrol on neural cell apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS). Methods:PC12 cells were treated with ERS inducer thapsigargin(TG)to construct ERS model. The expression of GRP78 protein was detected by Western blotting,the cytoplasmic calcium concentration was detected by laser scanning confocal microscope(LSCM)and Fluo-3/AM,the activity of Caspase-3 was measured by colorimetry,and the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. Results:Resveratrol reduced the high expression of GRP 78 induced by ERS inducer TG,prevented calcium overload induced by ERS. Resveratrol and calcium chelator BAPTA inhibited the activation of Caspase-3 induced by ERS and inhibited ERS- induced neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion:Resveratrol may inhibit neural cell apoptosis induced by ERS through Ca2+ /Caspase - 3 pathway.

  • 内质网是细胞内蛋白质合成、折叠、组装以及钙离子(Ca2+)储存的主要场所,内质网中大量未折叠或错误折叠的蛋白质会导致内质网应激(endo⁃ plasmic reticulum stress,ERS),ERS是导致细胞凋亡的一个重要机制。研究显示,ERS诱导剂毒胡萝卜素(thapsigargin,TG)可引起PC12细胞凋亡[1]。内质网是储存 Ca2+ 并维持细胞钙平衡的重要器官,ERS可使胞浆钙失衡,引起钙超载,是细胞凋亡的重要病理生理因素[2]。钙超载可损伤线粒体功能,释放细胞色素C,从而激活Caspase⁃3、磷脂酶、蛋白酶和内切酶,引起细胞凋亡[3]

  • 白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RES)是一种存在于葡萄皮和葡萄酒中的非黄酮类多酚有机化合物,具有抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖与迁移[4]、抗炎抗凋亡[5] 等作用。众多研究报道,RES可通过抗氧化、抗炎对蛛网膜下腔出血发挥神经保护作用[6];通过调节线粒体动态平衡减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤[7];能够以浓度依赖性方式逆转H2O2诱导的Caspase⁃3表达增加、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的产生以及线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP) 的降低,从而保护视网膜神经节细胞免受H2O2诱导的凋亡[8];可通过抑制1⁃甲基⁃4⁃苯基吡啶诱导的小鼠海马神经元内ROS升高和钙超载,降低Caspase⁃3 表达和凋亡,表明RES可抑制氧化应激发挥神经保护作用[9]。另外,RES可抑制乙醇诱导的内质网特征蛋白 GRP78 的过表达,表明 RES 可抑制 ERS[10]。然而,RES 能否通过抑制 ERS 诱导的钙超载,阻止 Caspase⁃3的激活,从而减轻神经细胞凋亡,目前仍未阐明。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • TG、BAPTA/AM(Sigma 公司,美国);Fluo⁃3/AM 和胰蛋白酶(Invitrogen 公司,美国);DMEM 和 FBS 购自GIBCO公司;β⁃actin、GRP78和一抗(Abcam公司,美国);离子霉素(ionomycin),CCK⁃8和碘化丙啶 (南京碧云天);PC12细胞来自中国科学院培养物保藏中心。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 细胞培养和处理

  • PC12细胞采用含有10%FBS,100 U/mL青霉素和 100 μg/mL 链霉素的 DMEM 培养基于 37℃95% 空气和5%CO2混合气体中进行传代培养,构建ERS 细胞模型[1],即 RES 预处理 PC12 细胞 24 h 后,用 ERS诱导剂(TG,400 nmol/L)处理PC12细胞24 h。

  • 1.2.2 免疫印迹

  • 采用蛋白质定量试剂盒(BCA 法)测定蛋白质浓度,通过10% SDS⁃聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离蛋白质,并将其转移到PVDF膜上。用5%脱脂奶粉溶液封闭后,将膜分别与一抗[GRP78(1∶500),β⁃actin (1∶1 000)]于4℃杂交过夜,然后用TBST洗涤2 次,每次15 min,并在室温下与HRP标记的二抗(1∶3 000) 孵育1 h,用TBST洗涤2次,ECL显色,使用Bio⁃Rad 成像系统检测蛋白条带。

  • 1.2.3 胞浆Ca2+ 浓度测定

  • 采用Fluo⁃3/AM和共聚焦系统测定细胞内游离 Ca2+ (intracellular free Ca2+,[Ca2+ ])i 浓度。处理后,将 PC12细胞与3 μmol/L Fluo⁃3/AM孵育50 min,然后用 EBSS洗涤3次,随机选择3个视野采用激光共聚焦显微镜拍摄,运用LAS AF2.5.1.6757软件分析荧光强度,荧光的强弱表示[Ca2+ ]i的高低。

  • 1.2.4 Caspase⁃3活性的测定

  • PC12 细胞处理后,采用比色法测定 Caspase⁃3 的活性[11]。将30 μL细胞裂解液加入含60 μL缓冲液的 96 孔板中,再将 10 μL Caspase⁃3 催化底物 Ac⁃DEVD⁃pNA(终浓度为 200 μmol/L)。反应混合物37℃孵育90 min,并在405 nm处读取吸光度值表示Caspase⁃3的活性。

  • 1.2.5 凋亡率的检测

  • 采用流式细胞术检测PC12细胞凋亡率[12]。处理结束后,细胞(1×106)用 pH7.4 的 PBS 洗涤 2 次, 2 000 r/min离心5 min。然后将细胞重悬于pH7.4的结合缓冲液中,该缓冲液含有 140 mmol/L NaCl、 10 mmol/L HEPES和2.5 mmol/L CaCl2,另含50 μg/mL 碘化丙啶,常温避光孵育30 min,上机检测。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 数据采用均值 ± 标准差(x-±s)表示,使用 SPSS11.0软件进行统计分析。组间差异的显著性通过单因素方差分析确定,组间比较采用 LSD ⁃t 检验。在所有实验中,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 RES抑制TG诱导的ERS

  • 为了评估RES对ERS的影响,采用12.5 μmol/L、 25.0 μmol/L RES 预处理 PC12 细胞 24 h 后,再用 400 nmol/L TG 处理 24 h。采用免疫印迹检测 GRP78 蛋白的表达以反映 ERS 情况(图1)。TG 处理使 PC12 细胞 GRP78 蛋白表达升高到对照组的 (2.36 ± 0.14)倍(P <0.01),25.0 μmol/L RES预处理组 GRP78 表达为对照组的(1.49 ± 0.58)倍(P <0.05),明显低于TG处理组(P <0.05)。上述结果表明,TG可诱导ERS,25.0 μmol/L RES抑制TG诱导的 ERS。

  • 2.2 RES阻止ERS诱导PC12细胞钙超载

  • 为了探讨RES对ERS诱导[Ca2+ ]i变化的影响,用 Ca2+ 荧光探针 Fluo⁃3 和共聚焦系统检测 PC12 细胞Fluo⁃3荧光值以表示[Ca2+ ]i(图2)。为评估此系统能否检测出[Ca2+ ]i的变化,采用离子霉素(一种 Ca2+ 载体)作为阳性对照,结果显示离子霉素处理后,PC12细胞[Ca2+ ]i显著升高,表明采用的系统能检测出[Ca2 + ]i的变化。400 nmol/L TG 处理 24 h, PC12细胞Fluo⁃3荧光值由对照组的48.8 ± 5.8 上升至 105.6 ± 10.3(P <0.01),而 25.0 μmol/L RES 预处理后,PC12细胞Fluo⁃3荧光值为74.2 ± 7.2,显著低于TG组(P <0.01)。上述结果表明,ERS引起PC12 细胞[Ca2+ ]i升高,而RES抑制ERS诱导的钙超载。

  • 图1 RES抑制ERS诱导PC12细胞GRP 78的过度表达

  • Figure1 RES inhibited GRP 78 overexpression induced by ERS in PC12 cells

  • 2.3 RES对ERS诱导Caspase⁃3活化的影响以及钙超载在其中的作用

  • 如图3A所示,TG处理使PC12细胞D(405 nm) 由对照组的0.074 ± 0.012上升至0.199 ± 0.072(P <0.01),RES+TG、DEVD⁃CHO(阴性对照)+TG 组 D(405 nm)分别为 0.129 ± 0.024、0.085 ± 0.027,显著低于TG组(P <0.01)。这些结果表明ERS可激活 Caspase⁃3,而RES可以减轻ERS对Caspase⁃3的激活。

  • 为明确钙超载在ERS诱导Caspase⁃3活性升高中的作用,在ERS处理之前采用BAPTA(一种Ca2+ 螯合剂)预处理PC12细胞30 min,结果发现D(405 nm)值由 TG 组的 0.234 ± 0.043 降至 0.137 ± 0.029(P <0.01),但仍高于对照组的0.067 ± 0.018(P <0.01,图3B)。结合前面的结果,提示 RES 通过抑制 ERS 诱导的钙超载减轻Caspase⁃3的激活。

  • 2.4 RES 对 ERS 诱导神经细胞凋亡的影响及钙超载在其中的作用

  • 为了研究 RES 对 ERS 诱导神经细胞凋亡的影响,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。TG 使 PC12 细胞凋亡率由对照组的(1.31 ± 2.23)% 升高至(16.07 ± 11.76)%(P <0.01,n=7),而 RES 预处理后 PC12细胞的凋亡率下降至(8.65 ± 6.25)%,与TG组相比明显降低(P <0.05,n=7),说明 RES 减轻 ERS 诱导PC12细胞的凋亡。为进一步明确钙超载是否介导 ERS 诱导的细胞凋亡,使用 BAPTA 螯合 Ca2+,阻止钙超载,结果发现 PC12 细胞的凋亡率下降至 (9.02 ± 7.15)%,明显低于 TG 组(P <0.05,n=7,图4),提示ERS通过钙超载导致PC12细胞凋亡。

  • 图2 RES对内质网应激诱导[Ca2+ ]i变化的影响(×630)

  • Figure2 The effects of RES on the change of[Ca2+ ]i induced by ERS(×630)

  • 图3 RES对ERS诱导Caspase⁃3活化的影响以及钙超载在内质网应激诱导Caspase⁃3激活中的作用

  • Figure3 Effects of RES on caspase⁃3 activity induced by ERS and the role of Ca2+ overload in the ERS⁃induced caspase⁃3 activation

  • 3 讨论

  • ERS已被证明参与缺血性脑卒中[13]、糖尿病脑病[14]、阿尔兹海默症[15] 等多种疾病引起的神经损伤,可通过触发多种促凋亡机制,对神经细胞产生有害作用,而靶向抑制ERS可有效改善实验性神经损伤[16]

  • RES可通过抑制ERS发挥神经保护作用。研究发现,RES 可以减轻 ERS 特征蛋白 GRP78 基因表达,从而改善小鼠术后认知功能障碍[17];也可以通过抑制ERS,减轻氧化损伤和神经炎症,发挥神经保护作用[18];还可以显著降低实验大鼠神经元GRP78 和凋亡蛋白的表达,改善ERS介导的神经元凋亡[19]。本研究为了探究 RES 在 ERS 诱导神经细胞凋亡中的影响及其机制,采用ERS诱导剂TG处理细胞,构建ERS模型,检测ERS特征蛋白GRP78蛋白的表达以明确 ERS 模型是否构建成功。采用 400 nmol/L TG处理PC12细胞24 h,GRP78表达明显升高,说明 ERS 模型构建成功;采用12.5 μmol/L和25.0 μmol/L RES预处理,发现25.0 μmol/L RES明显抑制TG引起的GRP78高表达,结果表明RES抑制ERS,与文献报道一致。

  • 图4 RES对内质网诱导神经细胞凋亡的影响以及钙超载在其中的作用

  • Figure4 Effects of RES on ERS⁃induced apoptosis and the role of Ca2+ overload in the ERS⁃induced apoptosis

  • Ca2+ 信号通路被认为在凋亡中起着重要作用。研究发现,高糖可诱导心房肌细胞ERS,并上调细胞内和线粒体Ca2+ 浓度[20]。内质网钙过度转移到线粒体是一种促凋亡信号,对细胞命运有重要影响[21]。 ERS时内质网中的Ca2+ 不仅释放到细胞质中导致胞浆钙超载,还通过线粒体相关内质网膜Ca2+ 通道流入线粒体,损伤线粒体功能,从而引起细胞能量代谢障碍,导致细胞凋亡,而抑制钙超载可以减轻ERS 诱导的细胞凋亡[22]。本研究采用共聚焦和钙荧光探针 Fluo⁃3 检测[Ca2+ ]i,利用这一系统发现 ERS 可引起钙超载,BAPTA 能阻止钙超载,抑制钙超载后细胞凋亡率也明显下降。上述研究表明钙超载介导了ERS诱导的细胞凋亡,这提供了一个减轻ERS 诱导凋亡性细胞损伤的可能方向。另外,Singh等[23] 研究发现 RES 可以抑制 ERS 引起的钙超载。为探讨 RES 对 ERS 诱导[Ca2+ ]i变化的影响,本研究采用 25.0 μmol/L RES 对 TG 处理的 PC12 细胞进行干预,结果 ERS 引起的钙超载和细胞凋亡都被明显抑制,表明 RES 可抑制 ERS 诱导的钙超载和细胞凋亡。

  • 在凋亡信号通路中Caspase⁃3常常参与激活核酸内切酶的最后阶段,在 DNA 片段化中起关键作用。Gong 等[24] 研究发现,ERS 激活Caspase⁃3,诱导细胞凋亡。Gaballah等[25] 在评估RES对帕金森大鼠影响的研究中发现,接受RES治疗可抑制ERS诱导 Caspase⁃3活性的升高,发挥神经保护作用。本研究也观察到ERS引起Caspase⁃3活性升高,而RES逆转这一升高,与文献报道一致。另外,Chen等[22] 研究发现,ERS时内质网Ca2+ 释放,引起胞浆和线粒体钙超载,通过线粒体释放细胞色素C和MMP改变,激活Caspase⁃3,引起细胞凋亡。Xu等[26] 研究认为,刺梨黄酮类化合物通过调控 Bcl⁃2(Ca2 +)/Caspase⁃3/ PARP⁃1通路可以发挥抗凋亡作用。但RES能否通过抑制ERS诱导Ca2+ /Caspase⁃3信号通路的活化,从而减少神经细胞凋亡尚未明确。为此,本研究采用钙离子螯合剂 BAPTA 预处理 PC12 细胞,阻止钙超载。观察到ERS诱导的Caspase⁃3激活和细胞凋亡被明显抑制,说明RES可通过抑制ERS诱导的钙超载,减轻Caspase⁃3的激活和细胞凋亡。

  • 综上所述,本研究证实RES抑制ERS诱导的钙超载、Caspase⁃3激活以及神经细胞凋亡,Ca2+ 螯合剂 BAPTA明显逆转ERS诱导的Caspase⁃3激活和神经细胞凋亡,表明RES可通过调控Ca2+ /Caspase⁃3途径抑制ERS诱导的神经细胞凋亡,为RES在ERS所致神经损伤中的保护作用提供了理论依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] XUE L X,LIU H Y,CUI Y,et al.Neuroprotective effects of Activin A on endoplasmic reticulum stress ⁃ mediated apoptotic and autophagic PC12 cell death[J].Neural Re⁃ gen Res,2017,12(5):779-786

    • [2] LAROVERE R M,ROEST G,BULTYNCK G,et al.Intra⁃ cellular Ca2 + signaling and Ca2 + microdomains in the con⁃ trol of cell survival,apoptosis and autophagy[J].Cell Cal⁃ cium,2016,60(2):74-87

    • [3] CHEN K,LI X,SONG G,et al.Deficiency in the mem⁃ brane protein Tmbim3a/Grinaa initiates cold⁃induced ER stress and cell death by activating an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in zebrafish[J].J BiolChem,2019,294(30):11445-11457

    • [4] 梁戎,李兰英,张国珍,等.白藜芦醇通过调节 miR⁃ 21⁃5p/PDCD4 通路抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖与迁移 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(1):26-31

    • [5] MEHTA K,KAUR B,PANDEY K K,et al.Resveratrol protects against inorganic arsenic⁃induced oxidative dam⁃ age and cytoarchitectural alterations in female mouse hip⁃ pocampus[J].Acta Histochem,2021,123(7):151792

    • [6] XIE Y K,ZHOU X,YUAN H T,et al.Resveratrol reduc⁃ es brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by inhibit⁃ ing oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress [J].Neural Regen Res,2019,14(10):1734-1742

    • [7] PINEDA⁃RAMÍREZ N,ALQUISIRAS⁃BURGOS I,ORTIZ⁃ PLATA A,et al.Resveratrol activates neuronal autophagy through AMPK in the ischemic brain[J].Mol Neurobiol,2020,57(2):1055-1069

    • [8] YE M J,MENG N.Resveratrol acts via the mitogen⁃acti⁃ vated protein kinase(MAPK)pathway to protect retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis induced by hydrogen perox⁃ide[J].Bioengineered,2021,12(1):4878-4886

    • [9] YILDIZHAN K,ÇINAR R,NAZIROČLU M.The involve⁃ ment of TRPM2 on the MPP+⁃induced oxidative neurotox⁃ icity and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons from neonatal mice:protective role of resveratrol[J].Neurol Res,2022,44(7):636-644

    • [10] LIU L Q,FAN Z Q,TANG Y F,et al.The resveratrol at⁃ tenuates ethanol⁃induced hepatocyte apoptosis via inhibit⁃ ing ER⁃related caspase⁃12 activation and PDE activity in vitro[J].Alcohol Clin Exp Res,2014,38(3):683-693

    • [11] LUO Y,YANG X,ZHAO S,et al.Hydrogen sulfide pre⁃ vents OGD/R ⁃induced apoptosis via improving mitochon⁃ drial dysfunction and suppressing an ROS⁃mediated Cas⁃ pase ⁃ 3 pathway in cortical neurons[J].NeurochemInt,2013,63(8):826-831

    • [12] POURHANIFEH M H,SHAFABAKHSH R,REITER R J,et al.The effect of resveratrol on neurodegenerative dis⁃ orders:possible protective actions against autophagy,apoptosis,inflammation and oxidative stress[J].Curr Pharmaceut,2019,25(19):2178-2191

    • [13] WANG L,LIU Y,ZHANG X,et al.Endoplasmic reticu⁃ lum stress and the unfolded protein response in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].Front Cell Neurosci,2022,16:864426

    • [14] GUO Y,ZHANG C,WANG C,et al.Thioredoxin ⁃ 1 is a target to attenuate alzheimer⁃like pathology in diabetic en⁃ cephalopathy by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress[J].Front Physiol,2021,17(12):651105

    • [15] LI X,CHENG Y,QIN Y,et al.Chrysophanol exerts neuro⁃ protective effects via interfering with endoplasmic reticu⁃ lum stress apoptotic pathways in cell and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease[J].J Pharm Pharmacol,2022,74(1):32-40

    • [16] LIU D,GU Y,WANG W,et al.Astragalin alleviates isch⁃ emia/reperfusion ⁃induced brain injury via suppression of endoplasmic ⁃reticulum stress[J].Mol Med Rep,2020,22(5),4070-4078

    • [17] WANG B,GE S,XIONG W,et al.Effects of resveratrol pretreatment on endoplasmic reticulum stress and cogni⁃ tive function after surgery in aged mice[J].BMC Anesthe⁃ siol,2018,18(1):141

    • [18] GAO J,WANG H,LI Y,et al.Resveratrol attenuates cere⁃ bral ischaemia reperfusion injury via modulating mito⁃ chondrial dynamics homeostasis and activating AMPK ⁃ Mfn1 pathway[J].Int J ExpPathol,2019,100(5⁃6):337-349

    • [19] SINGH A,YADAWA A K,Chaturvedi S,et al.Mecha⁃ nism for antiParkinsonian effect of resveratrol:Involve⁃ ment of transporters,synaptic proteins,dendrite arboriza⁃ tion,biochemical alterations,ER stress and apoptosis[J].Food ChemToxicol,2021,155:112433

    • [20] YUAN M,GONG M,ZHANG Z,et al.Hyperglycemia in⁃ duces endoplasmic reticulum stress in atrial cardiomyo⁃ cytes,and Mitofusin⁃2 downregulation prevents mitochon⁃ drial dysfunction and subsequent cell death[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2020,22:6569728

    • [21] WANG X,ZHUANG Y,FANG Y,et al.Endoplasmic re⁃ ticulum stress aggravates copper ⁃ induced apoptosis via the PERK/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway in duck renal tubular epithelial cells[J].Environ Pollut,2021,272:115981

    • [22] CHEN K,LI X,SONG G,et al.Deficiency in the mem⁃ brane protein Tmbim3a/Grinaa initiates cold⁃induced ER stress and cell death by activating an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in zebrafish[J].J Biol Chem,2019,294(30):11445-11457

    • [23] SINGH A,YADAWA A K,CHATURVEDI S,et al.Mech⁃ anism for antiParkinsonian effect of resveratrol:Involve⁃ ment of transporters,synaptic proteins,dendrite arboriza⁃ tion,biochemical alterations,ER stress and apoptosis[J].Food ChemToxicol,2021,155:112433

    • [24] GONG D,CHI X,WEI J,et al.Modulationof cardiac ry⁃ anodine receptor 2 by calmodulin[J].Nature,2019,572:347-351

    • [25] GABALLAH H H,ZAKARIA S S,ELBATSH M M,et al.Modulatory effects of resveratrol on endoplasmic reticu⁃ lum stress ⁃ associated apoptosis and oxido ⁃ inflammatory markers in a rat model of rotenone ⁃induced Parkinson’s disease[J].Chem Biol Interact,2016,5:251

    • [26] XU P,CAI X,ZHANG W,et al.Flavonoids of rosa rox⁃ burghii tratt exhibit radioprotection and anti ⁃ apoptosis properties via the Bcl⁃2(Ca2 +)/Caspase⁃3/PARP⁃1 path⁃ way[J].Apoptosis,2016,21(10):1125-1143

  • 参考文献

    • [1] XUE L X,LIU H Y,CUI Y,et al.Neuroprotective effects of Activin A on endoplasmic reticulum stress ⁃ mediated apoptotic and autophagic PC12 cell death[J].Neural Re⁃ gen Res,2017,12(5):779-786

    • [2] LAROVERE R M,ROEST G,BULTYNCK G,et al.Intra⁃ cellular Ca2 + signaling and Ca2 + microdomains in the con⁃ trol of cell survival,apoptosis and autophagy[J].Cell Cal⁃ cium,2016,60(2):74-87

    • [3] CHEN K,LI X,SONG G,et al.Deficiency in the mem⁃ brane protein Tmbim3a/Grinaa initiates cold⁃induced ER stress and cell death by activating an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in zebrafish[J].J BiolChem,2019,294(30):11445-11457

    • [4] 梁戎,李兰英,张国珍,等.白藜芦醇通过调节 miR⁃ 21⁃5p/PDCD4 通路抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖与迁移 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(1):26-31

    • [5] MEHTA K,KAUR B,PANDEY K K,et al.Resveratrol protects against inorganic arsenic⁃induced oxidative dam⁃ age and cytoarchitectural alterations in female mouse hip⁃ pocampus[J].Acta Histochem,2021,123(7):151792

    • [6] XIE Y K,ZHOU X,YUAN H T,et al.Resveratrol reduc⁃ es brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by inhibit⁃ ing oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress [J].Neural Regen Res,2019,14(10):1734-1742

    • [7] PINEDA⁃RAMÍREZ N,ALQUISIRAS⁃BURGOS I,ORTIZ⁃ PLATA A,et al.Resveratrol activates neuronal autophagy through AMPK in the ischemic brain[J].Mol Neurobiol,2020,57(2):1055-1069

    • [8] YE M J,MENG N.Resveratrol acts via the mitogen⁃acti⁃ vated protein kinase(MAPK)pathway to protect retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis induced by hydrogen perox⁃ide[J].Bioengineered,2021,12(1):4878-4886

    • [9] YILDIZHAN K,ÇINAR R,NAZIROČLU M.The involve⁃ ment of TRPM2 on the MPP+⁃induced oxidative neurotox⁃ icity and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons from neonatal mice:protective role of resveratrol[J].Neurol Res,2022,44(7):636-644

    • [10] LIU L Q,FAN Z Q,TANG Y F,et al.The resveratrol at⁃ tenuates ethanol⁃induced hepatocyte apoptosis via inhibit⁃ ing ER⁃related caspase⁃12 activation and PDE activity in vitro[J].Alcohol Clin Exp Res,2014,38(3):683-693

    • [11] LUO Y,YANG X,ZHAO S,et al.Hydrogen sulfide pre⁃ vents OGD/R ⁃induced apoptosis via improving mitochon⁃ drial dysfunction and suppressing an ROS⁃mediated Cas⁃ pase ⁃ 3 pathway in cortical neurons[J].NeurochemInt,2013,63(8):826-831

    • [12] POURHANIFEH M H,SHAFABAKHSH R,REITER R J,et al.The effect of resveratrol on neurodegenerative dis⁃ orders:possible protective actions against autophagy,apoptosis,inflammation and oxidative stress[J].Curr Pharmaceut,2019,25(19):2178-2191

    • [13] WANG L,LIU Y,ZHANG X,et al.Endoplasmic reticu⁃ lum stress and the unfolded protein response in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].Front Cell Neurosci,2022,16:864426

    • [14] GUO Y,ZHANG C,WANG C,et al.Thioredoxin ⁃ 1 is a target to attenuate alzheimer⁃like pathology in diabetic en⁃ cephalopathy by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress[J].Front Physiol,2021,17(12):651105

    • [15] LI X,CHENG Y,QIN Y,et al.Chrysophanol exerts neuro⁃ protective effects via interfering with endoplasmic reticu⁃ lum stress apoptotic pathways in cell and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease[J].J Pharm Pharmacol,2022,74(1):32-40

    • [16] LIU D,GU Y,WANG W,et al.Astragalin alleviates isch⁃ emia/reperfusion ⁃induced brain injury via suppression of endoplasmic ⁃reticulum stress[J].Mol Med Rep,2020,22(5),4070-4078

    • [17] WANG B,GE S,XIONG W,et al.Effects of resveratrol pretreatment on endoplasmic reticulum stress and cogni⁃ tive function after surgery in aged mice[J].BMC Anesthe⁃ siol,2018,18(1):141

    • [18] GAO J,WANG H,LI Y,et al.Resveratrol attenuates cere⁃ bral ischaemia reperfusion injury via modulating mito⁃ chondrial dynamics homeostasis and activating AMPK ⁃ Mfn1 pathway[J].Int J ExpPathol,2019,100(5⁃6):337-349

    • [19] SINGH A,YADAWA A K,Chaturvedi S,et al.Mecha⁃ nism for antiParkinsonian effect of resveratrol:Involve⁃ ment of transporters,synaptic proteins,dendrite arboriza⁃ tion,biochemical alterations,ER stress and apoptosis[J].Food ChemToxicol,2021,155:112433

    • [20] YUAN M,GONG M,ZHANG Z,et al.Hyperglycemia in⁃ duces endoplasmic reticulum stress in atrial cardiomyo⁃ cytes,and Mitofusin⁃2 downregulation prevents mitochon⁃ drial dysfunction and subsequent cell death[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2020,22:6569728

    • [21] WANG X,ZHUANG Y,FANG Y,et al.Endoplasmic re⁃ ticulum stress aggravates copper ⁃ induced apoptosis via the PERK/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway in duck renal tubular epithelial cells[J].Environ Pollut,2021,272:115981

    • [22] CHEN K,LI X,SONG G,et al.Deficiency in the mem⁃ brane protein Tmbim3a/Grinaa initiates cold⁃induced ER stress and cell death by activating an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in zebrafish[J].J Biol Chem,2019,294(30):11445-11457

    • [23] SINGH A,YADAWA A K,CHATURVEDI S,et al.Mech⁃ anism for antiParkinsonian effect of resveratrol:Involve⁃ ment of transporters,synaptic proteins,dendrite arboriza⁃ tion,biochemical alterations,ER stress and apoptosis[J].Food ChemToxicol,2021,155:112433

    • [24] GONG D,CHI X,WEI J,et al.Modulationof cardiac ry⁃ anodine receptor 2 by calmodulin[J].Nature,2019,572:347-351

    • [25] GABALLAH H H,ZAKARIA S S,ELBATSH M M,et al.Modulatory effects of resveratrol on endoplasmic reticu⁃ lum stress ⁃ associated apoptosis and oxido ⁃ inflammatory markers in a rat model of rotenone ⁃induced Parkinson’s disease[J].Chem Biol Interact,2016,5:251

    • [26] XU P,CAI X,ZHANG W,et al.Flavonoids of rosa rox⁃ burghii tratt exhibit radioprotection and anti ⁃ apoptosis properties via the Bcl⁃2(Ca2 +)/Caspase⁃3/PARP⁃1 path⁃ way[J].Apoptosis,2016,21(10):1125-1143