en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
通讯作者:

李杰,E-mail:drc_lijie@126.com;

梁超,lc_machine@163.com

中图分类号:R737.25

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)06-820-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230611

参考文献 1
PALUMBO P,MANETTA R,IZZO A,et al.Biparametric(bp)and multiparametric(mp)magnetic resonance imag⁃ ing(MRI)approach to prostate cancer disease:a narrative review of current debate on dynamic contrast enhancement [J].Gland Surg,2020,9(6):2235-2247
参考文献 2
JEMAL A,SIEGEL R,XU J,et al.Cancer statistics,2010 [J].CA A Cancer J Clin,2010,60(5):277-300
参考文献 3
郑雨潇,徐浩翔,李潇,等.前列腺穿刺活检前预测Gleason评分≥7 风险模型的建立及其临床意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(3):340-343
参考文献 4
STABILE A,DELL’OGLIO P,DE COBELLI F,et al.Association between prostate imaging reporting and data system(PI⁃RADS)score for the index lesion and multifo⁃ cal,clinically significant prostate cancer[J].Eur Urol On⁃ col,2018,1(1):29-36
参考文献 5
MOTTET N,BELLMUNT J,BOLLA M,et al.EAU⁃ESTRO⁃ SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer.Part 1:screening,diagnosis,and local treatment with curative intent[J].Eur Urol,2017,71(4):618-629
参考文献 6
ELDRED⁃EVANS D,NEVES JB,SIMMONS L AM,et al.Added value of diffusion ⁃ weighted images and dynamic contrast enhancement in multiparametric magnetic reso⁃ nance imaging for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in the PICTURE trial[J].BJU Int,2020,125(3):391-398
参考文献 7
LEE A Y M,YANG X Y,LEE H J,et al.Multiparametric MRI⁃ultrasonography software fusion prostate biopsy:ini⁃ tial results using a stereotactic robotic⁃assisted transperi⁃ neal prostate biopsy platform comparing systematic vs tar⁃ geted biopsy[J].BJU Int,2020,126(5):568-576
参考文献 8
PREISSER F,THEISSEN L,WENZEL M,et al.Perfor⁃ mance of combined magnetic resonance imaging/ultra⁃ sound fusion⁃guided and systematic biopsy of the prostate in biopsy ⁃ naïve patients and patients with prior biopsies [J].Eur Urol Focus,2021,7(1):39-46
参考文献 9
GUPTA R T,MEHTA K A,TURKBEY B,et al.PI⁃RADS:past,present,and future[J].J Magn Reson Imaging,2020,52(1):33-53
参考文献 10
KASIVISVANATHAN V,RANNIKKO A S,BORGHI M,et al.MRI⁃targeted or standard biopsy for prostate⁃cancer diagnosis[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(19):1767-1777
参考文献 11
EPSTEIN J I,FENG Z Y,TROCK B J,et al.Upgrading and downgrading of prostate cancer from biopsy to radical prostatectomy:incidence and predictive factors using the modified gleason grading system and factoring in tertiary grades[J].Eur Urol,2012,61(5):1019-1024
参考文献 12
WEINREB J C,BARENTSZ J O,CHOYKE P L,et al.PI⁃ RADS prostate imaging ⁃ reporting and data system:2015,version 2[J].Eur Urol,2016,69(1):16-40
参考文献 13
SEREFOGLU E C,ALTINOVA S,UGRAS N S,et al.How reliable is 12⁃core prostate biopsy procedure in the detection of prostate cancer?[J].Can Urol Assoc J,2013,7(5):293-298
参考文献 14
AHDOOT M,WILBUR A R,REESE S E,et al.MRI⁃tar⁃ geted,systematic,and combined biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis[J].N Engl J Med,2020,382(10):917-928
参考文献 15
THESTRUP K C D,LOGAGER V,BASLEV I,et al.Bipa⁃ rametric versus multiparametric MRI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer[J/OL].Acta Radiol Open,2016,5(8)[2022⁃11⁃01].DOI:10.1177/2058460116663046
参考文献 16
WOO S,SUH CH,KIM S Y,et al.Head⁃to⁃head compari⁃ son between biparametric and multiparametric MRI for the diagnosis of prostate cancer:asystematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Am J Roentgenol,2018,211(5):W226-W241
参考文献 17
LENFANT L,BARRET E,ROUPRÊT M,et al.Transperi⁃ neal prostate biopsy is the new black:what are the next targets?[J].Eur Urol,2022,82(1):3-5
参考文献 18
CHUANG R J,MARKS L S.Targeted and systematic biopsy for diagnosis and management of prostate cancer [J].Clin Oncol,2020,32(3):144-148
参考文献 19
MARRA G,PLOUSSARD G,FUTTERER J,et al.Contro⁃ versies in MR targeted biopsy:alone or combined,cogni⁃ tive versus software⁃based fusion,transrectal versus trans⁃ perineal approach?[J].World J Urol,2019,37(2):277-287
参考文献 20
PHILIP J,MANIKANDAN R,JAVLÉ P,et al.Prostate cancer diagnosis:should patients with prostate specific antigen >10 ng/mL have stratified prostate biopsy proto⁃cols?[J].Cancer Detect Prev,2009,32(4):314-318
参考文献 21
WEI C G,CHEN T,ZHANG Y Y,et al.Biparametric pros⁃ tate MRI and clinical indicators predict clinically signifi⁃ cant prostate cancer in men with“gray zone”PSA levels [J/OL].Eur J Radiol,2020,127[2022 ⁃ 11 ⁃ 01]:DOI:10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108977
参考文献 22
LI X,LI C M,CHEN M.Patients with“gray zone”PSA levels:application of prostate MRI and MRS in the diag⁃ nosis of prostate cancer[J/OL].Magn Reson Imaging,2022[2023⁃11⁃01].DOI:10.1002/jmri.28505
参考文献 23
OZORAK A,ZUMRUTBAS A E,BINGOL G,et al.Pros⁃ tate cancer incidence and diagnosis in men with PSA levels >20 ng/mL:is it possible to decrease the number of biopsy cores?[J].Aging Male,2020,23(5):893-900
参考文献 24
FOURCADE A,PAYRARD C,TISSOT V,et al.The com⁃ bination of targeted and systematic prostate biopsies is the best protocol for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer[J].Scand J Urol,2018,52(3):174-179
参考文献 25
SALAMI S S,BEN⁃LEVI E,YASKIV O,et al.In patients with a previous negative prostate biopsy and a suspicious lesion on magnetic resonance imaging,is a 12⁃core biopsy still necessary in addition to a targeted biopsy?[J].BJU Int,2015,115(4):562-570
参考文献 26
UKIMURA O,MARIEN A,PALMER S,et al.Trans⁃rectal ultrasound visibility of prostate lesions identified by mag⁃ netic resonance imaging increases accuracy of image ⁃fu⁃ sion targeted biopsies[J].World J Urol,2015,33(11):1669-1676
参考文献 27
ZHOU Y,YAN W G,LI H Z,et al.A randomized con⁃ trolled trial to assess and compare the outcomes of two ⁃ core prostate biopsy guided by fused magnetic resonance and transrectal ultrasound images and traditional 12⁃core systematic biopsy[J].Eur Urol,2016,70(2):e53-e54
参考文献 28
UKIMURA O,GROSS M E,CASTRO A,et al.A novel technique using three ⁃ dimensionally documented biopsy mapping allows precise re ⁃visiting of prostate cancer foci with serial surveillance of cell cycle progression gene panel [J].Prostate,2015,75(8):863-871
参考文献 29
HU J C,CHANG E,NATARAJAN S,et al.Targeted pros⁃ tate biopsy to select men for active surveillance:do the Epstein criteria still apply?[J].J Urol,2014,192(2):385-390
参考文献 30
CARLSSON S V,EASTHAM J A.Use of prostate system⁃ atic and targeted biopsy on the basis of multiparametric MRI in biopsy⁃naive patients(MRI⁃FIRST):aprospective,multicentre,paired diagnostic study[J].Eur Urol,2019,76(4):534-535
参考文献 31
AHDOOT M,LEBASTCHI A H,LONG L,et al.Using prostate imaging ⁃ reporting and data system(PI ⁃ RADS)scores to select an optimal prostate biopsy method:asecon⁃ dary analysis of the trio study[J].Eur Urol Oncol,2022,5(2):176-186
参考文献 32
刘禹,高杰,汪维,等.靶向穿刺与靶向联合系统穿刺对前列腺PI⁃RADS评分4~5分患者的诊断效能比较[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2021,42(3):192-196
参考文献 33
CHU C E,COWAN J E,LONERGAN P E,et al.Diagnos⁃ tic accuracy and prognostic value of serial prostate multi⁃ parametric magnetic resonance imaging in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer[J].Eur Urol Oncol,2022,5(5):537-543
参考文献 34
DENIFFEL D,PERLIS N,GHAI S,et al.Prostate biopsy in the era of MRI⁃targeting:towards a judicious use of additional systematic biopsy[J].Eur Radiol,2022,32(11):7544-7554
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:比较前列腺单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对前列腺影像报告和数据系统(prostate imaging reporting and data system,PI-RADS)评分4~5分患者的诊断效能。方法:回顾性分析2019年7月1日—2022年6月1日南京医科大学第一附属医院泌尿外科439例前列腺PI-RADS评分为4~5分且接受前列腺单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检患者的临床资料。分别由2名泌尿外科医生独立对每例患者行双参数磁共振成像经直肠超声(biparametric magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultra- sonography,bpMRI-TRUS)辅助靶向活检和靶向联合系统活检。通过χ2 检验或Fisher精确检验比较不同活检方式对临床有意义前列腺癌(clinically significant prostate cancer,CsPCa)的检出情况。结果:靶向活检对CsPCa的检出率低于靶向联合系统活检,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.05),如仅行单纯靶向活检,会有 5.0%的 CsPCa 被漏诊。当 PI-RADS 评分为 4 分时,靶向活检对 CsPCa的检出率低于靶向联合系统活检,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),如仅行单纯靶向活检,会有6.2%的CsPCa被漏诊。当 0<PSA ≤20 ng/mL时,靶向活检对CsPCa的检出率低于靶向联合系统活检,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而 20 ng/mL<PSA ≤ 50 ng/mL时,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。当PI-RADS评分为5分时,靶向活检对CsPCa的检出率低于靶向联合系统活检,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),如仅行单纯靶向活检,会有3.5%的CsPCa被漏诊;在PSA亚组分析中,二者CsPCa的检出率差异也均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。靶向活检与根治性术后病理的符合率略低于靶向联合系统活检,但差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05);在PI-RADS评分亚组及PSA分层分析中,二者病理符合率的差异也均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:PI-RADS评分为4~5分疑似高危前列腺癌的患者,当PI-RADS评分4分且PSA>20 ng/mL或PI-RADS评分5分时,靶向活检可取代靶向联合系统活检。

    Abstract

    Obiective:The current study aims to compare the diagnostic efficacy of prostate targeted biopsy alone and targeted combined system biopsy in patients with high prostate imaging reporting and data system(PI - RADS)score of 4~5. Methods: Between July 1,2019 and June 1,2022,439 patients with prostate PI-RADS score of 4-5 who received prostate targeted biopsy alone and targeted combined system biopsy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. Two urologists independently performed biparametric magnetic resonance imaging - transrectal ultrasonography(bpMRI - TRUS)assisted targeted biopsy and targeted combined system biopsy in each patient. The detection of clinically significant prostate cancer(CsPCa)by different biopsy methods were compared by χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Results:The detection rate of CsPCa by targeted biopsy was lower than that by targeted combined system biopsy,but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.05). If only targeted biopsy was performed,5.0% of CsPCa would be missed. In patients with a PI-RADS score of 4,the detection rate of CsPCa by targeted biopsy was lower than that by targeted combined system biopsy,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). If only targeted biopsy was performed,6.2% of CsPCa would be missed. When 0<PSA ≤20 ng/mL,the detection rate of CsPCa by targeted biopsy was lower than that by targeted combined system biopsy,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);but when 20 ng/mL<PSA≤50 ng/mL, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). In patients with a PI-RADS score of 5,the detection rate of CsPCa by targeted biopsy was lower than that by targeted combined system biopsy,while the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). If only targeted biopsy was performed,3.5% of CsPCa would be missed. In PSA subgroup analysis,there was also no significant difference in the detection rate of CsPCa between the two methods(P>0.05). The coincidence rate between targeted biopsy and radical postoperative pathology was slightly lower than that of targeted combined system biopsy group,but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). In PI - RADS score subgroup and PSA stratification analysis,there were also no significant difference in the coincidence rate between targeted biopsy and targeted combined system biopsy(P>0.05). Conclusion:For patients with suspected high-risk prostate cancer with a PI-RADS score of 4-5,when PI-RADS score is 4 and PSA > 20 ng/mL or PI-RADS score is 5,a single targeted biopsy may replace the targeted combined system biopsy.

  • 前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)是全球男性人群最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一[1]。欧美国家 PCa 发病率居第 1 位,病死率居第 2 位[2],近年来 PCa 在亚洲国家的发病率亦逐年升高[3]。经直肠超声(transrectal ultrasonography, TRUS)引导的前列腺活检是目前诊断PCa的标准方法,具有速度快、可广泛使用、成本低等优点[4]。然而,该方法的主要缺点是经过直肠、易感染,活检不能有的放矢,具有一定盲目性[5-6]。近年来随着影像学的快速发展,磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)作为 TRUS 的替代检查,已成为诊断 PCa的首选影像学方法[7-8]。前列腺影像报告与数据系统(prostate imaging ⁃ reporting and data system, PI⁃RADS)则用于解读前列腺MRI。根据PI⁃RADS第 2版的建议,PI⁃RADS评分≥4分则提示有较高的PCa 风险,且评分越高风险越高[9]。目前由T2WI和DWI 序列组成的双参数磁共振(biparametric magnetic resonance imaging,bpMRI)检查广泛应用于辅助诊断PCa,相较多参数磁共振(multi⁃parameter magnetic resonance imaging,mpMRI)而言,bpMRI 的效果与 mpMRI 相近,同时具有检查费用低、时间短以及不用造影剂等优点[1]。MRI/TRUS结合前列腺活检可针对影像学上的可疑病灶进行靶向活检,较传统 TURS引导下前列腺系统活检具有更高的准确性和敏感性[10]。目前常用的活检方法为在 12 针系统活检的基础上针对可疑病灶进行靶向活检[11],但活检针数多无疑会造成更大的创伤。单纯靶向活检能否取代靶向联合系统活检尚缺乏有效证据[10]。因此,本研究比较 bpMRI⁃TRUS 融合单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对临床有意义前列腺癌(clinical⁃ ly significant prostate cancer,CsPCa)的诊断效能。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 南京医科大学第一附属医院2019年7月1日— 2022年6月1日就诊的前列腺PI⁃RADS评分为4~5分且接受前列腺单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检患者共439例。中位年龄70岁,中位前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)11.7 ng/mL,中位前列腺特异性抗原密度(prostate specific antigen density,PSAD)0.3 ng/mL2,中位前列腺体积(prostate volume,PV)37.6 mL。259例患者接受bpMRI⁃TURS 单纯靶向活检,180 例患者接受 bpMRI⁃TURS 靶向联合系统活检。PI⁃RADS评分均≥4分,其中4分283例,5分 156 例。排除标准:①活检前未行 MRI(前列腺)检查;②PI⁃RADS 评分<4分;③既往对PCa进行过治疗;④没有MRI可见的前列腺病变,或不能进行MRI (即身体与 MRI 设备不兼容、存在黑色金属植入物或有幽闭恐惧症);⑤有肛门严重狭窄或有肛周疾病。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,所有患者知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 bpMRI检查及活检方法

  • 所有患者活检前均行 bpMRI 检查(3T MRI, MAGNETOM Verio,西门子公司,德国),即提供轴位 T1 加权像(T1⁃weighted images,T1WI)、多平面(冠状、轴位)高空间分辨率 T2 加权成像(T2⁃weighted images,T2WI)以及轴位扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI,b 值 2 000 s/mm2),但不包括动态对比增强(dynamic contrast⁃enhanced,DCE)序列。所有MRI检查都是由2位具有经验的泌尿生殖放射科专家进行。所有患者都在南京医科大学第一附属医院局麻下行经会阴前列腺活检,均由2名经验丰富的泌尿外科主治医师操作。患者取截石位,充分暴露会阴部。行局部皮下麻醉后经肛门放入超声探头,在TRUS引导下于肛门上方2 cm处中线两侧进针,再在原针孔位置进针至前列腺包膜进行深部麻醉。所有入组患者均行经会阴前列腺活检,根据MRI图像,对一组患者进行单纯靶向活检,活检针数2~6针;对另一组患者进行靶向联合系统活检,活检针数12针。

  • 1.2.2 病理检查

  • 所有活检标本分别置于标有编号的标本瓶内,用10%福尔马林固定,所有前列腺活检标本由泌尿病理医师进行分析(对MRI以及超声结果不知情)。根据病理结果,Gleason评分≤3+3分为临床无意义前列腺癌(clinically insignificant prostate cancer,CiPCa),≥3+4分为CsPCa[12],对此二类患者进行根治性前列腺切除术。活检病理结果与术后根治性病理结果相一致为病理符合;病理符合率=(活检和术后病理同为 CiPCa 的例数+活检和术后病理同为 CsPCa 的例数)/(活检和术后病理同为CiPCa的例数+活检和术后病理同为 CsPCa 的例数+活检为 CiPCa 而术后病理为CsPCa 的例数+活检为CsPCa而术后病理为 CiPCa的例数)×100%。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 本研究所有数据均使用SPSS 26.0进行处理。计量资料经正态性检验,均不符合正态分布,采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示。自身配对分类变量采用配对χ2 检验及 Kappa 值检验;非自身配对的分类变量采用χ2 检验或 Fisher 精确检验。以 P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 CsPCa阳性率

  • 439 例活检出 CsPCa293 例,阳性率为 66.7% (293/439);根治性术后病理诊断为CsPCa312例,阳性率为91.8%(312/340)(表1、2),其中有19例根治性术后病理诊断升级为CsPCa。单纯靶向活检及靶向联合系统活检与根治性术后病理的符合率分别为92.6%(174/188)、92.8%(141/152),二者差异无统计学意义(P=0.90,表3)。

  • 表1 本研究中患者的临床数据

  • Table1 Clinical data of patients in the current study

  • 439 例患者中,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对 CsPCa 的检出率差异无统计学意义[62.9% (163/259)vs.72.2%(130/180),P=0.05,表2]。如仅行单纯靶向活检,会有5.0%(13/259)的CsPCa 被遗漏(表2、3)。

  • 在PI⁃RADS 评分4分的患者中,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检的CsPCa检出率差异有统计学意义[59.0%(86/146)vs.70.8%(97/137),P=0.04,表4];单纯靶向活检及靶向联合系统活检与根治性术后病理的符合率分别为90.1%(91/101)、92.2%(106/ 115),二者差异无统计学意义(P=0.60,表5)。在 PI⁃RADS 评分 5 分的患者中,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检的 CsPCa 检出率差异无统计学意义 [68.1%(77/113)vs.76.7%(33/43),P=0.20,表4];单纯靶向活检及靶向联合系统活检与根治性术后病理的符合率分别为95.4%(83/87)、94.6%(35/37),二者差异无统计学意义(P=1.00,表5)。当 PI⁃RADS 评分4分时,如仅行单纯靶向活检,会有6.2%(9/146)的CsPCa被遗漏,高于PI⁃RADS评分5分时的漏诊率 3.5%(4/113)(表4、5)。

  • 表2 3种方法诊断439例患者的情况

  • Table2 Diagnosis of 439 patients with 3 methods

  • a:靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检比较。

  • 表3 靶向活检及靶向联合系统活检分别与根治性术后病理结果的比较

  • Table3 Comparison of targeted biopsy or targeted com⁃ bined system biopsy with radical postoperative pathology

  • a:靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检术后根治性病理符合率比较。99例活检阴性患者未纳入。

  • 在0<PSA≤20 ng/mL患者中,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CsPCa检出率的差异有统计学意义[61.5%(118/192)vs.71.4%(105/147),P=0.03];在20 ng/mL<PSA≤50 ng/mL患者中,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CsPCa检出率的差异无统计学意义[67.2%(45/67)vs.75.8%(25/33),P=0.40,表6]。

  • 当 PI⁃RADS 评分 4 分且 0<PSA≤20 ng/mL 时,单纯靶向活检及靶向联合系统活检与根治性术后病理的符合率分别为89.5%(77/86)、91.8%(90/98),二者差异无统计学意义(P=0.60,表7)。此时,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CsPCa的检出率差异有统计学意义[58.1%(72/124)vs.70.7%(82/116),P=0.04,表8]。然而,当 PI ⁃RADS 评分 4 分且 20< PSA≤50 ng/mL 和 PI⁃RADS 评分 5 分且 0<PSA≤ 20 ng/mL 以及 20 ng/mL<PSA≤50 ng/mL时,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CsPCa的检出率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表8);二者与根治性术后病理的符合率均大于90%,Kappa值均大于0.61,且差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表7)。

  • 表4 3种方法诊断不同PI⁃RADS评分患者CsPCa和CiPCa的情况

  • Table4 Diagnosis of CsPCa and CiPCa in patients with different PI⁃RADS scores by 3 methods

  • a:靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检比较。

  • 表5 不同PI⁃RADS评分患者靶向活检病理及靶向联合系统活检病理分别与根治性术后病理结果的比较

  • Table5 Comparison of targeted biopsy pathology and targeted combined system biopsy pathology with radical postoperative pathology in patients with different PI⁃RADS

  • a:靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检术后根治性病理符合率比较。99例活检阴性患者未纳入。

  • 2.2 CiPCa阳性率

  • 439例中活检检出47例CiPCa,阳性率为10.7%(47/439)(表1),其中25例通过单纯靶向活检检出,22例通过靶向联合系统活检检出。但单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CiPCa的检出率差异无统计学意义[9.7%(25/259)vs.12.2%(22/180),P=0.40,表2]。

  • 表6 3种方法诊断不同PSA水平患者CsPCa和CiPCa的情况

  • Table6 Diagnosis of CsPCa and CiPCa in patients with different PSA levels by 3 methods

  • a:靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检比较。

  • 表7 不同PI⁃RADS评分以及不同PSA患者靶向活检病理及靶向联合系统活检病理分别与根治性术后病理结果的比较

  • Table7 Comparison of targeted biopsy pathology or targeted combined system biopsy pathology with radical postopera⁃ tive pathology in patients with different PI⁃RADS and different PSA levels

  • a:靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检术后根治性病理符合率比较。99例活检阳性患者未纳入。

  • 表8 3种方法诊断不同PI⁃RADS评分以及不同PSA水平患者CsPCa的情况

  • Table8 Diagnosis of CsPCa in patients with different PSA levels and different PI⁃RADS scores by 3 methods

  • a:靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检比较。

  • 2.3 活检针数阳性率

  • 本研究共439例患者。单纯靶向活检共1 369针,其中 766 针(56.0%)阳性;靶向联合系统活检共 3 013针,其中809针(29.6%)阳性。二者活检针数阳性率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 运用传统的血清PSA筛查联合TRUS引导前列腺活检,活检漏诊率较高[13]。随着MRI靶向活检的应用,PCa诊断的阳性率也随之增加[14]。mpMRI因其无创以及多序列成像的特点成为目前诊断前列腺癌的最佳影像学检查手段[12]。mpMRI 主要包括 T2WI、DWI 和 DCE 序列,而 bpMRI 则只包含 T2WI 和 DWI 系列。与 mpMRI 相比,bpMRI 有检查费用低、时间短以及避免了造影剂的潜在不良反应等优点[1]。Thestrup等[15]研究显示bpMRI与mpMRI在检测PCa方面无明显差异。但对于经验不足的医生来说,则需要补充DCE序列。此外,Woo等[16] 研究证实 bpMRI与mpMRI在PCa的检出率方面无显著差异。因此,在行靶向活检时,bpMRI因其经济、无创等优势具有良好的应用前景。本研究比较bpMRI⁃TRUS 结合单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对PI⁃RADS 评分4~5分的高危PCa患者的诊断效能,为前列腺活检的方案选择提供建议。

  • Ahdoot 等[14]研究发现靶向联合系统活检对 CsPCa的检出率为62.4%,与单纯靶向活检相比差异无统计学意义,本研究结果与之相符,然而本研究的检出率却高于上述两者,这与本研究使用 PI ⁃ RADS评分≥4分的筛选标准以及对CsPCa的定义不同有关,更高的PI⁃RADS评分意味着MRI上异常信号更清晰以及信号面积更大[12]。Lenfant 等[17]研究指出靶向联合系统活检的一些相关问题:虽然靶向联合系统活检是初次活检患者PCa诊断的金标准,但是前列腺的横轴面采样模式,即对前列腺尖部、中部和底部的内侧和外侧部分进行取样,每侧活检6针,这样的形式目前无法应用到经会阴活检上。此外,除了与可行性、耐受性和尿潴留高风险相关的问题外,大量的系统活检,可能还会引起CiPCa过度诊断的相关问题,导致过度治疗的风险。

  • 本研究中,在 0<PSA≤20 ng/mL 患者中,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CsPCa的检出率差异有统计学意义;当PI⁃RADS评分4分且0<PSA ≤ 20 ng/mL时,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对 CsPCa的检出率差异也有统计学意义,此时单纯靶向活检及靶向联合系统活检与根治性术后病理的符合率分别为89.5%、91.8%,二者差异无统计学意义。当PI⁃RADS评分4分时仅行单纯靶向活检,会有 6.2%的 CsPCa 被遗漏,与以下研究结果吻合。Chuang等[18] 研究表明,在靶向活检的基础上增加系统活检,可以额外诊断出2%~13%的CsPCa。Marra 等[19]研究显示,靶向活检会遗漏 2.1%~15.0%的 CsPCa。尽管MRI靶向活检提高了对临床重要疾病的检测,但它还不能取代系统活检,因此对0<PSA≤ 20 ng/mL的患者仍然需联合使用系统活检。与Philip 等[20]研究结果一致,然而 PI⁃RADS 评分 4 分且 0< PSA ≤20 ng/mL患者单纯靶向活检以及靶向联合系统活检与根治性术后病理的符合率均低于 20< PSA≤50 ng/mL患者,可能是因为本研究中病理符合率包含CiPCa,PSA<4 ng/mL以及PSA 4~10 ng/mL的患者,更容易活检出CiPCa[21-22];相反,Philip等[20]研究表明 PSA>20 ng/mL 患者中则可以检出更多的 CsPCa,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CsPCa 检出率的差异无统计学意义。Ozorak等[23]研究证明对于PSA>20 ng/mL的患者,没有必要进行12针系统前列腺活检,Philip等[20]对436例PSA >10 ng/mL 的患者进行了回顾性分析,结果显示,在 PSA >20 ng/mL 的患者中,6 个针芯足以诊断 PCa。许多研究显示单纯靶向活检具有以下优势:①改善预后评估,从CiPCa 中区分CsPCa,提高CsPCa 的阳性率[24];②获取更高的 CsPCa,更低的 CiPCa[25-26];③ 确定 PCa 的侵袭性,Gleason 评分与术后病理一致性高,可达90%[27];④前列腺检测更精确,对于病灶治疗至关重要[28-29]。因此,单纯靶向活检有望取代靶向联合系统活检。

  • 本研究中,随着 PI⁃RADS 评分的升高,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检诊断CsPCa的阳性率也随之升高,且靶向联合系统活检的阳性率高于单纯靶向活检的阳性率,在 PI ⁃RADS 评分 4 分和 PI⁃RADS评分4分且0<PSA ≤20 ng/mL时的亚组分析中差异具有统计学意义。本研究结果与 Fourcade 等[24] 研究相一致。本研究中,当PI⁃RADS评分5分,0<PSA ≤20 ng/mL 和 20<PSA ≤50 ng/mL 时,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CsPCa的检出率差异均无统计学意义。Carlsson 等[30]研究显示,单纯靶向活检与靶向联合系统活检对CsPCa的检出率分别为32.3%与37.5%,本研究结果与之具有良好的一致性。此外,本研究中单纯靶向活检和靶向联合系统活检与根治性术后病理的符合率分别为92.6%、 92.8%,单纯靶向活检与根治性术后病理的符合率均略高于Ahdoot等[31]的研究结果,这可能跟本研究使用PI⁃RADS评分≥4分的高筛选标准有关。由于穿刺活检的固有限制,仅行单纯靶向活检,会有 5.0%的CsPCa被遗漏,Chuang等[18]的研究取得相似结果;而且,PI⁃RADS评分5分患者单纯靶向活检与根治性术后病理的符合率高于 4 分患者(95.4% vs.90.1%),可能是因为 PI⁃RADS 评分 5 分患者 bpMRI 图像上异常信号的面积更大、更明显,也就更容易活检出CsPCa[32];此外,本研究与其他相关研究[1418-19]均显示单独靶向活检会遗漏一定的CsPCa,但越来越多的研究结果表明,在 PI⁃RADS 评分 5 分的患者中,尽管在靶向活检的基础上增加系统活检可以额外诊断出CsPCa,但意义不大[33-34];本研究中对于 PI⁃RADS 评分 5分患者 CsPCa 的漏诊率仅为 3.5%;而且Ahdoot等[31]最新研究表明,对于5分患者,单纯靶向活检对 PCa 的检出率可高达 94.6%,因此可以不用额外增加系统活检。虽然靶向联合系统活检对于追求活检的高准确性、减少漏诊率的患者来说仍然是首选[18],但是,本研究可为PI⁃RADS评分4分且PSA>20 ng/mL或PI⁃RADS评分5分的患者在活检方式的选择上提供一定的参考意见。

  • 本研究存在以下不足:首先,活检病理与根治性术后标本的Gleason评分仍存在一定差异;其次,未进行最佳靶向活检针数的确定;最后,为单中心回顾性研究,样本量相对较少,存在一定的选择偏倚,需多中心、前瞻性研究进一步验证。

  • 总之,本研究结果显示,当PI⁃RADS评分4分且 PSA>20 ng/mL 或 PI⁃RADS 评分 5 分时,bpMRI⁃TRUS 结合靶向活检可在不增加CiPCa 的基础上获得与靶向联合系统活检相似或不亚于其的CsPCa阳性率;而且与根治性术后病理结果具有高度一致性。因此,对于bpMRI上病灶明显或无法耐受多针活检、严重术后并发症的患者,可选择单纯靶向活检。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PALUMBO P,MANETTA R,IZZO A,et al.Biparametric(bp)and multiparametric(mp)magnetic resonance imag⁃ ing(MRI)approach to prostate cancer disease:a narrative review of current debate on dynamic contrast enhancement [J].Gland Surg,2020,9(6):2235-2247

    • [2] JEMAL A,SIEGEL R,XU J,et al.Cancer statistics,2010 [J].CA A Cancer J Clin,2010,60(5):277-300

    • [3] 郑雨潇,徐浩翔,李潇,等.前列腺穿刺活检前预测Gleason评分≥7 风险模型的建立及其临床意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(3):340-343

    • [4] STABILE A,DELL’OGLIO P,DE COBELLI F,et al.Association between prostate imaging reporting and data system(PI⁃RADS)score for the index lesion and multifo⁃ cal,clinically significant prostate cancer[J].Eur Urol On⁃ col,2018,1(1):29-36

    • [5] MOTTET N,BELLMUNT J,BOLLA M,et al.EAU⁃ESTRO⁃ SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer.Part 1:screening,diagnosis,and local treatment with curative intent[J].Eur Urol,2017,71(4):618-629

    • [6] ELDRED⁃EVANS D,NEVES JB,SIMMONS L AM,et al.Added value of diffusion ⁃ weighted images and dynamic contrast enhancement in multiparametric magnetic reso⁃ nance imaging for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in the PICTURE trial[J].BJU Int,2020,125(3):391-398

    • [7] LEE A Y M,YANG X Y,LEE H J,et al.Multiparametric MRI⁃ultrasonography software fusion prostate biopsy:ini⁃ tial results using a stereotactic robotic⁃assisted transperi⁃ neal prostate biopsy platform comparing systematic vs tar⁃ geted biopsy[J].BJU Int,2020,126(5):568-576

    • [8] PREISSER F,THEISSEN L,WENZEL M,et al.Perfor⁃ mance of combined magnetic resonance imaging/ultra⁃ sound fusion⁃guided and systematic biopsy of the prostate in biopsy ⁃ naïve patients and patients with prior biopsies [J].Eur Urol Focus,2021,7(1):39-46

    • [9] GUPTA R T,MEHTA K A,TURKBEY B,et al.PI⁃RADS:past,present,and future[J].J Magn Reson Imaging,2020,52(1):33-53

    • [10] KASIVISVANATHAN V,RANNIKKO A S,BORGHI M,et al.MRI⁃targeted or standard biopsy for prostate⁃cancer diagnosis[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(19):1767-1777

    • [11] EPSTEIN J I,FENG Z Y,TROCK B J,et al.Upgrading and downgrading of prostate cancer from biopsy to radical prostatectomy:incidence and predictive factors using the modified gleason grading system and factoring in tertiary grades[J].Eur Urol,2012,61(5):1019-1024

    • [12] WEINREB J C,BARENTSZ J O,CHOYKE P L,et al.PI⁃ RADS prostate imaging ⁃ reporting and data system:2015,version 2[J].Eur Urol,2016,69(1):16-40

    • [13] SEREFOGLU E C,ALTINOVA S,UGRAS N S,et al.How reliable is 12⁃core prostate biopsy procedure in the detection of prostate cancer?[J].Can Urol Assoc J,2013,7(5):293-298

    • [14] AHDOOT M,WILBUR A R,REESE S E,et al.MRI⁃tar⁃ geted,systematic,and combined biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis[J].N Engl J Med,2020,382(10):917-928

    • [15] THESTRUP K C D,LOGAGER V,BASLEV I,et al.Bipa⁃ rametric versus multiparametric MRI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer[J/OL].Acta Radiol Open,2016,5(8)[2022⁃11⁃01].DOI:10.1177/2058460116663046

    • [16] WOO S,SUH CH,KIM S Y,et al.Head⁃to⁃head compari⁃ son between biparametric and multiparametric MRI for the diagnosis of prostate cancer:asystematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Am J Roentgenol,2018,211(5):W226-W241

    • [17] LENFANT L,BARRET E,ROUPRÊT M,et al.Transperi⁃ neal prostate biopsy is the new black:what are the next targets?[J].Eur Urol,2022,82(1):3-5

    • [18] CHUANG R J,MARKS L S.Targeted and systematic biopsy for diagnosis and management of prostate cancer [J].Clin Oncol,2020,32(3):144-148

    • [19] MARRA G,PLOUSSARD G,FUTTERER J,et al.Contro⁃ versies in MR targeted biopsy:alone or combined,cogni⁃ tive versus software⁃based fusion,transrectal versus trans⁃ perineal approach?[J].World J Urol,2019,37(2):277-287

    • [20] PHILIP J,MANIKANDAN R,JAVLÉ P,et al.Prostate cancer diagnosis:should patients with prostate specific antigen >10 ng/mL have stratified prostate biopsy proto⁃cols?[J].Cancer Detect Prev,2009,32(4):314-318

    • [21] WEI C G,CHEN T,ZHANG Y Y,et al.Biparametric pros⁃ tate MRI and clinical indicators predict clinically signifi⁃ cant prostate cancer in men with“gray zone”PSA levels [J/OL].Eur J Radiol,2020,127[2022 ⁃ 11 ⁃ 01]:DOI:10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108977

    • [22] LI X,LI C M,CHEN M.Patients with“gray zone”PSA levels:application of prostate MRI and MRS in the diag⁃ nosis of prostate cancer[J/OL].Magn Reson Imaging,2022[2023⁃11⁃01].DOI:10.1002/jmri.28505

    • [23] OZORAK A,ZUMRUTBAS A E,BINGOL G,et al.Pros⁃ tate cancer incidence and diagnosis in men with PSA levels >20 ng/mL:is it possible to decrease the number of biopsy cores?[J].Aging Male,2020,23(5):893-900

    • [24] FOURCADE A,PAYRARD C,TISSOT V,et al.The com⁃ bination of targeted and systematic prostate biopsies is the best protocol for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer[J].Scand J Urol,2018,52(3):174-179

    • [25] SALAMI S S,BEN⁃LEVI E,YASKIV O,et al.In patients with a previous negative prostate biopsy and a suspicious lesion on magnetic resonance imaging,is a 12⁃core biopsy still necessary in addition to a targeted biopsy?[J].BJU Int,2015,115(4):562-570

    • [26] UKIMURA O,MARIEN A,PALMER S,et al.Trans⁃rectal ultrasound visibility of prostate lesions identified by mag⁃ netic resonance imaging increases accuracy of image ⁃fu⁃ sion targeted biopsies[J].World J Urol,2015,33(11):1669-1676

    • [27] ZHOU Y,YAN W G,LI H Z,et al.A randomized con⁃ trolled trial to assess and compare the outcomes of two ⁃ core prostate biopsy guided by fused magnetic resonance and transrectal ultrasound images and traditional 12⁃core systematic biopsy[J].Eur Urol,2016,70(2):e53-e54

    • [28] UKIMURA O,GROSS M E,CASTRO A,et al.A novel technique using three ⁃ dimensionally documented biopsy mapping allows precise re ⁃visiting of prostate cancer foci with serial surveillance of cell cycle progression gene panel [J].Prostate,2015,75(8):863-871

    • [29] HU J C,CHANG E,NATARAJAN S,et al.Targeted pros⁃ tate biopsy to select men for active surveillance:do the Epstein criteria still apply?[J].J Urol,2014,192(2):385-390

    • [30] CARLSSON S V,EASTHAM J A.Use of prostate system⁃ atic and targeted biopsy on the basis of multiparametric MRI in biopsy⁃naive patients(MRI⁃FIRST):aprospective,multicentre,paired diagnostic study[J].Eur Urol,2019,76(4):534-535

    • [31] AHDOOT M,LEBASTCHI A H,LONG L,et al.Using prostate imaging ⁃ reporting and data system(PI ⁃ RADS)scores to select an optimal prostate biopsy method:asecon⁃ dary analysis of the trio study[J].Eur Urol Oncol,2022,5(2):176-186

    • [32] 刘禹,高杰,汪维,等.靶向穿刺与靶向联合系统穿刺对前列腺PI⁃RADS评分4~5分患者的诊断效能比较[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2021,42(3):192-196

    • [33] CHU C E,COWAN J E,LONERGAN P E,et al.Diagnos⁃ tic accuracy and prognostic value of serial prostate multi⁃ parametric magnetic resonance imaging in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer[J].Eur Urol Oncol,2022,5(5):537-543

    • [34] DENIFFEL D,PERLIS N,GHAI S,et al.Prostate biopsy in the era of MRI⁃targeting:towards a judicious use of additional systematic biopsy[J].Eur Radiol,2022,32(11):7544-7554

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PALUMBO P,MANETTA R,IZZO A,et al.Biparametric(bp)and multiparametric(mp)magnetic resonance imag⁃ ing(MRI)approach to prostate cancer disease:a narrative review of current debate on dynamic contrast enhancement [J].Gland Surg,2020,9(6):2235-2247

    • [2] JEMAL A,SIEGEL R,XU J,et al.Cancer statistics,2010 [J].CA A Cancer J Clin,2010,60(5):277-300

    • [3] 郑雨潇,徐浩翔,李潇,等.前列腺穿刺活检前预测Gleason评分≥7 风险模型的建立及其临床意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(3):340-343

    • [4] STABILE A,DELL’OGLIO P,DE COBELLI F,et al.Association between prostate imaging reporting and data system(PI⁃RADS)score for the index lesion and multifo⁃ cal,clinically significant prostate cancer[J].Eur Urol On⁃ col,2018,1(1):29-36

    • [5] MOTTET N,BELLMUNT J,BOLLA M,et al.EAU⁃ESTRO⁃ SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer.Part 1:screening,diagnosis,and local treatment with curative intent[J].Eur Urol,2017,71(4):618-629

    • [6] ELDRED⁃EVANS D,NEVES JB,SIMMONS L AM,et al.Added value of diffusion ⁃ weighted images and dynamic contrast enhancement in multiparametric magnetic reso⁃ nance imaging for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in the PICTURE trial[J].BJU Int,2020,125(3):391-398

    • [7] LEE A Y M,YANG X Y,LEE H J,et al.Multiparametric MRI⁃ultrasonography software fusion prostate biopsy:ini⁃ tial results using a stereotactic robotic⁃assisted transperi⁃ neal prostate biopsy platform comparing systematic vs tar⁃ geted biopsy[J].BJU Int,2020,126(5):568-576

    • [8] PREISSER F,THEISSEN L,WENZEL M,et al.Perfor⁃ mance of combined magnetic resonance imaging/ultra⁃ sound fusion⁃guided and systematic biopsy of the prostate in biopsy ⁃ naïve patients and patients with prior biopsies [J].Eur Urol Focus,2021,7(1):39-46

    • [9] GUPTA R T,MEHTA K A,TURKBEY B,et al.PI⁃RADS:past,present,and future[J].J Magn Reson Imaging,2020,52(1):33-53

    • [10] KASIVISVANATHAN V,RANNIKKO A S,BORGHI M,et al.MRI⁃targeted or standard biopsy for prostate⁃cancer diagnosis[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(19):1767-1777

    • [11] EPSTEIN J I,FENG Z Y,TROCK B J,et al.Upgrading and downgrading of prostate cancer from biopsy to radical prostatectomy:incidence and predictive factors using the modified gleason grading system and factoring in tertiary grades[J].Eur Urol,2012,61(5):1019-1024

    • [12] WEINREB J C,BARENTSZ J O,CHOYKE P L,et al.PI⁃ RADS prostate imaging ⁃ reporting and data system:2015,version 2[J].Eur Urol,2016,69(1):16-40

    • [13] SEREFOGLU E C,ALTINOVA S,UGRAS N S,et al.How reliable is 12⁃core prostate biopsy procedure in the detection of prostate cancer?[J].Can Urol Assoc J,2013,7(5):293-298

    • [14] AHDOOT M,WILBUR A R,REESE S E,et al.MRI⁃tar⁃ geted,systematic,and combined biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis[J].N Engl J Med,2020,382(10):917-928

    • [15] THESTRUP K C D,LOGAGER V,BASLEV I,et al.Bipa⁃ rametric versus multiparametric MRI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer[J/OL].Acta Radiol Open,2016,5(8)[2022⁃11⁃01].DOI:10.1177/2058460116663046

    • [16] WOO S,SUH CH,KIM S Y,et al.Head⁃to⁃head compari⁃ son between biparametric and multiparametric MRI for the diagnosis of prostate cancer:asystematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Am J Roentgenol,2018,211(5):W226-W241

    • [17] LENFANT L,BARRET E,ROUPRÊT M,et al.Transperi⁃ neal prostate biopsy is the new black:what are the next targets?[J].Eur Urol,2022,82(1):3-5

    • [18] CHUANG R J,MARKS L S.Targeted and systematic biopsy for diagnosis and management of prostate cancer [J].Clin Oncol,2020,32(3):144-148

    • [19] MARRA G,PLOUSSARD G,FUTTERER J,et al.Contro⁃ versies in MR targeted biopsy:alone or combined,cogni⁃ tive versus software⁃based fusion,transrectal versus trans⁃ perineal approach?[J].World J Urol,2019,37(2):277-287

    • [20] PHILIP J,MANIKANDAN R,JAVLÉ P,et al.Prostate cancer diagnosis:should patients with prostate specific antigen >10 ng/mL have stratified prostate biopsy proto⁃cols?[J].Cancer Detect Prev,2009,32(4):314-318

    • [21] WEI C G,CHEN T,ZHANG Y Y,et al.Biparametric pros⁃ tate MRI and clinical indicators predict clinically signifi⁃ cant prostate cancer in men with“gray zone”PSA levels [J/OL].Eur J Radiol,2020,127[2022 ⁃ 11 ⁃ 01]:DOI:10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108977

    • [22] LI X,LI C M,CHEN M.Patients with“gray zone”PSA levels:application of prostate MRI and MRS in the diag⁃ nosis of prostate cancer[J/OL].Magn Reson Imaging,2022[2023⁃11⁃01].DOI:10.1002/jmri.28505

    • [23] OZORAK A,ZUMRUTBAS A E,BINGOL G,et al.Pros⁃ tate cancer incidence and diagnosis in men with PSA levels >20 ng/mL:is it possible to decrease the number of biopsy cores?[J].Aging Male,2020,23(5):893-900

    • [24] FOURCADE A,PAYRARD C,TISSOT V,et al.The com⁃ bination of targeted and systematic prostate biopsies is the best protocol for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer[J].Scand J Urol,2018,52(3):174-179

    • [25] SALAMI S S,BEN⁃LEVI E,YASKIV O,et al.In patients with a previous negative prostate biopsy and a suspicious lesion on magnetic resonance imaging,is a 12⁃core biopsy still necessary in addition to a targeted biopsy?[J].BJU Int,2015,115(4):562-570

    • [26] UKIMURA O,MARIEN A,PALMER S,et al.Trans⁃rectal ultrasound visibility of prostate lesions identified by mag⁃ netic resonance imaging increases accuracy of image ⁃fu⁃ sion targeted biopsies[J].World J Urol,2015,33(11):1669-1676

    • [27] ZHOU Y,YAN W G,LI H Z,et al.A randomized con⁃ trolled trial to assess and compare the outcomes of two ⁃ core prostate biopsy guided by fused magnetic resonance and transrectal ultrasound images and traditional 12⁃core systematic biopsy[J].Eur Urol,2016,70(2):e53-e54

    • [28] UKIMURA O,GROSS M E,CASTRO A,et al.A novel technique using three ⁃ dimensionally documented biopsy mapping allows precise re ⁃visiting of prostate cancer foci with serial surveillance of cell cycle progression gene panel [J].Prostate,2015,75(8):863-871

    • [29] HU J C,CHANG E,NATARAJAN S,et al.Targeted pros⁃ tate biopsy to select men for active surveillance:do the Epstein criteria still apply?[J].J Urol,2014,192(2):385-390

    • [30] CARLSSON S V,EASTHAM J A.Use of prostate system⁃ atic and targeted biopsy on the basis of multiparametric MRI in biopsy⁃naive patients(MRI⁃FIRST):aprospective,multicentre,paired diagnostic study[J].Eur Urol,2019,76(4):534-535

    • [31] AHDOOT M,LEBASTCHI A H,LONG L,et al.Using prostate imaging ⁃ reporting and data system(PI ⁃ RADS)scores to select an optimal prostate biopsy method:asecon⁃ dary analysis of the trio study[J].Eur Urol Oncol,2022,5(2):176-186

    • [32] 刘禹,高杰,汪维,等.靶向穿刺与靶向联合系统穿刺对前列腺PI⁃RADS评分4~5分患者的诊断效能比较[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2021,42(3):192-196

    • [33] CHU C E,COWAN J E,LONERGAN P E,et al.Diagnos⁃ tic accuracy and prognostic value of serial prostate multi⁃ parametric magnetic resonance imaging in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer[J].Eur Urol Oncol,2022,5(5):537-543

    • [34] DENIFFEL D,PERLIS N,GHAI S,et al.Prostate biopsy in the era of MRI⁃targeting:towards a judicious use of additional systematic biopsy[J].Eur Radiol,2022,32(11):7544-7554