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通讯作者:

李天女,E-mail:litiannv@126.com

中图分类号:R735.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)06-876-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230620

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目录contents

    摘要

    食管癌是我国常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,多数患者发现时已处于疾病中晚期。对食管癌的早期诊断、疗效评估是优化治疗策略及改善预后的关键。正电子发射型计算机断层显像/计算机体层成像(positron emission computed tomography/ com- puted tomography,PET/CT)是一种集分子显像功能与解剖结构成像于一体的影像学检查方法,在肿瘤的诊疗过程中显示出重要价值。本文主要探讨PET/CT在食管癌诊断分期、疗效评估、预后预测及放疗计划制定等方面的应用及进展。

    Abstract

    Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract in China,and most patients are detected in an advanced stage. Early diagnosis and assessment of the efficacy of esophageal cancer are key to optimizing treatment strategies and improving prognosis. Positron emission computed tomography/ computed tomography(PET/CT)is an imaging method that integrates molecular function and anatomical structure,and has shown significant value in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. This review focuses on the application and progress of PET/CT in the diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer,assessment of efficacy,prediction of prognosis and planning of radiotherapy.

  • 食管癌是常见的消化道肿瘤,其发病率在世界高发恶性肿瘤中排名第7位,其死亡率达第6位[1]。食管癌起病隐匿,超过50%的患者在临床诊断时已发展至疾病中晚期,预后较差。因此,早期诊断及疗效评估有利于优化食管癌治疗策略,实现个体化精准治疗,提高疾病生存率。正电子发射型计算机断层显像/计算机体层成像(positron emission com⁃ puted tomography/ computed tomography,PET/CT)集分子显像功能与解剖结构成像于一体,可反映病灶的形态特征及代谢情况,以非侵入的方式显示肿瘤内部的异质性和治疗引起的变化。因此,PET/CT在肿瘤诊断分期、评估疗效、预测预后及制定放疗计划等方面显示出重要作用。

  • 1 18F⁃FDG PET/CT对食管癌临床分期的诊断价值

  • 1.1 T分期

  • T分期反映肿瘤浸润程度,Huang等[2]对45例初诊食管鳞癌患者进行PET/CT检查发现5例18F⁃脱氧葡萄糖(18F⁃fluorodeoxyglucose,18F⁃FDG)阴性病灶,包括 2 例 Tis 期病灶和 3 例 T1 期病灶。Cuellar 等[3]对 79 例早期食管癌(TisN0 和 T1N0)患者进行 18F⁃ FDG PET/CT检查,发现仅58.2%的病灶表现为高摄取,原发灶的最大标准化摄取值(maximum standard uptake value,SUVmax)随 T 分期的增加而增高,但差异无统计学意义。因此,18F⁃FDG PET/CT 对早期病灶的检出率不高,这可能与病变体积较小、细胞增殖程度较低以及PET/CT空间分辨率较低(约5 mm)有关[4]。近年来,影像组学是肿瘤异质性研究的热点,有学者认为18F⁃FDG PET/CT部分纹理参数与食管癌 T 分期呈显著相关,有望提高 T 分期的准确性,但数据样本量较少,纹理分析的临床价值有待进一步证实[5-6]。另外,18F⁃FDG PET/MRI 新技术结合了 PET 代谢和 MRI 高软组织分辨率的特点,在判断食管癌浸润深度方面优于其他传统影像学检查,有望成为食管癌术前分期补充或潜在替代的影像手段[7]

  • 1.2 N分期

  • 淋巴结跳跃转移是食管癌的一种特殊转移方式,即原发灶附近的淋巴结无转移而远处的区域淋巴结存在转移的现象。因此,明确淋巴结转移部位是选择最佳治疗方案的前提。一项纳入19项临床研究的meta 分析[8]表明,以淋巴结为单位,18F⁃FDG PET/CT诊断食管鳞癌区域淋巴结转移的灵敏度为 66%,特异度为96%。Li等[9] 报道18F⁃FDG PET/CT诊断食管鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移的灵敏度为45%,特异度为95.6%,且超声检查结果与之无显著差异。因此,18F⁃FDG PET/CT 在食管癌 N 分期方面价值有限,这可能和癌灶旁受累淋巴结易被高代谢的原发灶掩盖有关,也可能与部分双侧肺门、贲门周围和下食管旁淋巴结的反应性增生有关[10]。研究表示超声内镜联合 18F⁃FDG PET/CT 可将食管癌 N 分期的总体正确率提升至 98.61%[11]。另外,18F⁃FDG PET/CT 部分代谢参数如 SUVmax、肿瘤代谢体积 (metabolic tumor volume,MTV)以及病变糖酵解总量(total lesion glycolysis,TLG)有助于预测淋巴结转移[12]

  • 1.3 M分期

  • 食管癌常见的远处转移包括锁骨上淋巴结转移以及肝脏、肺、脑、骨骼等器官转移,正确评估食管癌患者的M分期可直接影响后续治疗决策。You 等[13]分析了 491 例潜在可切除食管癌患者的 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT检查,发现有24.0%患者的M分期发生了改变,其中 21.8%表现为 M 分期的上调(从 M0→ M1;从 M1a→M1b),2.2%表现为 M 分期的下调(从 M1→M0)。Anderegg等[14] 对156例新辅助治疗后的食管癌患者行 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT 术前评估,发现 10.9%的患者已存在远处转移,改变了手术治疗方案。因此,为了避免非根治性手术切除,18F⁃FDG PET/CT是术前评估较为经济有效的方法。

  • 2 18F⁃FDG PET/CT对食管癌新辅助放化疗的疗效评估

  • 新辅助放化疗可降低食管癌患者的术前分期,提高肿瘤R0切除率,但部分患者治疗反应欠佳甚至出现疾病进展,因此,及时评估疗效有助于制定个性化的治疗策略,改善患者预后。Li 等[15]研究表明,新辅助治疗前后中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值降低小于 3 且 SUVmax降低超过 58%的患者,病理完全缓解(pathological complete response,pCR)阳性预测值为84.8%。另一项多中心前瞻性研究中的69例食管癌患者均于新辅助治疗前、治疗中及术前行 18F⁃ FDG PET/CT检查,发现新辅助放化疗前后的平均标准化摄取值(SUVmean)及TLG变化值在pCR和非pCR 间存在显著差异[16]。因此,新辅助放化疗前后,部分代谢参数可预测食管癌患者的病理缓解程度。然而也有研究认为18F⁃FDG PET/CT评估疗效的准确性不足,不建议仅用PET/CT来指导治疗决策,这可能是因为放射治疗诱导的炎性反应或食管溃疡会引起假阳性摄取[17]。欧洲核医学协会推荐在化疗结束至少10 d后以及放疗结束2~3个月后行18F⁃FDG PET/CT检查[18],但仍存在治疗后6个月有假阳性/假阴性的报道[19],所以18F⁃FDG PET/CT评估疗效的时机尚无明确定论。

  • 3 18F⁃FDG PET/CT对食管癌患者预后的预测价值

  • 临床上,可靠的预后信息可以对食管癌患者进行更优的治疗管理。一项 meta 分析发现,1 294 例食管癌患者基线 18F⁃FDG PET/CT 的原发灶代谢参数 MTV 及 TLG 值越高,患者的总体生存期(overall survival,OS)及无事件生存期越短[20]。Tustumi等[21]对113例拟行新辅助治疗的食管癌患者基线18F⁃FDG PET/CT 研究发现,原发灶的MTV、TLG值和可疑淋巴结的SUVmax、SUVmean值越高,其预后越差。近年来,越来越多的定量参数被引入肿瘤预后分析,Gopal 等[22]对 71 例食管癌患者行基线 18F⁃FDG PET/CT 检查发现,代表瘤内代谢异质性的指标AUC⁃CSH(累积SUV⁃体积直方图的曲线下面积)越高,其无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)越短。另一研究表示,较高的原发灶与肝脏SUVmax比值(SUVTLR)是食管癌患者治疗反应差和OS较短的独立预测因子[23]。Jayaprakasam等[24]基于基线18F⁃FDG PET/CT建立的影像组学模型预测PFS的准确性为75%,并且PET/ CT影像组学特征在预测预后方面优于PET与CT单独成像。

  • 4 18F⁃FDG PET/CT在食管癌放疗靶区勾画中的应用

  • 食管癌放射治疗在临床应用广泛,准确勾画肿瘤体积能够优化剂量分布,提高放疗增益比。然而 CT图像受食管自身蠕动、心脏搏动及淋巴结评估准确性等因素影响,使其对病变边界的界定存在难度。研究表明,18F⁃FDG PET/CT 在确定和校正大体肿瘤靶区(gross tumor volume,GTV)以及病灶在各个方向上的移动度方面具有优势,以SUVmax≥2.5来定义 GTV 能提高观察者间的一致性[25]。相比 CT,18F⁃FDG PET/CT模拟定位系统能够优化食管癌靶区勾画,减少心脏照射剂量,降低心脏放射毒性,改善老年患者的预后[26]。另外,18F⁃FDG PET/CT 模拟定位系统对气管、肺、脊髓等邻近器官也存在更好的保护作用。Hsu 等[27]研究表示,18F⁃FDG PET/CT 图像上测量的门齿距食管肿瘤边缘的距离与胃镜下测量的数值一致性高且重复性良好,因此,对于在 CT图像上无法检出病灶的患者,18F⁃FDG PET/CT可以作为其放疗勾画靶区的重要参考。

  • 5 其他PET/CT显像剂在食管癌中的应用

  • 随着靶向不同病理生理过程的新型显像剂的研发(表1),PET/CT的应用价值将进一步扩大。目前,用于食管癌方面的PET显像剂主要分为靶向肿瘤微环境类和代谢类。

  • 68 Ga⁃成纤维细胞活化蛋白抑制剂(68Ga⁃fibro⁃ blast activating protein inhibitor,68Ga⁃FAPI)是靶向肿瘤微环境中丰富的成纤维细胞活化蛋白来达到肿瘤可视化的显像剂,Liu 等[28]研究发现,68Ga⁃FAPI PET/CT在检测食管癌原发灶、转移性淋巴结、骨及内脏器官转移方面的敏感性均优于18F⁃FDG PET/CT,可用于指导食管癌的治疗决策。89Zr⁃高密度脂蛋白(89Zr⁃high density lipoprotein,89Zr⁃HDL)纳米颗粒是巨噬细胞PET成像示踪剂,其积聚程度与肿瘤相关巨噬细胞密度有关,Zheng等[29]发现,89Zr⁃HDL PET/ CT显像中食管肿瘤放射性摄取程度与病灶葡萄糖代谢、微循环灌注及肿瘤血管通透性无相关性,提示HDL 纳米颗粒有望开发成为临床药物靶向治疗的给药平台。

  • 整合素αvβ3是肿瘤新生血管特征性标志物,18F⁃氟化铝螯合的聚乙二醇环RGD二肽(18F⁃AL⁃NOTA⁃ PRGD2,18F⁃Alfatide)是一种可以特异性识别、结合整合素αvβ3的示踪剂,研究发现18F⁃Alfatide PET/CT显像的食管癌原发灶与肺的SUVmax比值高于18F⁃FDG显像[30],有利于更清楚地显示食管癌病灶边界,且其评估食管癌区域淋巴结转移的特异性为95.5%,优于18F⁃FDG PET/CT(85.5%)。

  • PET是常用于检测肿瘤缺氧的成像方法,18F⁃氟咪索硝唑(18F⁃fluoromisonidazole,18F⁃FMISO)是目前临床研究最广泛的硝基咪唑类乏氧显像剂,治疗前评估病灶的乏氧程度,可精确指导临床适形调强放疗[31]。一项研究发现,18F⁃FMISO PET/CT 显像可根据食管癌病灶放疗前后摄取18F⁃FMISO的程度动态监测肿瘤的乏氧情况,预测并评估放疗疗效[32]18F⁃HX4是18F⁃FMISO的新型衍生物,其成像时间短、体内清除快,且 18F⁃HX4 PET/CT 成像的 SUVmax与内源性乏氧标志物碳酸酐酶 9 呈高度正相关,比18F⁃FMISO更能反映肿瘤真实的乏氧情况[33]。Klaassen 等[34]发现18F⁃HX4 PET/CT在评估食管癌乏氧程度方面具有良好的可行性与重复性,是潜在的指导放疗的示踪剂。

  • 18F⁃3′⁃氟⁃3⁃脱氧胸苷(18F⁃3′⁃fluoro⁃3′⁃deoxythy⁃ midine,18F⁃FLT)是一种18F 标记的嘧啶类似物,其通过胸苷激酶 1 的活性间接反映肿瘤细胞的增殖情况,Chen等[35]研究表示,治疗中18F⁃FLT PET/CT成像可用于评估食管癌放疗或放化疗的早期疗效,且治疗中与治疗前SUVmax的降低值是2年PFS和局部区域控制的重要预测因子。4′⁃[甲基⁃ 11C]硫胸苷(4′⁃ [Methyl⁃11C]thiothymidine,11C⁃4DST)是一种与 DNA 结合的体内细胞增殖标志物,其摄取量与 Ki⁃67 增殖指数高度相关,研究发现食管癌原发灶中 11C⁃4DST较高的积聚与较差的OS及PFS相关[36],且 11C⁃4DST PET/CT 评估食管癌患者预后的价值可能优于 18F⁃FDG PET/CT。11C⁃蛋氨酸(11C⁃methionine,11C⁃MET)是目前最常用的氨基酸类显像剂,能够在活体状态下反映氨基酸的转运、代谢和蛋白质的合成,一项研究发现,食管癌患者碳离子放疗后的肿瘤残留率与治疗后11C⁃MET PET/CT的SUVmax呈正相关[37]

  • 表1 不同显像剂在食管癌中的临床应用

  • Table1 Clinical application of different imaging agents in esophageal cancer

  • 6 小结与展望

  • PET作为一种无创性影像学技术手段,在临床得到了广泛应用。新型显像剂的不断涌现预示着 PET在肿瘤诊治方面有广阔前景。目前,18F⁃FDG仍是临床运用最广泛的显像剂,18F⁃FDG PET/CT 在判断食管癌远处转移方面具有优势,但在细化分期、评估疗效、选择时机、推测预后等方面尚存在争议,缺乏共识的量化指标,仍需要大量样本进一步研究证实。随着定量代谢参数、影像组学纹理分析、机器学习等新方法的应用以及新兴分子探针的研制, PET/CT必将为临床提供更多有效信息及治疗方式。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] HUANGYC,LU H I,HUANG S C,et al.FDG pET using SUVmax for preoperative T ⁃ staging of esophageal squa⁃ mous cell carcinoma with and withont neadiuvant chemo⁃ radiotheroly[J].BMC Med Imaging,2017,17(1):1

    • [3] CUELLAR S L,CARTER B W,MACAPINLAC H A,et al.Clinical staging of patients with early esophageal ade⁃ nocarcinoma:does FDG⁃PET/CT have a role?[J].J Tho⁃ rac Oncol,2014,9(8):1202-1206

    • [4] MUIJS C T,BEUKEMA J C,PRUIM J,et al.A systematic review on the role of FDG⁃PET/CT in tumour delineation and radiotherapy planning in patients with esophageal cancer[J].Radiother Oncol,2010,97(2):165-171

    • [5] DONG X,XING L,WU P,et al.Three⁃dimensional posi⁃ tron emission tomography image texture analysis of esopha⁃ geal squamous cell carcinoma:relationship between tumor 18F ⁃fluorodeoxyglucose uptake heterogeneity,maxi⁃mum standardized uptake value,and tumor stage[J].Nucl Med Commun,2013,34(1):40-46

    • [6] NAKAJO M,JINGUJI M,NAKABEPPU Y,et al.Texture analysis of 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT to predict tumour response and prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer treated by chemoradiotherapy[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2017,44(2):206-214

    • [7] WANG F,GUO R,ZHANG Y,et al.Value of 18F ⁃ FDG PET/MRI in the preoperative assessment of resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a comparison with 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT,MRI,and contrast ⁃ enhanced CT[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:844702

    • [8] JIANG C,CHEN Y,ZHU Y,et al.Systematic review and meta⁃analysis of the accuracy of 18F⁃FDG PET/CT for de⁃ tection of regional lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [J].J Thorac Dis,2018,10(11):6066-6076

    • [9] LI B,LI N,LIU S,et al.Does[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ⁃ positron emission tomography/computed tomography have a role in cervical nodal staging for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2020,160(2):544-550

    • [10] CHU L,LIU S,GUO T,et al.Is Performance of fluorine⁃18⁃ fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/comput⁃ ed tomography(CT)or contrast ⁃ enhanced CT efficient enough to guide the hilar lymph node staging for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:814238

    • [11] 刘晓妮,贺利霞,蒋洁.EUS联合PET⁃CT检查对食管癌术前T、N分期诊断的临床价值[J].中国CT和MRI杂志,2018,16(12):78-80

    • [12] XU M,WANG L,OUYANG M,et al.Prediction of lymph node metastasis by PET/CT metabolic parameters in pa⁃ tients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Nucl Med Commun,2019,40(9):933-939

    • [13] YOU J J,WONG R K,DARLING G,et al.Clinical utility of 18F ⁃ fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the staging of patients with potentially resectable esophageal cancer [J].J Thorac Oncol,2013,8(12):1563-1569

    • [14] ANDEREGG M C,DE GROOF E J,GISBERTZ S S,et al.18F⁃FDG PET⁃CT after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer patients to optimize surgical decision making[J].PLoS One,2015,10(11):e0133690

    • [15] LI C,LIN J W,YEH H L,et al.Good prediction of treat⁃ ment responses to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer based on preoperative inflammatory status and tumor glucose metabolism[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):11626

    • [16] BORGGREVE A S,GOENSE L,VAN ROSSUM P S N,et al.Preoperative prediction of pathologic response to neo⁃ adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer using 18F ⁃FDG PET/CT and DW ⁃MRI:a prospec⁃ tive multicenter study[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2020,106(5):998-1009

    • [17] EYCK B M,ONSTENK B D,NOORDMAN B J,et al.Accuracy of detecting residual disease after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer:a systematic review and meta ⁃analysis[J].Ann Surg,2020,271(2):245-256

    • [18] BOELLAARD R,DELGADO⁃BOLTON R,OYEN W J,et al.FDG PET/CT:EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging:version 2.0[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2015,42(2):328-354

    • [19] BREIK O,KUMAR A,BIRCHALL J,et al.Follow up imaging of oral,oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal can⁃ cer patients:comparison of PET ⁃CT and MRI post treat⁃ ment[J].J Cranio Maxillo Facial Surg,2020,48(7):672-679

    • [20] HAN S,KIM Y J,WOO S,et al.Prognostic value of volu⁃ metric parameters of pretreatment 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT in esophageal cancer:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis [J].Clin Nucl Med,2018,43(12):887-894

    • [21] TUSTUMI F,DUARTE P S,ALBENDA D G,et al.Prog⁃ nostic value of 18F ⁃ fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography metabolic parameters measured in the primary tumor and suspicious lymph nodes before neoadjuvant therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma[J].Nucl Med Commun,2021,42(4):437-443

    • [22] GOPAL A,XI Y,SUBRAMANIAM R M,et al.Intratu⁃ moral metabolic heterogeneity and other quantitative 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT parameters for prognosis prediction in esophageal cancer[J].Radiol Imaging Cancer,2020,3(1):e200022

    • [23] WANG C,ZHAO K,HU S,et al.The PET⁃derived tumor⁃ to ⁃liver standard uptake ratio[SUV(TLR)]is superior to tumor SUVmax in predicting tumor response and survival after chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer[J].Front Oncol,2020,10:1630

    • [24] JAYAPRAKASAM V S,GIBBS P,GANGAI N,et al.Can 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT radiomics features predict clinical outcomes in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?[J].Cancers,2022,14(12):3035

    • [25] LU J,SUN X D,YANG X,et al.Impact of PET/CT on ra⁃ diation treatment in patients with esophageal cancer:a systematic review[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2016,107:128-137

    • [26] 王璐.基于PET/CT模拟定位系统的靶区勾画对老年食管癌调强放疗心脏的剂量学研究[J].当代医学,2021,27(30):157-159

    • [27] HSU S W,CHANG J S,CHANG W L,et al.Measuring distance from the incisors to the esophageal cancer by FDG PET/CT:endoscopy as the reference[J].BMC Gas⁃ troenterol,2022,22(1):126

    • [28] LIU H,HU Z,YANG X,et al.Comparison of[68Ga]Ga ⁃ DOTA⁃FAPI⁃04 and[18F]FDG uptake in esophageal can⁃ cer[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:875081

    • [29] ZHENG K H,KROON J,SCHOORMANS J,et al.89Zr⁃la⁃ beled high ⁃ density lipoprotein nanoparticle pet imaging reveals tumor uptake in patients with esophageal cancer [J].J Nucl Med,2022,63(12):1880-1886

    • [30] 董印军.18F——Alfatide PET/CT 食管癌整合素受体显像及图像纹理预测价值研究[D].济南:山东大学,2019

    • [31] LIN A,HAHN S M.Hypoxia imaging markers and appli⁃ cations for radiation treatment planning[J].Semin Nucl Med,2012,42(5):343-352

    • [32] 陈灯运,徐慧琴,张丹,等.18F⁃硝基咪唑丙醇正电子发射断层显像/X 线计算机体层成像对食管癌放疗前后乏氧情况的监测及疗效评价[J].安徽医药,2022,26(5):887-890

    • [33] 陈丽敏.新型PET乏氧显像剂 18F ⁃HX4 的临床研究 [D].上海:复旦大学,2010

    • [34] KLAASSEN R,BENNINK R J,VAN TIENHOVEN G,et al.Feasibility and repeatability of PET with the hypoxia tracer[18F]HX4 in oesophageal and pancreatic cancer [J].Radiother Oncol,2015,116(1):94-99

    • [35] CHEN H,LI Y,WU H,et al.3’⁃deoxy⁃3’ ⁃[ 18F]⁃fluorothy⁃ midine PET/CT in early determination of prognosis in pa⁃ tients with esophageal squamous cell cancer:comparison with[18F]⁃ FDG PET/CT[J].Strahlenther Onkol,2015,191(2):141-152

    • [36] HOTTA M,MINAMIMOTO R,TOYOHARA J,et al.Effi⁃ cacy of cell proliferation imaging with 4DST PET/CT for predicting the prognosis of patients with esophageal can⁃ cer:a comparison study with FDG PET/CT[J].Eur J Nu⁃ cl Med Mol Imaging,2021,48(8):2615-2623

    • [37] NARUSHIMA K,NISHIL R,OKAZUMI S,et al.[S⁃meth⁃ yl⁃11C]⁃L⁃methionine positron emission tomography/com⁃ puted tomography imaging parameters to evaluate early re⁃ sponse for esophageal cancer with neoadjuvant carbon ion radiotherapy[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):13694

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SUNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA A Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249

    • [2] HUANGYC,LU H I,HUANG S C,et al.FDG pET using SUVmax for preoperative T ⁃ staging of esophageal squa⁃ mous cell carcinoma with and withont neadiuvant chemo⁃ radiotheroly[J].BMC Med Imaging,2017,17(1):1

    • [3] CUELLAR S L,CARTER B W,MACAPINLAC H A,et al.Clinical staging of patients with early esophageal ade⁃ nocarcinoma:does FDG⁃PET/CT have a role?[J].J Tho⁃ rac Oncol,2014,9(8):1202-1206

    • [4] MUIJS C T,BEUKEMA J C,PRUIM J,et al.A systematic review on the role of FDG⁃PET/CT in tumour delineation and radiotherapy planning in patients with esophageal cancer[J].Radiother Oncol,2010,97(2):165-171

    • [5] DONG X,XING L,WU P,et al.Three⁃dimensional posi⁃ tron emission tomography image texture analysis of esopha⁃ geal squamous cell carcinoma:relationship between tumor 18F ⁃fluorodeoxyglucose uptake heterogeneity,maxi⁃mum standardized uptake value,and tumor stage[J].Nucl Med Commun,2013,34(1):40-46

    • [6] NAKAJO M,JINGUJI M,NAKABEPPU Y,et al.Texture analysis of 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT to predict tumour response and prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer treated by chemoradiotherapy[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2017,44(2):206-214

    • [7] WANG F,GUO R,ZHANG Y,et al.Value of 18F ⁃ FDG PET/MRI in the preoperative assessment of resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a comparison with 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT,MRI,and contrast ⁃ enhanced CT[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:844702

    • [8] JIANG C,CHEN Y,ZHU Y,et al.Systematic review and meta⁃analysis of the accuracy of 18F⁃FDG PET/CT for de⁃ tection of regional lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [J].J Thorac Dis,2018,10(11):6066-6076

    • [9] LI B,LI N,LIU S,et al.Does[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ⁃ positron emission tomography/computed tomography have a role in cervical nodal staging for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2020,160(2):544-550

    • [10] CHU L,LIU S,GUO T,et al.Is Performance of fluorine⁃18⁃ fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/comput⁃ ed tomography(CT)or contrast ⁃ enhanced CT efficient enough to guide the hilar lymph node staging for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:814238

    • [11] 刘晓妮,贺利霞,蒋洁.EUS联合PET⁃CT检查对食管癌术前T、N分期诊断的临床价值[J].中国CT和MRI杂志,2018,16(12):78-80

    • [12] XU M,WANG L,OUYANG M,et al.Prediction of lymph node metastasis by PET/CT metabolic parameters in pa⁃ tients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Nucl Med Commun,2019,40(9):933-939

    • [13] YOU J J,WONG R K,DARLING G,et al.Clinical utility of 18F ⁃ fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the staging of patients with potentially resectable esophageal cancer [J].J Thorac Oncol,2013,8(12):1563-1569

    • [14] ANDEREGG M C,DE GROOF E J,GISBERTZ S S,et al.18F⁃FDG PET⁃CT after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer patients to optimize surgical decision making[J].PLoS One,2015,10(11):e0133690

    • [15] LI C,LIN J W,YEH H L,et al.Good prediction of treat⁃ ment responses to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer based on preoperative inflammatory status and tumor glucose metabolism[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):11626

    • [16] BORGGREVE A S,GOENSE L,VAN ROSSUM P S N,et al.Preoperative prediction of pathologic response to neo⁃ adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer using 18F ⁃FDG PET/CT and DW ⁃MRI:a prospec⁃ tive multicenter study[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2020,106(5):998-1009

    • [17] EYCK B M,ONSTENK B D,NOORDMAN B J,et al.Accuracy of detecting residual disease after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer:a systematic review and meta ⁃analysis[J].Ann Surg,2020,271(2):245-256

    • [18] BOELLAARD R,DELGADO⁃BOLTON R,OYEN W J,et al.FDG PET/CT:EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging:version 2.0[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2015,42(2):328-354

    • [19] BREIK O,KUMAR A,BIRCHALL J,et al.Follow up imaging of oral,oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal can⁃ cer patients:comparison of PET ⁃CT and MRI post treat⁃ ment[J].J Cranio Maxillo Facial Surg,2020,48(7):672-679

    • [20] HAN S,KIM Y J,WOO S,et al.Prognostic value of volu⁃ metric parameters of pretreatment 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT in esophageal cancer:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis [J].Clin Nucl Med,2018,43(12):887-894

    • [21] TUSTUMI F,DUARTE P S,ALBENDA D G,et al.Prog⁃ nostic value of 18F ⁃ fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography metabolic parameters measured in the primary tumor and suspicious lymph nodes before neoadjuvant therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma[J].Nucl Med Commun,2021,42(4):437-443

    • [22] GOPAL A,XI Y,SUBRAMANIAM R M,et al.Intratu⁃ moral metabolic heterogeneity and other quantitative 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT parameters for prognosis prediction in esophageal cancer[J].Radiol Imaging Cancer,2020,3(1):e200022

    • [23] WANG C,ZHAO K,HU S,et al.The PET⁃derived tumor⁃ to ⁃liver standard uptake ratio[SUV(TLR)]is superior to tumor SUVmax in predicting tumor response and survival after chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer[J].Front Oncol,2020,10:1630

    • [24] JAYAPRAKASAM V S,GIBBS P,GANGAI N,et al.Can 18F ⁃ FDG PET/CT radiomics features predict clinical outcomes in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?[J].Cancers,2022,14(12):3035

    • [25] LU J,SUN X D,YANG X,et al.Impact of PET/CT on ra⁃ diation treatment in patients with esophageal cancer:a systematic review[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2016,107:128-137

    • [26] 王璐.基于PET/CT模拟定位系统的靶区勾画对老年食管癌调强放疗心脏的剂量学研究[J].当代医学,2021,27(30):157-159

    • [27] HSU S W,CHANG J S,CHANG W L,et al.Measuring distance from the incisors to the esophageal cancer by FDG PET/CT:endoscopy as the reference[J].BMC Gas⁃ troenterol,2022,22(1):126

    • [28] LIU H,HU Z,YANG X,et al.Comparison of[68Ga]Ga ⁃ DOTA⁃FAPI⁃04 and[18F]FDG uptake in esophageal can⁃ cer[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:875081

    • [29] ZHENG K H,KROON J,SCHOORMANS J,et al.89Zr⁃la⁃ beled high ⁃ density lipoprotein nanoparticle pet imaging reveals tumor uptake in patients with esophageal cancer [J].J Nucl Med,2022,63(12):1880-1886

    • [30] 董印军.18F——Alfatide PET/CT 食管癌整合素受体显像及图像纹理预测价值研究[D].济南:山东大学,2019

    • [31] LIN A,HAHN S M.Hypoxia imaging markers and appli⁃ cations for radiation treatment planning[J].Semin Nucl Med,2012,42(5):343-352

    • [32] 陈灯运,徐慧琴,张丹,等.18F⁃硝基咪唑丙醇正电子发射断层显像/X 线计算机体层成像对食管癌放疗前后乏氧情况的监测及疗效评价[J].安徽医药,2022,26(5):887-890

    • [33] 陈丽敏.新型PET乏氧显像剂 18F ⁃HX4 的临床研究 [D].上海:复旦大学,2010

    • [34] KLAASSEN R,BENNINK R J,VAN TIENHOVEN G,et al.Feasibility and repeatability of PET with the hypoxia tracer[18F]HX4 in oesophageal and pancreatic cancer [J].Radiother Oncol,2015,116(1):94-99

    • [35] CHEN H,LI Y,WU H,et al.3’⁃deoxy⁃3’ ⁃[ 18F]⁃fluorothy⁃ midine PET/CT in early determination of prognosis in pa⁃ tients with esophageal squamous cell cancer:comparison with[18F]⁃ FDG PET/CT[J].Strahlenther Onkol,2015,191(2):141-152

    • [36] HOTTA M,MINAMIMOTO R,TOYOHARA J,et al.Effi⁃ cacy of cell proliferation imaging with 4DST PET/CT for predicting the prognosis of patients with esophageal can⁃ cer:a comparison study with FDG PET/CT[J].Eur J Nu⁃ cl Med Mol Imaging,2021,48(8):2615-2623

    • [37] NARUSHIMA K,NISHIL R,OKAZUMI S,et al.[S⁃meth⁃ yl⁃11C]⁃L⁃methionine positron emission tomography/com⁃ puted tomography imaging parameters to evaluate early re⁃ sponse for esophageal cancer with neoadjuvant carbon ion radiotherapy[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):13694