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通讯作者:

卢国元,E-mail:sdfyylgy@163.com

中图分类号:R586

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)05-714-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230518

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
KANIGICHERLA D,GUMMADOVA J,MCKENZIE E A,et al.Anti⁃PLA2R antibodies measured by ELISA predict long ⁃ term outcome in a prevalent population of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].Kidney Int,2013,83(5):940-948
参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
郑娜,汪梅花,安智.血清抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体与膜性肾病预后关系研究[J].临床军医杂志,2021,49(8):942-944
参考文献 9
侯俊英.抗PLA2R抗体对特发性膜性肾病患者终末期肾病的预测价值[J].中国中西医结合肾病杂志,2020,21(1):63-65
参考文献 10
王媛媛,周华.抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体与原发性膜性肾病的临床特征和预后的相关性[J].中国医科大学学报,2022,51(2):106-110
参考文献 11
LEVEY A S,STEVENS L A,SCHMID C H,et al.A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate[J].Ann In⁃ tern Med,2009,150(9):604-612
参考文献 12
BECK L H,BONEGIO R G,LAMBEAU G,et al.M⁃type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].N Engl J Med,2009,361(1):11-21
参考文献 13
Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO)Glo⁃ merular Diseases Work Group.KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular dis⁃ eases[J].Kidney Int,2021,100(4S):S1-S276
参考文献 14
ALSHARHAN L,BECK L H.Membranous nephropathy:core curriculum 2021[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2021,77(3):440-453
参考文献 15
BOBART S A,DE VRIESE A S,PAWAR A S,et al.Non⁃ invasive diagnosis of primary membranous nephropathy using phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies[J].Kidney Int,2019,95(2):429-438
参考文献 16
RAMACHANDRAN R,KUMAR V,NADA R,et al.Seri⁃ al monitoring of anti ⁃ PLA2R in initial PLA2R ⁃ negative patients with primary membranous nephropathy[J].Kid⁃ ney Int,2015,88(5):1198-1199
参考文献 17
DAHAN K,DEBIEC H,PLAISIER E,et al.Rituximab for severe membranous nephropathy:a 6⁃month trial with ex⁃ tended follow ⁃ up[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2017,28(1):348-358
参考文献 18
RUGGENENTI P,DEBIEC H,RUGGIERO B,et al.Anti⁃ phospholipase A2 receptor antibody titer predicts post ⁃ rituximab outcome of membranous nephropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2015,26(10):2545-2558
参考文献 19
HOWMAN A,CHAPMAN T L,LANGDON M M,et al.Immunosuppression for progressive membranous nephrop⁃ athy:a UK randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2013,381(9868):744-751
参考文献 20
SEITZ⁃POLSKI B,DEBIEC H,ROUSSEAU A,et al.Phos⁃ pholipase A2 receptor 1 epitope spreading at baseline pre⁃ dicts reduced likelihood of remission of membranous ne⁃ phropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2018,29(2):401-408
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:在磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)相关膜性肾病患者中观察血清抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体(aPLA2Rab)滴度与肾脏疾病严重程度以及肾脏预后的关系。方法:纳入苏州大学附属第一医院肾内科经肾活检证实为PLA2R相关膜性肾病,且随访时间≥1年的患者共计273例。观察终点为肾功能不全,定义为估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR)较基线下降40%。收集患者各项临床检测指标进行统计学分析。结果:血清aPLA2Rab滴度<50 RU/mL组44例(低滴度组)、50~<150 RU/mL组142例(中滴度组)、≥150 RU/mL 组87例(高滴度组)。血清aPLA2Rab滴度与性别、血清肌酐、总胆固醇、尿NAG、尿RBP、肾小球C4沉积显著正相关,与血清白蛋白显著负相关。血清aPLA2Rab滴度为肾功能不全的独立危险因素,aPLA2Rab滴度预测肾功能不全的截点值为135.66 RU/mL。 1、5和10年未达肾功能不全的肾脏生存率低滴度组均为100%;中滴度组分别为100%、87.0%和75.5%;高滴度组分别为95.4%、 72.3%和72.3%;3组有显著差异。结论:PLA2R相关膜性肾病患者血清中aPLA2Rab滴度水平与肾脏疾病严重程度以及肾脏预后相关,为以免疫学缓解为治疗目标的新理念提供理论支持。

    Abstract

    Objective:To observe the relationship between serum aPLA2Rab titer and the severity of renal disease and renal prognosis in patients with PLA2R-related membranous nephropathy. Methods:A total of 237 patients with PLA2R-related membranous nephropathy confirmed by renal biopsy in the Department of Nephrology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were included and were followed up for ≥1 year. The end point was renal insufficiency,defined as a 40% decrease of eGFR from baseline. Clinical indicators of patients were collected for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 273 patients were included in the current study, of which serum aPLA2Rab titer <50 RU/mL group(low titer group)had 44 cases,50~<150 RU/mL group(medium titer group)142 cases and ≥150 RU/mL group(high titer group)87 cases. Serum aPLA2Rab titers were significantly correlated with gender,baseline serum albumin,serum creatinine,total cholesterol,urinary NAG,urinary RBP,and glomerular C4 deposition. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that aPLA2Rab titer was still an independent risk factor for renal insufficiency after correction for clinicopathological parameters. The cutoff point of serum aPLA2Rab titers for predicting renal insufficiency was 135.66 RU/mL,with a sensitivity of 65.8% and a specificity of 63.8%. The renal survival rates without reaching renal insufficiency at 1,5 and 10 years were all 100% in the low titer group;100%, 87.0% and 75.5% in the medium titer group;95.4%,72.3% and 72.3% in the high titer group,respectively;there was a significant difference among the three groups. Conclusion:The current study further confirmed that the serum aPLA2Rab titer level in patients with PLA2R - related membranous nephropathy was related to disease severity and renal prognosis,providing theoretical support for the new concept of immunological remission as the therapeutic target.

  • 原发性膜性肾病是成人肾病综合征最常见的原因之一[1]。70%~80%的原发性膜性肾病患者血清中可检测到抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体(anti⁃phospholi⁃ pase A2 receptor antibody,aPLA2Rab),被称为磷脂酶 A2受体(phospholipase A2 receptor,PLA2R)相关膜性肾病[1]。血清aPLA2Rab与疾病的严重程度有关,并且对预测预后有显著价值。国外研究表明,血清高滴度aPLA2Rab的患者病情更严重[2],自发缓解率低[3],对免疫抑制剂治疗的反应差[4],进展至肾病综合征以及肾功能衰竭的风险高[5-7]。国内的研究较少,有研究指出血清 aPLA2Rab滴度与尿蛋白量正相关,且可预测疾病的临床缓解和终末期肾病的发生[8-10]。本文纳入了273例病理证实的PLA2R相关膜性肾病患者,在中国人群中观察血清aPLA2Rab滴度与肾脏疾病严重程度以及肾脏预后的关系。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2010年1月—2012年12月在苏州大学附属第一医院肾内科行肾活检证实为膜性肾病且肾组织PLA2R染色阳性者。排除标准:①年龄低于18 岁者;②随访时间低于1年者;③随访期间有造影剂及肾毒性药物使用,或发生脓毒症及其他损害肾功能因素者。该研究通过苏州大学附属第一医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:2022⁃278),且患者知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 基线临床资料

  • 基线临床资料包括性别、出生日期、肾脏疾病的起病日期、肾活检日期以及肾活检时血压、尿蛋白、尿红细胞、血清aPLA2Rab、血清白蛋白、血清肌酐、血清尿酸、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、尿N⁃乙酰⁃β⁃D⁃ 氨基葡萄糖苷酶(N ⁃ acetyl ⁃β⁃D ⁃ glucosaminidase, NAG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(retinol⁃binding⁃protein, RBP)等指标。采用欧蒙公司的ELISA 试剂盒检测血清aPLA2Rab,参考值:阳性≥20 RU/mL。

  • 1.2.2 基线病理资料

  • 基线病理资料包括系膜区增宽、节段硬化、肾小球IgA沉积、肾小球IgM沉积、肾小球C4沉积、肾小球C1q沉积。

  • 1.2.3 观察指标的定义

  • 观察终点为肾功能不全,定义为估计肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)较基线下降 40%。eGFR 的计算采用 CKD⁃EPI 公式[11]。病程为起病至接受肾活检的间隔时间。随访时间为从肾活检至观察终点或2021年12月31日的间隔时间。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。呈正态分布的连续型变量用平均值±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间比较用 t 检验或方差分析;非正态分布的连续型变量用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较用Man⁃Whitney 或Kruskal⁃Wallis 检验;分类变量用率(百分比)表示,组间比较用卡方检验或Fisher 精确检验。相关性分析用 Pearson 或 Spearman 法。 Kaplan⁃Meier法评估生存率;Cox回归评估影响预后的因素;受试者工作特征(receiver operating charac⁃ teristic,ROC)曲线选取预测终点事件的最佳截点值。所有检验均为双侧,P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 不同血清aPLA2Rab滴度组患者的基线资料

  • 273 例患者中,肾脏组织病理染色 PLA2R 均阳性,其中 261 例(95.6%)血清 aPLA2Rab 阳性,12 例 (4.4%)血清aPLA2Rab阴性。168例(61.5%)患者表现为肾病综合征,103例(37.7%)患者表现为高血压, 10例(3.7%)患者血清肌酐≥1.2 mg/dL,无患者表现为肉眼血尿。血清 aPLA2Rab 滴度<50 RU/mL 组(低滴度组)44 例(其中阴性者 12 例)、50~<150 RU/mL 组(中滴度组)142 例、≥150 RU/mL 组(高滴度组) 87例(表1)。

  • 高滴度组中男性所占比例显著高于中低滴度组(P=0.007);高滴度组中尿蛋白量、血清肌酐、总胆固醇、尿NAG和尿RBP显著高于中低滴度组(P均≤ 0.001),血清白蛋白显著低于中低滴度组(P <0.001)。中高滴度组患者起病年龄高于低滴度组,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.065)。高滴度组尿红细胞高于中低滴度组,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.08 8)。肾小球C4沉积比例在高滴度组最高,中高滴度组高于低滴度组,但差异无统计学意义(P= 0.055,表1)。

  • 表1 不同血清aPLA2Rab滴度组患者基线资料的比较

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline data of patients in different serum aPLA2Rab titer groups

  • 2.2 血清aPLA2Rab滴度与基线临床病理指标的相关性分析

  • 评估血清aPLA2Rab滴度与性别、起病年龄、尿红细胞、血清白蛋白、血清肌酐、总胆固醇、尿NAG、尿RBP、肾小球C4沉积等指标的相关性。由于尿蛋白与血清白蛋白具有显著相关性(r=-0.485,P <0.001),仅将血清白蛋白纳入相关性分析。结果显示,血清aPLA2Rab滴度与性别(P=0.001)、血清肌酐 (P <0.001)、总胆固醇(P <0.001)、尿 NAG(P <0.001)、尿 RBP(P <0.001)、肾小球 C4 沉积(P= 0.024)显著正相关,与血清白蛋白(P <0.001)显著负相关(表2)。

  • 2.3 血清aPLA2Rab滴度与预后的关系

  • 273 例患者,中位随访时间为[39.57(17.83, 64.97)]个月。共38例患者发生肾功能不全。1、5、 10 年未达到肾功能不全的肾脏生存率分别为9 8.5%、84.0%和77.8%。

  • 表2 各指标与血清aPLA2Rab滴度的相关性

  • Table2 Correlation between each index and serum aP⁃ LA2Rab titer

  • 273例患者中79例(28.9%)用激素联合环磷酰胺治疗,58例(21.2%)用激素联合钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(他克莫司或环孢素)治疗,31例(11.4%)单用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(他克莫司或环孢素)治疗,10 例 (3.7%)用激素联合雷公藤治疗,5例(1.8%)单用雷公藤治疗,7例(2.6%)单用激素治疗,32例(11.7%) 先后使用多种免疫抑制剂治疗,51例(18.7%)未使用免疫抑制剂治疗。273例患者中235例(86.1%)使用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)。末次随访时,178例(65.2%)患者血清 aPLA2Rab 滴度<50 RU/mL,其中 126 例(46.2%) 阴性;54 例(19.8%)患者血清 aPLA2Rab 滴度 50~150 RU/mL;41 例(15.0%)患者血清 aPLA2Rab 滴度 >150 RU/mL。

  • 所有临床基线指标经单因素Cox回归筛选,血清 aPLA2Rab 滴度(P <0.001)为肾功能不全的影响因素。此外,性别、起病年龄、收缩压、舒张压、尿蛋白、血清白蛋白、血清肌酐、尿NAG、尿RBP、肾小球 IgA沉积、肾小球IgM沉积也为肾功能不全的影响因素(表3)。

  • 多因素Cox分析显示,经性别、起病年龄、收缩压、舒张压、尿蛋白、血清肌酐、尿 NAG、尿 RBP、肾小球IgA沉积、肾小球IgM沉积等因素矫正后,血清 aPLA2Rab滴度(P=0.023)仍为肾功能不全的独立危险因素。此外,起病年龄、舒张压、尿 RBP、肾小球 IgM沉积也为肾功能不全的独立危险因素(表4)。

  • ROC曲线提示,血清aPLA2Rab滴度预测肾功能不全的截点值为135.66 RU/mL,曲线下面积(AUC) 为 0.695(95%CI:0.613~0.777,P <0.001),灵敏度 65.8%,特异度63.8%(图1)。

  • aPLA2Rab低滴度组患者1年、5年和10年未达肾功能不全肾脏的生存率均为 100%;aPLA2Rab 中滴度组患者1年、5年和10年未达肾功能不全的肾脏生存率分别为100%、87.0%和75.5%;aPLA2Rab高滴度组患者1年、5年和10年未达肾功能不全的肾脏生存率分别为95.4%、72.3%和72.3%。3组未达肾功能不全的肾脏生存率有显著差异(P <0.001,图2)。

  • 表3 肾功能不全影响因素的单因素分析

  • Table3 Univariate analysis of influencing factors for renal insufficiency

  • 表4 肾功能不全影响因素的多因素分析

  • Table4 Multivariate analysis of influencing factors for renal insufficiency

  • 图1 血清aPLA2Rab滴度预测肾功能不全的ROC曲线

  • Figure1 ROC curve of serum aPLA2Rab titers for pre⁃ dicting renal insufficiency

  • 图2 不同血清aPLA2Rab滴度组的肾脏生存率

  • Figure2 Renal survival rates of patients in different se⁃ rum aPLA2Rab titer groups

  • 3 讨论

  • 膜性肾病是以免疫球蛋白和补体沉积在肾小球基底膜上皮侧为病理表现的一类疾病,分为原发性和继发性。原发性膜性肾病由针对正常足细胞抗原的体液免疫反应引起。成人原发性膜性肾病靶抗原的发现起始于2009年M型PLA2R[12],此后多种自身抗原相继被发现。PLA2R是人类足细胞上的跨膜糖蛋白,具体功能不详,70%~80%的原发性膜性肾病由针对PLA2R的自身抗体引起,称为PLA2R 相关膜性肾病[13]

  • 以往研究中PLA2R相关膜性肾病多见于男性,平均发病年龄为50岁,儿童到老年均可发病[14]。本研究中,男性占60.4%,女性占39.6%,平均发病年龄 44岁,发病年龄偏低。研究报道膜性肾病中80%的患者表现为肾病综合征,其余患者因在病程早期发现,表现为偶然发现的蛋白尿,通常伴有少量镜下血尿,无红细胞管型[14],而本研究中肾病综合征仅占61.5%,所有患者均为中少量血尿,可能与医疗条件改善后体检普及,患者尿蛋白早期发现有关。研究报道70%的患者在起病时血压正常,大多数患者 eGFR 正常[14],本研究中 37.7%患者伴有高血压, 96.3%患者肾功能正常,与报道相似。

  • 膜性肾病临床病程差异较大,三分之一的患者可自发缓解,但仍有 35%~40%的保守治疗患者在 10年内进展至肾功能衰竭,而经免疫抑制剂治疗者仍有 8%~11%在 10 年内进展至肾功能衰竭[14]。本研究中1、5、10年未达到肾功能不全的肾脏生存率分别为98.5%、84.0%和77.8%,10年内有22.2%的患者进展至肾功能不全,预后仍不容乐观。

  • aPLA2Rab 诊断膜性肾病的特异性达 98%~100%[15],全球肾脏病预后组织(KDIGO)指南指出, aPLA2Rab诊断膜性肾病的价值与肾活检相似,正常 eGFR者无需肾活检[13]。血清aPLA2Rab滴度与疾病严重程度相关[214]。本研究中高滴度aPLA2Rab者尿蛋白量、血清肌酐、总胆固醇显著高于中低滴度组,肾小管损伤指标尿NAG和RBP显著高于中低滴度组,证实血清aPLA2Rab滴度与疾病严重程度相关。原因可能为疾病初期血清中出现低水平aPLA2Rab,但可能由于抗体对抗原亲和力高,只有肾脏中结合位点饱和之后血清中才可检测到抗体,因此血中抗体可能为阴性,随着疾病的进展aPLA2Rab产生逐渐增多,血清中aPLA2Rab滴度升高,随之上皮侧免疫复合物沉积增多,导致足细胞损害加重,蛋白尿增多,甚至肾功能损害[16]。血清aPLA2Rab滴度还可预测预后,aPLA2Rab 滴度>275 RU/mL 者缓解率仅 20%[17];抗体滴度在下三分位数区间者利妥昔单抗治疗后缓解率为80%,而抗体滴度在上三分位数区间者缓解率仅为30%[18];治疗后aPLA2Rab持续存在提示不良预后[4]。本研究中血清 aPLA2Rab 滴度为肾功能不全的独立危险因素,其预测肾功能不全的截点值为 135.66 RU/mL,进一步证实了血清 aP⁃ LA2Rab滴度与预后相关。

  • 曾有研究指出,基线时肾功能、尿蛋白定量、小分子蛋白尿均与膜性肾病预后相关[19-20]。肾脏病理中系膜区增宽和肾小球C1q沉积与继发性膜性肾病相关,而节段硬化、其他免疫球蛋白如IgA、IgM沉积于肾小球以及C4沉积于肾小球的意义未明,因此本研究纳入以上病理指标。单因素分析结果提示,性别、起病年龄、收缩压、舒张压、尿蛋白、血清肌酐、尿 NAG、尿 RBP、肾小球 IgA 沉积、肾小球 IgM 沉积均为肾功能不全的影响因素,经多因素分析后起病年龄、舒张压、尿RBP、肾小球IgM沉积为肾功能不全的独立危险因素。肾小球IgA沉积和IgM沉积的意义需要进一步研究。

  • 综上所述,本文进一步证实了PLA2R相关膜性肾病患者血清中aPLA2Rab滴度与疾病严重程度以及肾脏预后相关,为以免疫学缓解为治疗目标的新理念提供理论支持。然而本研究为单中心回顾性研究,研究结果需要在多中心前瞻性研究中进一步证实。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MCGROGAN A,FRANSSEN C F,DE VRIES C S,et al.The incidence of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide:a systematic review of the literature[J].Nephrol Dial Trans⁃ plant,2011,26(2):414-430

    • [2] DE VRIESE A S,GLASSOCK R J,NATH K A,et al.A proposal for a serology⁃based approach to membranous ne⁃ phropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2017,28(2):421-430

    • [3] HOFSTRA J M,BECK L H,BECK D M,et al.Anti⁃phos⁃ pholipase A(2)receptor antibodies correlate with clinical status in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(6):1286-1291

    • [4] BECH A P,HOFSTRA J M,BRENCHLEY P E,et al.As⁃ sociation of anti⁃PLA(2)R antibodies with outcomes after immunosuppressive therapy in idiopathic membranous ne⁃ phropathy[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2014,9(8):1386-1392

    • [5] HOXHA E,HARENDZA S,PINNSCHMIDT H,et al.PLA2R antibody levels and clinical outcome in patients with membranous nephropathy and non ⁃ nephrotic range proteinuria under treatment with inhibitors of the renin ⁃ angiotensin system[J].PLoS One,2014,9(10):e110681

    • [6] KANIGICHERLA D,GUMMADOVA J,MCKENZIE E A,et al.Anti⁃PLA2R antibodies measured by ELISA predict long ⁃ term outcome in a prevalent population of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].Kidney Int,2013,83(5):940-948

    • [7] HOXHA E,THIELE I,ZAHNER G,et al.Phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibodies and clinical outcome in pa⁃ tients with primary membranous nephropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2014,25(6):1357-1366

    • [8] 郑娜,汪梅花,安智.血清抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体与膜性肾病预后关系研究[J].临床军医杂志,2021,49(8):942-944

    • [9] 侯俊英.抗PLA2R抗体对特发性膜性肾病患者终末期肾病的预测价值[J].中国中西医结合肾病杂志,2020,21(1):63-65

    • [10] 王媛媛,周华.抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体与原发性膜性肾病的临床特征和预后的相关性[J].中国医科大学学报,2022,51(2):106-110

    • [11] LEVEY A S,STEVENS L A,SCHMID C H,et al.A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate[J].Ann In⁃ tern Med,2009,150(9):604-612

    • [12] BECK L H,BONEGIO R G,LAMBEAU G,et al.M⁃type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].N Engl J Med,2009,361(1):11-21

    • [13] Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO)Glo⁃ merular Diseases Work Group.KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular dis⁃ eases[J].Kidney Int,2021,100(4S):S1-S276

    • [14] ALSHARHAN L,BECK L H.Membranous nephropathy:core curriculum 2021[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2021,77(3):440-453

    • [15] BOBART S A,DE VRIESE A S,PAWAR A S,et al.Non⁃ invasive diagnosis of primary membranous nephropathy using phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies[J].Kidney Int,2019,95(2):429-438

    • [16] RAMACHANDRAN R,KUMAR V,NADA R,et al.Seri⁃ al monitoring of anti ⁃ PLA2R in initial PLA2R ⁃ negative patients with primary membranous nephropathy[J].Kid⁃ ney Int,2015,88(5):1198-1199

    • [17] DAHAN K,DEBIEC H,PLAISIER E,et al.Rituximab for severe membranous nephropathy:a 6⁃month trial with ex⁃ tended follow ⁃ up[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2017,28(1):348-358

    • [18] RUGGENENTI P,DEBIEC H,RUGGIERO B,et al.Anti⁃ phospholipase A2 receptor antibody titer predicts post ⁃ rituximab outcome of membranous nephropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2015,26(10):2545-2558

    • [19] HOWMAN A,CHAPMAN T L,LANGDON M M,et al.Immunosuppression for progressive membranous nephrop⁃ athy:a UK randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2013,381(9868):744-751

    • [20] SEITZ⁃POLSKI B,DEBIEC H,ROUSSEAU A,et al.Phos⁃ pholipase A2 receptor 1 epitope spreading at baseline pre⁃ dicts reduced likelihood of remission of membranous ne⁃ phropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2018,29(2):401-408

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MCGROGAN A,FRANSSEN C F,DE VRIES C S,et al.The incidence of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide:a systematic review of the literature[J].Nephrol Dial Trans⁃ plant,2011,26(2):414-430

    • [2] DE VRIESE A S,GLASSOCK R J,NATH K A,et al.A proposal for a serology⁃based approach to membranous ne⁃ phropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2017,28(2):421-430

    • [3] HOFSTRA J M,BECK L H,BECK D M,et al.Anti⁃phos⁃ pholipase A(2)receptor antibodies correlate with clinical status in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2011,6(6):1286-1291

    • [4] BECH A P,HOFSTRA J M,BRENCHLEY P E,et al.As⁃ sociation of anti⁃PLA(2)R antibodies with outcomes after immunosuppressive therapy in idiopathic membranous ne⁃ phropathy[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2014,9(8):1386-1392

    • [5] HOXHA E,HARENDZA S,PINNSCHMIDT H,et al.PLA2R antibody levels and clinical outcome in patients with membranous nephropathy and non ⁃ nephrotic range proteinuria under treatment with inhibitors of the renin ⁃ angiotensin system[J].PLoS One,2014,9(10):e110681

    • [6] KANIGICHERLA D,GUMMADOVA J,MCKENZIE E A,et al.Anti⁃PLA2R antibodies measured by ELISA predict long ⁃ term outcome in a prevalent population of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].Kidney Int,2013,83(5):940-948

    • [7] HOXHA E,THIELE I,ZAHNER G,et al.Phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibodies and clinical outcome in pa⁃ tients with primary membranous nephropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2014,25(6):1357-1366

    • [8] 郑娜,汪梅花,安智.血清抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体与膜性肾病预后关系研究[J].临床军医杂志,2021,49(8):942-944

    • [9] 侯俊英.抗PLA2R抗体对特发性膜性肾病患者终末期肾病的预测价值[J].中国中西医结合肾病杂志,2020,21(1):63-65

    • [10] 王媛媛,周华.抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体与原发性膜性肾病的临床特征和预后的相关性[J].中国医科大学学报,2022,51(2):106-110

    • [11] LEVEY A S,STEVENS L A,SCHMID C H,et al.A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate[J].Ann In⁃ tern Med,2009,150(9):604-612

    • [12] BECK L H,BONEGIO R G,LAMBEAU G,et al.M⁃type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].N Engl J Med,2009,361(1):11-21

    • [13] Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO)Glo⁃ merular Diseases Work Group.KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular dis⁃ eases[J].Kidney Int,2021,100(4S):S1-S276

    • [14] ALSHARHAN L,BECK L H.Membranous nephropathy:core curriculum 2021[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2021,77(3):440-453

    • [15] BOBART S A,DE VRIESE A S,PAWAR A S,et al.Non⁃ invasive diagnosis of primary membranous nephropathy using phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies[J].Kidney Int,2019,95(2):429-438

    • [16] RAMACHANDRAN R,KUMAR V,NADA R,et al.Seri⁃ al monitoring of anti ⁃ PLA2R in initial PLA2R ⁃ negative patients with primary membranous nephropathy[J].Kid⁃ ney Int,2015,88(5):1198-1199

    • [17] DAHAN K,DEBIEC H,PLAISIER E,et al.Rituximab for severe membranous nephropathy:a 6⁃month trial with ex⁃ tended follow ⁃ up[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2017,28(1):348-358

    • [18] RUGGENENTI P,DEBIEC H,RUGGIERO B,et al.Anti⁃ phospholipase A2 receptor antibody titer predicts post ⁃ rituximab outcome of membranous nephropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2015,26(10):2545-2558

    • [19] HOWMAN A,CHAPMAN T L,LANGDON M M,et al.Immunosuppression for progressive membranous nephrop⁃ athy:a UK randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2013,381(9868):744-751

    • [20] SEITZ⁃POLSKI B,DEBIEC H,ROUSSEAU A,et al.Phos⁃ pholipase A2 receptor 1 epitope spreading at baseline pre⁃ dicts reduced likelihood of remission of membranous ne⁃ phropathy[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2018,29(2):401-408