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通讯作者:

张朝晖,E-mail:z1356@163.com

中图分类号:R245

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)06-795-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230607

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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:观察耳电针对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠行为学、胃排空率和胃窦组织中酪氨酸激酶受体(c-Kit)和促肾上腺皮质释放激素因子(corticotropin releasing factor,CRF)表达的影响,探讨耳电针改善糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃排空和抑郁样行为的作用机制。方法:将36只SPF级SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、耳电针组和假耳针组,每组9只。空白对照组腹腔注射柠檬酸钠缓冲液,其余 3 组腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)溶液,随后继续饲养 6 周后开始治疗,耳电针组电针双侧耳穴 “胃”,每日1次,每周5日,连续2周;假耳针组针刺耳垂,不加电。治疗结束后,进行行为学以及胃排空率检测,qRT-PCR检测胃窦组织CRF、c-Kit mRNA 表达,ELISA 检测胃窦组织CRF、c-Kit 蛋白表达。结果:旷场实验中模型组大鼠进入中央区域次数 (CE)、进入中央区域时间百分比(CT%)和进入中央区域距离百分比(CD%)均较空白对照组明显降低(均P < 0.05),耳电针组 CE、CT%和CD%值均较模型组明显升高(均P < 0.05);强迫游泳实验中模型组大鼠漂浮时间百分比(FT%)较空白对照组明显升高(P < 0.05),耳电针组FT%值较模型组明显降低(P < 0.05);与空白对照组相比,模型组大鼠胃排空率显著降低,胃窦中 CRF的mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),c-Kit的mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组和假耳针组比较,耳针组大鼠胃排空率显著升高,胃窦中CRF的mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),c-Kit的mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:低频耳电针可以改善糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠的胃动力与抑郁样行为,其机制可能与调节胃窦组织中相关因子的表达有关。

    Abstract

    Objective:The current study aims to observe the effects of auricular electroacupuncture on behavior,gastric emptying rate,expression of tyrosine kinase receptor(c-Kit)and corticotropin releasing factor(CRF)in gastric sinus tissues of rats with diabetic gastroparesis,and to investigate the mechanism of auricular electroacupuncture to improve gastric emptying and depression - like behavior in diabetic gastroparesis rats. Methods:Thirty-six SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into the control group,the model group,the auricular electroacupuncture group and the sham auricular acupuncture group,with 9 rats in each group. The control group was intraperitoneally injected with sodium citrate buffer solution,and the other three groups were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin(STZ)solution. After six weeks of treatment,the rats in the auricular electroacupuncture group were given electro -acupuncture at bilateral auricular point“stomach”once a day,five days a week for two weeks. The earlobe of the sham auricular acupuncture group was needled without electricity. After the treatment,the behavioral and gastric emptying rates were measured,and the protein and mRNA levels of CRF and c-Kit were respectively detected by ELISA and qRT-PCR in gastric sinus tissue. Results:In the open field test,the entries into the central area(CE),the percentage of time entering the central area(CT%)and the percentage of distance entering the central area(CD%)were significantly lower in the model group compared with the control group(all P < 0.05). CE,CT% and CD% were significantly higher in the auricular electroacupuncture group compared with the model group(all P < 0.05). In the forced swimming test,the percentage of floating time(FT%)was significantly higher in the model group compared with the control group(P < 0.05),and FT% were significantly lower in the auricular electroacupuncture group compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group,the gastric emptying rate of rats in the model group was significantly lower,and the mRNA and protein expression levels of CRF in the gastric sinus were significantly higher(P < 0.05),and the mRNA and protein expression levels of c -Kit were significantly lower(P < 0.05). Compared with the model group and the sham auricular acupuncture group,the gastric emptying rate of rats in the auricular acupuncture group was significantly higher,and the mRNA and protein expression levels of CRF in the gastric sinus were significantly lower(P < 0.05),and the mRNA and protein expression levels of c-Kit were significantly higher(P < 0.05). Conclusion:Low - frequency auricular electroacupuncture can improve gastric motility and depression-like behavior in diabetic gastroparesis rats,and its mechanism may be related to regulating the expression of related factors in gastric antrum tissue.

  • 胃轻瘫是糖尿病患者的常见并发症,其主要表现为餐后饱胀、上腹部不适和/或腹胀,其发病特点为胃排空延迟[1],并且合并明显焦虑抑郁情绪[2]

  • Cajal间质细胞(interstitial cells of Cajal,ICC)是胃肠道的起搏细胞,在维持正常胃肠动力中起到了重要作用[3-4]。促肾上腺皮质释放激素因子(cortico⁃ tropin releasing factor,CRF)是经典的应激压力相关因子,研究发现它通过外周 CRF1 受体引起结肠动力异常,从而减少ICC数量和降低ICC功能[5]。本团队前期研究发现,电针耳穴“胃”能够促进糖尿病模型大鼠胃窦 ICC 的修复[6];在内脏高敏感大鼠模型中,也发现2 Hz低频耳电针可以调节下丘脑CRF及其受体的mRNA 表达,缓解内脏敏感性[7]。耳电针作为一种体表刺激,可能通过刺激耳迷走神经分支来调节自主神经功能,从而改善消化道症状与情绪障碍[8-9]。本研究通过建立糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠模型,观察低频耳电针对其抑郁样行为学、胃动力以及胃窦组织ICC和CRF的表达,初步探讨耳电针对糖尿病胃轻瘫的脑胃调控机制。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 36 只清洁级健康成年雄性6周龄Sprague⁃Daw⁃ ley(SD)大鼠购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司,许可证号:SCXK(沪)2017⁃0005。所有大鼠均在24℃温度、40%~50%湿度和 12 h 光/暗循环的条件下,适应性喂养1周后进入实验。所有实验操作遵循《动物实验的伦理准则与指南》并获得南京医科大学伦理委员会审批(IACUC⁃2105064)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 分组与造模

  • 所有大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、耳电针组、假耳针组,每组各9只。采用一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)溶液(Sigma 公司,美国)(55 mg/kg)的方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型[10-11]。 STZ溶液由柠檬酸钠缓冲液配制,空白对照组腹腔注射柠檬酸钠缓冲液,其余3组腹腔注射STZ溶液, STZ注射72 h后,使用快速血糖仪和血糖试纸(雅培公司,美国)检测血糖,其随机血糖>16.6 mmol/L 的大鼠为符合条件的糖尿病大鼠。饲养6周后,耳电针组和假耳针组分别进行相应的耳针干预2周,第9周时大鼠进行行为学测试与取材。

  • 1.2.2 耳电针干预

  • 从第7周开始对动物进行耳电针干预。2.0%~2.5%异氟烷吸入 1 min 后,动物被装置固定。参考本课题组前期研究[612],空白对照组和模型组同步抓取固定,不进行针刺刺激。耳电针组使用0.20 mm× 25.00 mm 规格的一次性无菌针灸针刺入双侧耳穴 “胃”,连接电针仪,大鼠恢复清醒状态后开始电刺激。根据课题组前期研究设置电针刺激参数[7]:连续波,频率2 Hz,电流强度0.5~1.0 mA,每次电针治疗30 min,每日1次,1周5日,连续2周。假耳针组用针灸针刺激双侧耳垂,无电刺激。

  • 1.2.3 行为学检测

  • 1.2.3.1 旷场实验

  • 在温和照明条件下的隔离无噪音房间中放置一个由黑色聚丙烯制成的旷场实验箱(100 cm × 100 cm × 40 cm)。将大鼠轻轻放置在场地中央,并允许探索场地5 min。大鼠运动轨迹由安装在实验箱中心上方的摄像机记录,并使用 ANY⁃Maze 视频跟踪系统(Stoelting 公司,美国)进行分析。计数并计算每只大鼠进入中央区域时间百分比(CT%)、进入中央区域次数(CE)及进入中央区域距离百分比 (CD%)。在每次测试结束时,用70%乙醇清洁实验箱以消除嗅觉线索。

  • 1.2.3.2 强迫游泳实验

  • 将每只大鼠放入装有水的有机玻璃圆柱体(直径 20 cm、高50 cm)中,水温为 23~25℃、水深 40 cm,让大鼠强迫游泳 10 min,记录其后 8 min 内的漂浮时间。全程对实验过程进行录像,并由SuperFst 高通量强迫游泳实验软件分析大鼠的漂浮时间,计算大鼠漂浮时间百分比(FT%)。游泳结束后,将大鼠擦干后放入干净鼠笼内。

  • 1.2.4 固体胃排空测试

  • 在行为学实验结束后,禁食过夜,10 min内给所有大鼠喂食2 g食物。30 min后迅速处死大鼠,收集整个胃内容物放入容器中并风干72 h。测量胃内容物的干重,并使用以下公式计算胃排空的百分比:胃排空率=(喂食食物克数-干胃内容物克数)/喂食食物克数×100%。

  • 1.2.5 酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)

  • 取胃窦组织,加入含有蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂的 RIPA 裂解液,置于冰上裂解 30 min,4℃ 下12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液,BCA 试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。随后根据ELISA检测试剂盒(江苏晶美生物科技有限公司)中说明书测定样品中酪氨酸激酶受体(c⁃Kit)、CRF的含量。

  • 1.2.6 实时荧光定量PCR

  • 使用 RNAiso Plus(TaKaRa 公司,日本)提取胃窦总 RNA,并通过 NanoDrop 2000 分光光度法 (Thermofisher 公司,德国)测量和确定 RNA 的纯度。使用 ABI 7300 快速实时 PCR 系统(Applied Biosystems 公司,美国)进行实时定量 PCR,循环条件如下:用SYBR® Premix Ex TaqTM(TaKaRa公司,日本)95℃预孵化 5 min,95℃ 10 s、60℃ 10 s、72℃ 10 s的40个扩增循环。引物序列见表1。

  • 表1 qPCR引物序列

  • Table1 qPCR primer sequences

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用 GraphPad Prism 8.0 软件对数据进行统计分析和绘图。对于符合正态分布的计量资料,数据采用均值±标准误(x-±sx-)表示,两组之间采用t检验进行比较,3组之间采用Tukey事后检验的单因素方差分析进行比较;对于不符合正态分布的数据,两组之间采用Mann⁃Whitney 非参数检验,3组之间采用 Kruskal⁃Wallis 非参数检验。P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 耳电针对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠行为学的影响

  • 在强迫游泳实验中(图2),与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠 FT%明显升高(P <0.05);与模型组比较,耳电针组FT%值明显降低(P <0.05);模型组与假耳针组 FT%值差异无统计学意义(均 P >0.05);与耳电针组比较,假耳针组FT%值明显升高(均P <0.05)。

  • 2.2 耳电针对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠固体胃排空率的影响

  • 与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠胃排空率显著降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,耳电针组大鼠胃排空率显著升高(P<0.01),假耳针组大鼠胃排空率也有明显升高(P<0.01);与耳电针组比较,假耳针组大鼠胃排空率显著降低(P<0.01,图3)。

  • A:各组大鼠轨迹图;B:各组大鼠进入中央区域次数(CE);C:各组大鼠进行中央区域距离百分比(CD%);D:各组大鼠进入中央区域时间百分比(CT%)。与空白对照组比较,*P<0.05,***P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P<0.05,##P<0.01,###P<0.001;与耳电针组比较,P<0.05,▲▲▲P< 0.001(n=6)。

  • 图1 干预后各组大鼠在旷场实验中的表现

  • Figure1 Performance of rats in each group in open field test after intervention

  • 与空白对照组比较,***P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P<0.05;与耳电针组比较,▲▲P<0.01(n=6)。

  • 图2 干预后各组大鼠在强迫游泳实验中的表现

  • Figure2 Performance of rats in each group in the forced swimming test after intervention

  • 2.3 耳电针对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃窦 c⁃Kit、CRF mRNA表达的影响

  • 与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠胃窦 c ⁃Kit mRNA表达显著降低(P<0.01),CRF mRNA表达显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,耳电针组大鼠 c⁃Kit mRNA表达显著升高(P<0.01),CRF mRNA表达显著降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,假耳针组大鼠 c⁃Kit mRNA 表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), CRF mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05,图4)。

  • 2.4 耳电针对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃窦c⁃Kit、CRF蛋白表达的影响

  • 与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠胃窦c⁃Kit蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01),CRF 蛋白表达显著升高 (P<0.01);与模型组比较,耳电针组大鼠c⁃Kit蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01),CRF 蛋白表达显著降低 (P<0.01);与模型组比较,假耳针组大鼠c⁃Kit蛋白表达也有显著升高(P<0.01),CRF蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与耳电针组比较,假耳针组大鼠 c⁃Kit 蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01),CRF 蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01,图5)。

  • 与空白对照组比较,***P<0.001;与模型组比较,###P<0.001;与耳电针组比较,▲▲▲P<0.001(n=6)。

  • 图3 干预后各组大鼠的胃排空效率

  • Figure3 Gastric emptying efficiency of rats in each group after intervention

  • 3 讨论

  • 与正常人群比较,糖尿病患者抑郁症的发病风险增加2倍[13]。其中,合并胃肠道不适症状的糖尿病患者更易表现出焦虑抑郁症状[14]。近来,焦虑抑郁症状在胃轻瘫(包括糖尿病性与特发性)发病过程中的影响逐渐受到关注[15-19]。胃轻瘫患者的胃肠道不适症状与焦虑抑郁情绪呈正相关,服用抗抑郁药能改善胃轻瘫患者的胃肠道不适症状[20]。虽然中枢神经调节剂在改善功能性胃肠道症状有效,但依旧存在不同程度的不良反应[21-22],因此,寻求一类安全有效的替代疗法可能会对糖尿病胃轻瘫患者带来新的希望。

  • 与空白对照组比较,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P< 0.05,##P<0.01(n=4)。

  • 图4 各组大鼠胃窦中c⁃Kit(A)和CRF(B)的mRNA相对表达量

  • Figure4 The relative expression of c⁃Kit(A)and CRF(B) mRNA in gastric antrum of rats in each group

  • 耳电针是一种通过电刺激耳廓上穴位的常见疗法。早有古籍记载:“耳者,宗脉之所聚也。”古代医家认为十二经脉之别气皆走于耳。在临床诊疗中,耳针疗法广泛运用于胃肠道疾病和情绪症状的治疗,然而其在改善糖尿病胃轻瘫共病抑郁中的作用机制尚未见报道。本研究采用腹腔注射STZ的方法建立糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠模型,结果发现,糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠表现出显著的抑郁样行为以及胃动力障碍。低频电针刺激耳穴“胃”可显著改善糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠的抑郁样行为学表现,促进胃动力。

  • 研究发现,STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠的胃肠道推动率较空白对照组大鼠低,胃动力减退[23]。另一项研究发现,STZ处理后的模型大鼠在强迫游泳实验期间不动时间更长,表明这些模型大鼠的绝望行为增加,出现了明显的抑郁样行为[24]。因此,本研究选择腹腔注射STZ的方法建立糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠模型,得到了一致的结果,在胃动力和行为学测试中,糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠的胃排空效率较空白对照组显著降低,在强迫游泳实验中的漂浮时间也更长,表现出了明显的胃动力障碍和抑郁样行为。而在接受了2周低频耳电针刺激后,糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠的抑郁样行为和胃动力障碍得到了显著改善。以上研究证据表明,糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠存在共病抑郁,而低频耳电针刺激对其抑郁样行为和胃动力均有明显的良性调节效应。

  • 与空白对照组比较,***P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P<0.05,##P< 0.01,###P<0.001;与耳电针组比较,▲▲P<0.01(n=5)。

  • 图5 各组大鼠胃窦中c⁃Kit(A)和CRF(B)的蛋白含量

  • Figure5 The protein expression of c⁃Kit(A)and CRF(B) protein in gastric antrum of rats in each group

  • ICC 是广泛分布于胃肠道的起搏器细胞,能够驱动胃肠道自发节律运动,调节神经递质的传导,在胃动力中起关键作用[25],而ICC需要c⁃Kit信号传导才能正常发挥其生理功能[4]。临床研究发现,严重糖尿病胃轻瘫患者胃组织的病理变化特征在于 ICC丢失和免疫浸润[26]。在糖尿病大鼠的胃窦中,观察到ICC细胞的分布密度显著降低,更趋向于成纤维样[27]。本课题组先前研究也同样发现,低频耳电针干预能够促进糖尿病鼠胃窦组织中 ICC 的修复[6]。而本研究再次验证了低频耳电针刺激上调糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃窦c⁃Kit的蛋白与mRNA表达,提示对ICC有修复作用。

  • CRF 一直被认为是介导啮齿类和灵长类动物全身性应激性反应的关键因子[28],被下丘脑激活释放后,与其受体结合,激活下丘脑⁃垂体⁃肾上腺轴以应对不同情况下的应激,而且在抑郁症和焦虑症中存在失调[29]。近几年许多研究表明,CRF信号通路通过中枢或外周系统在应激诱导的胃肠动力功能障碍中起重要作用。研究发现应激诱导肠道神经系统释放 CRF 增加,而外周给予 CRF1 受体拮抗剂可抑制外周 CRF 的功能[30]。最近研究发现,CRF1 受体激动剂处理的小鼠结肠平滑肌中c⁃Kit蛋白表达显著降低,结肠蠕动异常,胃肠道功能受损[5]。因此,CRF 是参与压力相关的胃肠道运动功能障碍和抑郁症的重要因素。本研究发现,糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃窦中CRF的蛋白表达异常升高,而给予耳电针刺激后,CRF 蛋白表达显著下降,胃排空率也接近空白对照组,在强迫游泳实验中的绝望表现也被纠正,提示低频耳电针可能是通过调节CRF与ICC,有效改善糖尿病大鼠胃轻瘫症状及其继发的情绪障碍,然而CRF与ICC之间的更深层次联系还需进一步探索。

  • 目前研究认为,耳电针作为一种体表刺激,可能通过刺激耳迷走神经分支来调节自主神经功能,从而改善消化道症状与情绪障碍[8-9]。本研究中,耳电针组选择的耳穴“胃”位于耳甲腔,是耳迷走神经在耳廓的主要分布区域,而假耳针组选择的耳垂区域耳迷走神经分布较少,这可能是耳电针可显著改善糖尿病胃轻瘫共病抑郁,而假耳针组作用不显著的原因,有待于进一步探讨。

  • 综上所述,本研究结果证明低频耳电针可改善糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠的胃动力障碍和共病抑郁,其机制可能与降低胃窦中CRF的表达和修复ICC的数量有关。本研究为耳电针治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫的机制研究提供了部分依据,但仍需进一步的临床及实验研究加以验证。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] AHMED M S O,FORDE H,SMITH D.Diabetic gastropa⁃ resis:clinical features,diagnosis and management[J/OL].Ir J Med Sci,2022(2022⁃10⁃20)[2023⁃02⁃01].DOI:10.1007/s11845⁃022⁃03191⁃8

    • [2] TEIGLAND T,IVERSEN M M,SANGNES D A,et al.A longitudinal study on patients with diabetes and symp⁃ toms of gastroparesis ⁃ associations with impaired quality of life and increased depressive and anxiety symptoms [J].J Diabetes Complicat,2018,32(1):89-94

    • [3] GOYAL R K,GUO Y,MASHIMO H.Advances in the physiology of gastric emptying[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2019,31(4):e13546

    • [4] SINGH R,HA S E,WEI L,et al.MiR⁃10b⁃5p rescues dia⁃ betes and gastrointestinal dysmotility[J].Gastroenterolo⁃ gy,2021,160(5):1662-1678.e18

    • [5] HUANG X,AO J P,FU H Y,et al.Corticotropin ⁃ releas⁃ ing factor receptor agonists decrease interstitial cells of Cajal in murine colon[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2022:e14499

    • [6] 陈欢,周静珠,朱伟坚,等.耳电针对链脲佐菌素致糖尿病大鼠胃窦Cajal间质细胞的修复效应[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(3):380-384

    • [7] 徐万里,周帅,周静珠,等.低频耳针电刺激降低内脏敏感性的机制探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(2):181-186

    • [8] LIU C H,YANG M H,ZHANG G Z,et al.Neural net⁃ works and the anti ⁃inflammatory effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in depression[J].J Neu⁃ roinflammation,2020,17(1):54

    • [9] BUTT M F,ALBUSODA A,FARMER A D,et al.The ana⁃ tomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation[J].J Anat,2020,236(4):588-611

    • [10] JIANG W,TANG Y Y,ZHU W W,et al.PI3K/AKT path⁃ way mediates the antidepressant⁃ and anxiolytic⁃like roles of hydrogen sulfide in streptozotocin ⁃ induced diabetic rats via promoting hippocampal neurogenesis[J].Neuro⁃ toxicology,2021,85:201-208

    • [11] ZHU X,ZHANG Y M,ZHANG M Y,et al.Hesperetin ameliorates diabetes ⁃ associated anxiety and depression ⁃ like behaviors in rats via activating Nrf2/ARE pathway [J].Metab Brain Dis,2021,36(7):1969-1983

    • [12] ZHANG Z H,YIN J Y,CHEN J D Z.Ameliorating effects of auricular electroacupuncture on rectal distention ⁃ in⁃ duced gastric dysrhythmias in rats[J].PLoS One,2015,10(2):e0114226

    • [13] BHARUCHA A E,KUDVA Y C,PRICHARD D O.Dia⁃ betic gastroparesis[J].Endocr Rev,2019,40(5):1318-1352

    • [14] HUANG Y,ZHANG H H,ZHANG M X,et al.The associ⁃ ation between fasting C⁃peptide and gastrointestinal symp⁃ toms of gastroparesis in type 2 diabetic patients[J].J Neurogastroenterol Motil,2017,23(2):254-261

    • [15] PINTO ⁃ SANCHEZ M I,FORD A C,AVILA C A,et al.Anxiety and depression increase in a stepwise manner inparallel with multiple FGIDs and symptom severity and frequency[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2015,110(7):1038-1048

    • [16] VU J,KUSHNIR V,CASSELL B,et al.The impact of psy⁃ chiatric and extraintestinal comorbidity on quality of life and bowel symptom burden in functional GI disorders[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2014,26(9):1323-1332

    • [17] BULUT ÇAKMAK B,ÖZKULA G,IŞIKLI S,et al.Anxi⁃ ety,depression,and anger in functional gastrointestinal disorders:a Cross ⁃ sectional observational study[J].Psy⁃ chiatry Res,2018,268:368-372

    • [18] KOLOSKI N A,JONES M,TALLEY N J.Evidence that independent gut⁃to⁃brain and brain⁃to⁃gut pathways oper⁃ ate in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspep⁃ sia:a 1 ⁃ year population ⁃ based prospective study[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2016,44(6):592-600

    • [19] PARKMAN H P,WILSON L A,YATES K P,et al.Fac⁃ tors that contribute to the impairment of quality of life in gastroparesis[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2021,33(8):e14087

    • [20] PASRICHA P J,YATES K P,NGUYEN L,et al.Out⁃ comes and factors associated with reduced symptoms in patients with gastroparesis[J].Gastroenterology,2015,149(7):1762-1774

    • [21] CASSELL B,GYAWALI C P,KUSHNIR V M,et al.Be⁃ liefs about GI medications and adherence to pharmaco⁃ therapy in functional GI disorder outpatients[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2015,110(10):1382-1387

    • [22] SOBIN W H,HEINRICH T W,DROSSMAN D A.Central neuromodulators for treating functional GI disorders:a primer[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2017,112(5):693-702

    • [23] LI S,CHEN J D Z.Decreased L ⁃type calcium current in antral smooth muscle cells of STZ ⁃induced diabetic rats [J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2014,26(7):971-979

    • [24] HAN W,CUI C,ZHANG H,et al.Ghrelin ameliorates diabetes ⁃ associated behavioral deficits and NLRP3 in⁃ flammasome activation via autophagic flux enhancement [J].Pharmacol Res,2022,179:106224

    • [25] HORVÁTH V J,VITTAL H,LÖRINCZ A,et al.Reduced stem cell factor links smooth myopathy and loss of intersti⁃ tial cells of Cajal in murine diabetic gastroparesis[J].Gastroenterology,2006,130(3):759-770

    • [26] PHILLIPS L K,DEANE A M,JONES K L,et al.Gastric emptying and glycaemia in health and diabetes mellitus [J].Nat Rev Endocrinol,2015,11(2):112-128

    • [27] WANG X Y,HUIZINGA J D,DIAMOND J,et al.Loss of intramuscular and submuscular interstitial cells of Cajal and associated enteric nerves is related to decreased gas⁃ tric emptying in streptozotocin⁃induced diabetes[J].Neu⁃ rogastroenterol Motil,2009,21(10):1095-e92

    • [28] BINDER E B,NEMEROFF C B.The CRF system,stress,depression and anxiety ⁃ insights from human genetic studies[J].Mol Psychiatry,2010,15(6):574-588

    • [29] NEMEROFF C B.The corticotropin⁃releasing factor(CRF)hypothesis of depression:new findings and new directions [J].Mol Psychiatry,1996,1(4):336-342

    • [30] GOURCEROL G,WU S V,YUAN P Q,et al.Activation of corticotropin ⁃ releasing factor receptor 2 mediates the colonic motor coping response to acute stress in rodents [J].Gastroenterology,2011,140(5):1586-1596

  • 参考文献

    • [1] AHMED M S O,FORDE H,SMITH D.Diabetic gastropa⁃ resis:clinical features,diagnosis and management[J/OL].Ir J Med Sci,2022(2022⁃10⁃20)[2023⁃02⁃01].DOI:10.1007/s11845⁃022⁃03191⁃8

    • [2] TEIGLAND T,IVERSEN M M,SANGNES D A,et al.A longitudinal study on patients with diabetes and symp⁃ toms of gastroparesis ⁃ associations with impaired quality of life and increased depressive and anxiety symptoms [J].J Diabetes Complicat,2018,32(1):89-94

    • [3] GOYAL R K,GUO Y,MASHIMO H.Advances in the physiology of gastric emptying[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2019,31(4):e13546

    • [4] SINGH R,HA S E,WEI L,et al.MiR⁃10b⁃5p rescues dia⁃ betes and gastrointestinal dysmotility[J].Gastroenterolo⁃ gy,2021,160(5):1662-1678.e18

    • [5] HUANG X,AO J P,FU H Y,et al.Corticotropin ⁃ releas⁃ ing factor receptor agonists decrease interstitial cells of Cajal in murine colon[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2022:e14499

    • [6] 陈欢,周静珠,朱伟坚,等.耳电针对链脲佐菌素致糖尿病大鼠胃窦Cajal间质细胞的修复效应[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(3):380-384

    • [7] 徐万里,周帅,周静珠,等.低频耳针电刺激降低内脏敏感性的机制探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(2):181-186

    • [8] LIU C H,YANG M H,ZHANG G Z,et al.Neural net⁃ works and the anti ⁃inflammatory effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in depression[J].J Neu⁃ roinflammation,2020,17(1):54

    • [9] BUTT M F,ALBUSODA A,FARMER A D,et al.The ana⁃ tomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation[J].J Anat,2020,236(4):588-611

    • [10] JIANG W,TANG Y Y,ZHU W W,et al.PI3K/AKT path⁃ way mediates the antidepressant⁃ and anxiolytic⁃like roles of hydrogen sulfide in streptozotocin ⁃ induced diabetic rats via promoting hippocampal neurogenesis[J].Neuro⁃ toxicology,2021,85:201-208

    • [11] ZHU X,ZHANG Y M,ZHANG M Y,et al.Hesperetin ameliorates diabetes ⁃ associated anxiety and depression ⁃ like behaviors in rats via activating Nrf2/ARE pathway [J].Metab Brain Dis,2021,36(7):1969-1983

    • [12] ZHANG Z H,YIN J Y,CHEN J D Z.Ameliorating effects of auricular electroacupuncture on rectal distention ⁃ in⁃ duced gastric dysrhythmias in rats[J].PLoS One,2015,10(2):e0114226

    • [13] BHARUCHA A E,KUDVA Y C,PRICHARD D O.Dia⁃ betic gastroparesis[J].Endocr Rev,2019,40(5):1318-1352

    • [14] HUANG Y,ZHANG H H,ZHANG M X,et al.The associ⁃ ation between fasting C⁃peptide and gastrointestinal symp⁃ toms of gastroparesis in type 2 diabetic patients[J].J Neurogastroenterol Motil,2017,23(2):254-261

    • [15] PINTO ⁃ SANCHEZ M I,FORD A C,AVILA C A,et al.Anxiety and depression increase in a stepwise manner inparallel with multiple FGIDs and symptom severity and frequency[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2015,110(7):1038-1048

    • [16] VU J,KUSHNIR V,CASSELL B,et al.The impact of psy⁃ chiatric and extraintestinal comorbidity on quality of life and bowel symptom burden in functional GI disorders[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2014,26(9):1323-1332

    • [17] BULUT ÇAKMAK B,ÖZKULA G,IŞIKLI S,et al.Anxi⁃ ety,depression,and anger in functional gastrointestinal disorders:a Cross ⁃ sectional observational study[J].Psy⁃ chiatry Res,2018,268:368-372

    • [18] KOLOSKI N A,JONES M,TALLEY N J.Evidence that independent gut⁃to⁃brain and brain⁃to⁃gut pathways oper⁃ ate in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspep⁃ sia:a 1 ⁃ year population ⁃ based prospective study[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2016,44(6):592-600

    • [19] PARKMAN H P,WILSON L A,YATES K P,et al.Fac⁃ tors that contribute to the impairment of quality of life in gastroparesis[J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2021,33(8):e14087

    • [20] PASRICHA P J,YATES K P,NGUYEN L,et al.Out⁃ comes and factors associated with reduced symptoms in patients with gastroparesis[J].Gastroenterology,2015,149(7):1762-1774

    • [21] CASSELL B,GYAWALI C P,KUSHNIR V M,et al.Be⁃ liefs about GI medications and adherence to pharmaco⁃ therapy in functional GI disorder outpatients[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2015,110(10):1382-1387

    • [22] SOBIN W H,HEINRICH T W,DROSSMAN D A.Central neuromodulators for treating functional GI disorders:a primer[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2017,112(5):693-702

    • [23] LI S,CHEN J D Z.Decreased L ⁃type calcium current in antral smooth muscle cells of STZ ⁃induced diabetic rats [J].Neurogastroenterol Motil,2014,26(7):971-979

    • [24] HAN W,CUI C,ZHANG H,et al.Ghrelin ameliorates diabetes ⁃ associated behavioral deficits and NLRP3 in⁃ flammasome activation via autophagic flux enhancement [J].Pharmacol Res,2022,179:106224

    • [25] HORVÁTH V J,VITTAL H,LÖRINCZ A,et al.Reduced stem cell factor links smooth myopathy and loss of intersti⁃ tial cells of Cajal in murine diabetic gastroparesis[J].Gastroenterology,2006,130(3):759-770

    • [26] PHILLIPS L K,DEANE A M,JONES K L,et al.Gastric emptying and glycaemia in health and diabetes mellitus [J].Nat Rev Endocrinol,2015,11(2):112-128

    • [27] WANG X Y,HUIZINGA J D,DIAMOND J,et al.Loss of intramuscular and submuscular interstitial cells of Cajal and associated enteric nerves is related to decreased gas⁃ tric emptying in streptozotocin⁃induced diabetes[J].Neu⁃ rogastroenterol Motil,2009,21(10):1095-e92

    • [28] BINDER E B,NEMEROFF C B.The CRF system,stress,depression and anxiety ⁃ insights from human genetic studies[J].Mol Psychiatry,2010,15(6):574-588

    • [29] NEMEROFF C B.The corticotropin⁃releasing factor(CRF)hypothesis of depression:new findings and new directions [J].Mol Psychiatry,1996,1(4):336-342

    • [30] GOURCEROL G,WU S V,YUAN P Q,et al.Activation of corticotropin ⁃ releasing factor receptor 2 mediates the colonic motor coping response to acute stress in rodents [J].Gastroenterology,2011,140(5):1586-1596