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通讯作者:

朱圆圆,E-mail:707301875@qq.com

中图分类号:R743.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)10-1378-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231007

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨血清白介素(interleukin,IL)-9 水平在急性脑梗死早期神经功能恶化(early neurological deterioration, END)患者血清中的变化并评估其对END的预测价值。方法:收集106例脑梗死患者,根据是否发生END,将患者分为END组 42例,非END组64例,收集患者的一般资料,并记录入院时美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分,检测血清生化指标、基线期血清IL-9、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和IL-6水平。相关性的评估采用Pearson或Spearman相关性分析,采用Logistic回归分析脑梗死患者发生END的影响因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评估血清IL-9水平在脑梗死后发生END中的预测价值。结果:END组糖尿病比例、颈动脉狭窄>50%比例、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白、脑梗死体积和入院时NIHSS评分均高于非END组(P < 0.05)。END组血清 IL-9水平明显高于非END组(P < 0.01)。脑梗死患者血清IL-9水平与入院时NIHSS评分呈正相关(r=0.535,P < 0.01)。 Logistic回归显示血清IL-9水平、颈动脉狭窄 > 50%、脑梗死体积和入院时NIHSS评分为END发生的危险因素(P < 0.01)。血清 IL-9 水平预测 END 发生的 ROC 曲线下面积为 0.815。血清 IL-9 水平与血清 CRP 水平(r=0.648,P < 0.01)和 IL-6 水平 (r=0.765,P < 0.01)均呈正相关。结论:血清IL-9水平在脑梗死END患者中明显升高,对END的发生具有良好的预测作用。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the changes of serum interleukin(IL)- 9 level in patients with acute cerebral infarction and evaluate its value in prediction of early neurological deterioration(END). Methods:A total of 106 patients with cerebral infarction were collected. According to whether or not END occurred,the patients were divided into END group(42 cases)and non -END group(64 cases). The general data of patients were collected,and the National Institute of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score was recorded,and serum biochemical indexes,serum IL-9,C-reactive protein(CRP)and IL-6 levels at baseline were detected. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting the occurrence of END in patients with cerebral infarction,and ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of serum IL-9 level in the occurrence of END after cerebral infarction. Results:The proportion of diabetes mellitus,carotid artery stenosis >50%,low density lipoprotein,glycosylated hemoglobin,cerebral infarction volume and NIHSS score at admission in END group were all higher than those in non-END group(P < 0.05). The level of serum IL-9 in the END group was significantly higher than that in the non-END group(P < 0.01). The level of serum IL-9 in patients with cerebral infarction was positively correlated with NIHSS score at admission (r=0.535,P < 0.01). Logistic regression showed that serum IL -9 level,carotid artery stenosis >50%,cerebral infarction volume and NIHSS score at admission were risk factors for END(P < 0.01). The area under ROC curve of serum IL - 9 level predicting END occurrence was 0.815. Serum IL-9 level was positively correlated with serum CRP level(r=0.648,P < 0.01)and serum IL-6 level(r=0.765,P < 0.01),respectively. Conclusion:Serum IL-9 level is significantly increased in patients with cerebral infarction END, which has a good predictive effect on the occurrence of END.

  • 早期神经功能恶化(early neurologic deterioration, END)是脑梗死常见的并发症,是导致脑梗死不良预后的主要原因之一[1]。随着对 END 认识的不断加深,炎症免疫机制紊乱与脑梗死患者END的关系得到肯定[2]。白介素(interleukin,IL)⁃9 作为辅助性 T 细胞分泌的多效能炎性因子,既往研究在缺血性脑卒中大鼠模型的梗死区和血清中检测到其表达升高[3],且临床研究也发现IL⁃9在脑梗死患者血清中升高[4]。Tan 等[5] 在此基础上进一步探索了IL⁃9对脑梗死的可能作用,证实梗死后高水平IL⁃9可以通过增加星形胶质细胞中血管内皮细胞生长因子A的水平而造成血⁃脑屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)的破坏;IL⁃9中和治疗则显著减少了梗死体积和BBB 破坏程度,高度提示了IL⁃9升高可能促进脑梗死的进展。然而,临床层面揭示的脑梗死患者血清IL⁃9 升高对END的发生是否具有预测价值,尚无研究报道。本研究在此基础上,对首诊脑梗死患者早期血清IL⁃9水平进行观察,评估其对END发生的预测价值,并分析了其与脑梗死炎性机制经典指标的相关性,以期为脑梗死患者END的发生提供一个良好的早期预警指标。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2020年1月—2021年8月江苏大学附属医院神经内科就诊并住院治疗的首发脑梗死患者。患者起病时间在24 h内,脑梗死诊断标准参照2018版中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南[6],并且经头颅磁共振成像或头颅CT等影像学检查进一步确认。所有受试者首诊时均由专科医生完成美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分[7]。排除标准:①既往诊断为急性脑梗死;②此次发病后在时间窗内给予静脉溶栓或取栓治疗;③合并肢体功能障碍疾病影响NIHSS 评分;④合并恶性肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等研究者判断具有不合适入组的既往病史;⑤患者存在严重的肾功能、肝功能、心功能不全;⑥入院前有免疫抑制剂、激素类等药物治疗史。共纳入受试者106 例,根据患者是否在入院后 72 h 内 NIHSS 评分升高≥2 分或运动功能评分升高≥1 分[8],将患者分为END组42例,非END组64例。本研究通过医院伦理委员会审核(伦理编号:SWYXLL20210401),受试者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 一般资料收集

  • 收集脑梗死患者的一般资料,资料内容包括:年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、饮酒史、吸烟史、既往高血压史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、心房颤动史、高脂血症史和颈动脉狭窄 >50%、基础用药如抗血小板、抗凝和他汀药物使用情况,并统计患者发病到入院就诊时间。

  • 1.2.2 血清学指标检测

  • 所有受试者抽取5 mL空腹肘正中静脉血,按标准流程采用生化检测仪检测其血清中血脂代谢指标,包括高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、总胆固醇。检测血清空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸。采用酶联免疫吸附法参照说明书,测定脑梗死患者基线期血清IL⁃9、C反应蛋白(C⁃reactive protein,CRP)和IL⁃6水平。

  • 1.2.3 脑梗死体积和部位的评估

  • 所有入组的脑梗死患者均在入院后 48 h 内进行头颅磁共振检查,在弥散加权成像上勾选出脑梗死的高亮信号区域。将勾选区域的面积进行相加并乘以扫描厚度和间隙,所得值为脑梗死体积。脑梗死部位的分组参考张君芳等[9] 方法,根据脑梗死所在区域分为4组,A组包括额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶中的 1 个或几个区域,B 组包括侧脑室旁、基底核、丘脑、胼胝体中 1 个或几个区域,C 组包括小脑和/ 或脑干,D组累及以上3组中任意≥2个区域。

  • 1.2.4 NIHSS评分和END判断

  • 本研究中的 END 判定和 NIHSS 评分由两位高年资神经内科医师执行,END的判断标准[8] 为入院后72 h内NIHSS评分升高≥2分或运动功能评分升高≥1分。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 本研究中数据分析采用SPSS 21.0软件包、图形绘制采用 GraphPad Prism 7.0 软件包。连续性变量采用偏度⁃峰度正态性检验法进行正态性检验,数据均符合正态性,以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示。分类变量采用例数和构成比[n(%)]表示。END组和非 END 组间的单因素比较采用卡方(χ2)检验或两独立样本t检验。连续性变量间的相关性评估采用 Pearson 相关性分析,需校正协变量时采用 Pearson 偏相关分析。连续性变量与分类变量间的相关性评估采用 Spearman 相关性分析。对单因素分析存在差异的变量,采用Logistic向前逐步回归分析筛选脑梗死患者发生END的危险因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线。双侧检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 END组和非END组一般资料比较

  • END 组糖尿病比例、颈动脉狭窄 >50%比例、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白、脑梗死体积和入院时 NIHSS 评分均高于非 END 组(P <0.05)。两组间年龄、性别、BMI、饮酒史、吸烟史、高血压比例、冠心病比例、心房颤动比例、高脂血症比例、基础用药情况、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、空腹血糖、同型半胱氨酸、发病至入院时间和脑梗死部位均无明显差异(P >0.05,表1)。

  • 表1 END组与非END组一般资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of general data between the END group and the non⁃END group

  • 2.2 END组和非END组血清IL⁃9水平比较

  • END 组血清 IL⁃9 水平[(220.41±21.56)pg/mL] 较非END组[(189.79±22.31)pg/mL]显著增高,差异有统计学意义(t=7.003,P <0.01,图1)。

  • 图1 END组与非END组血清IL⁃9水平比较

  • Figure1 Comparison of serum IL ⁃ 9 levels between the END group and the non⁃END group

  • 2.3 血清IL⁃9水平与临床资料的相关性分析

  • 脑梗死患者血清IL⁃9水平与糖尿病史、颈动脉狭窄 >50%、糖化血红蛋白、脑梗死体积和NIHSS评分间均呈正相关,相关系数 r 分别为 0.227、0.316、 0.284、0.514和0.535,P均 <0.05。血清IL⁃9水平与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平无明显相关性(P >0.05,表2)。同时,将糖尿病史、颈动脉狭窄>50%、糖化血红蛋白、脑梗死体积作为协变量对血清 IL⁃9 水平和 NIHSS 评分进行偏相关分析时,偏相关系数 r=0.582,P <0.01。

  • 表2 血清IL⁃9水平与临床资料的相关性分析

  • Table2 Correlation analysis between serum IL ⁃ 9 level and clinical data

  • 2.4 脑梗死患者发生END的危险因素分析

  • 以入院后是否发生END 为因变量(发生END= 1,不发生END=0),采用Logistic回归对两组间糖尿病比例、颈动脉狭窄 >50%比例、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白、入院时NIHSS评分和血清IL⁃9 水平进行分析,结果显示血清 IL⁃9 水平、颈动脉狭窄>50%、脑梗死体积和入院时 NIHSS 评分为 END 的危险因素(P <0.01,表3)。

  • 表3 脑梗死患者发生END的危险因素分析

  • Table3 Analysis of risk factors of END in patients with cerebral infarction

  • 2.5 血清IL⁃9水平对脑梗死患者发生END的预测价值评估

  • 血清IL⁃9水平预测END的ROC曲线下面积为 0.815,灵敏度为 73.31%,特异度为 81.43%,预测界值为205.43 pg/mL(图2A)。联合血清IL⁃9水平、颈动脉狭窄>50%、脑梗死体积和入院NIHSS评分预测 END的ROC曲线下面积为0.896,灵敏度为81.13%,特异度为88.11%(图2B)。

  • 2.6 血清IL⁃9水平与血清CRP、IL⁃6水平的相关性分析

  • Pearson 相关性分析显示,血清 IL⁃9 水平与血清CRP水平呈正相关(相关系数r=0.648,P <0.01); 与血清 IL⁃6 水平亦呈正相关(相关系数 r=0.765, P <0.01,图3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • END与脑梗死3个月不良预后间明确的相关性已得到公认,对END危险因素的筛查和早期预测也一直是卒中领域研究的重点[10-13]。炎症反应在END 的发生中具有重要作用。有研究从血清学水平揭示了入院时 IL⁃6 和 IL⁃10 水平高的患者有较高的 END 发生风险[13]。Nam、Gong 等[14-15]也发现血清NLR 水平与大动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中患者的 END 事件相关。研究显示IL⁃10和IL⁃4 在内的 Th2 型细胞因子参与脑损伤的修复和中风相关炎症的抑制[16-17]。这些研究为血清炎性标志物异常与END 发生的关系提供了更多证据。IL⁃9 是辅助性T细胞分泌的标志性细胞因子[18],Ormstad等[4] 首次报道了脑梗死患者血清IL⁃9水平的升高,提示IL⁃9可能参与卒中后的免疫炎性环节。后续Moaaz等[19] 也在动脉闭塞患者中发现IL⁃9的表达增加。Lin等[3] 同样在大脑中动脉闭塞大鼠血清中观察到了IL⁃9升高的变化。随后,Tan等[5] 在此基础上,使用抗IL⁃9中和抗体治疗实验性中风大鼠,证实抗IL⁃9治疗可以通过阻断血管内皮细胞生长因子 A 的作用逆转 BBB 的破坏,从动物实验层面高度证实了高水平的IL⁃9在卒中后免疫中发挥危险因素的作用。本研究从临床角度出发,在既往研究证实IL⁃9与脑梗死的密切关联后,首次分析了脑梗死患者血清 IL⁃9 水平与 END发生间的关系,结果证实了早期高血清IL⁃9水平是END的危险因素。

  • 图2 基于血清IL⁃9水平预测END发生的ROC曲线

  • Figure2 ROC curve for predicting the occurrence of END based on serum IL⁃9 level

  • 图3 血清IL⁃9水平与血清CRP、IL⁃6水平的相关性分析

  • Figure3 Correlation analysis between serum IL⁃9 level and serum CRP and IL⁃6 level

  • 影响END发生的因素众多,本研究也发现糖尿病史、颈动脉狭窄>50%病史、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白、脑梗死体积和入院时 NIHSS 评分在END和非END组间具有差异,这与既往大量 END相关危险因素的研究结果一致[20-22],再次印证了END的发生涉及了血糖、血脂、血流动力学等多方面异常的复杂病理生理学改变,并可能通过影响卒中后的循环重建从而影响 END 的发生[23-25]。相关分析显示血清IL⁃9水平与入院时NIHSS评分相关性最强,在校正协变量后更为显著,提示血清 IL⁃9 水平在一定程度上可用于反映脑梗死初期的病情严重程度。Xie等[26] 通过对急性脑梗死患者的回顾性研究显示,NIHSS评分、脑中动脉狭窄和颈动脉狭窄≥50%构建的预测模型可以识别 END 高风险患者,与本研究的Logistic回归结果一致,提示高NIHSS评分和高程度的颈动脉狭窄在卒中早期应重点关注,另外,本研究结果也显示血清 IL⁃9 水平和脑梗死体积是脑梗死END发生的独立危险因素,为血清 IL⁃9 水平与 END 发生间的关系提供了有力证据。不仅如此,本研究通过ROC曲线进一步评估了血清 IL⁃9水平对脑梗死患者发生END的预测价值,单一和联合检测的ROC 曲线下面积均提示具有良好的实用性,且血清IL⁃9水平在脑梗死患者中易于收集和检测,可在临床常规开展,有利于帮助临床医生对患者病情的评估和预测,实现早期干预,建立更好的医患沟通。

  • 既往大量研究揭示了卒中后炎症反应在 END 中的重要作用,其中经典因子CRP和IL⁃6更是证实了与 END 的发生密切相关[1327]。本研究在此基础上分析了 IL⁃9 与 CRP 和 IL⁃6 在血清表达中的相关性,结果显示 IL⁃9 与 CRP 和 IL⁃6 的表达密切相关,高度提示IL⁃9参与了在脑梗死后END 发生的复杂炎性调控机制,这也需要动物实验层面的研究进一步探索。

  • 本研究同样存在一些不足之处:回顾性研究的样本量较小,缺乏多中心数据的支持;早期的血管内治疗对END的发生具有重要影响[28],未纳入进行血管内治疗的脑梗死患者,而血管内治疗对血清IL⁃9 表达的影响也需要进一步探索;并未对心源性梗死、腔隙性梗死和大动脉粥样硬化型梗死进行分类,相关研究仍需跟进和完善。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LI H,DAI Y,WU H,et al.Predictors of early neurologic deterioration in acute pontine infarction[J].Stroke,2020,51(2):637-640

    • [2] CHEN C,CHU S F,AI Q D,et al.CKLF1 aggravates fo⁃ cal cerebral ischemia injury at early stage partly by modu⁃ lating microglia/macrophage toward M1 polarization through CCR4[J].Cell Mol Neurobiol,2019,39(5):651-669

    • [3] LIN Y Y,ZHANG L,DAI Y Q,et al.Expression of inter⁃ leukin ⁃9 and its upstream stimulating factors in rats with ischemic stroke[J].Neurol Sci,2015,36(6):913-920

    • [4] ORMSTAD H,DALSBOTTEN AASS H C,LUND ⁃ SØRENSEN N,et al.Serum levels of cytokines and C⁃re⁃ active protein in acute ischemic stroke patients,and their relationship to stroke lateralization,type,and infarct vol⁃ ume[J].J Neurol,2011,258(4):677-685

    • [5] TAN S,SHAN Y,LIN Y,et al.Neutralization of interleu⁃ kin ⁃ 9 ameliorates experimental stroke by repairing the blood⁃brain barrier via down⁃regulation of astrocyte⁃de⁃ rived vascular endothelial growth factor⁃A[J].FASEB J,2019,33(3):4376-4387

    • [6] 中华医学会神经病学分会,中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组,彭斌,等.中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南 2018[J].中华神经科杂志,2018,51(9):666-682

    • [7] KWAH L K,DIONG J.National institutes of health stroke scale(NIHSS)[J].J Physiother,2014,60(1):61

    • [8] 郭洪权,李华,谢怡,等.大脑中动脉供血区急性脑梗死患者早期神经功能恶化危险因素分析[J].中国脑血管病杂志,2017,14(1):15-19

    • [9] 张君芳,姜帅,赵晓玲,等.老年急性脑梗死患者梗死部位与执行功能关系分析[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2021,23(6):604-608

    • [10] MARTIN A J,PRICE C I.A systematic review and meta⁃ analysis of molecular biomarkers associated with early neurological deterioration following acute stroke[J].Cere⁃ brovasc Dis Basel Switz,2018,46(5/6):230-241

    • [11] VYNCKIER J,MAAMARI B,GRUNDER L,et al.Early neurologic deterioration in lacunar stroke:clinical and imaging predictors and association with long⁃term outcome [J/OL].Neurology,2021[2023-04-11].DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000012661

    • [12] NG G J L,QUEK A M L,CHEUNG C,et al.Stroke bio⁃ markers in clinical practice:a critical appraisal[J].Neu⁃ rochem Int,2017,107:11-22

    • [13] DENG Q W,HUANG S,LI S,et al.Inflammatory factors as potential markers of early neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke patients receiving endovascular therapy⁃the AISRNA study[J].J Inflamm Res,2021,14:4399-4407

    • [14] NAM K W,KIM T J,LEE J S,et al.Neutrophil⁃to⁃lympho⁃ cyte ratio predicts early worsening in stroke due to large vessel disease[J].PLoS One,2019,14(8):e0221597

    • [15] GONG P,LIU Y,GONG Y,et al.The association of neu⁃ trophil to lymphocyte ratio,platelet to lymphocyte ratio,and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio with post ⁃thrombolysis early neurological outcomes in patients with acute isch⁃ emic stroke[J].J Neuroinflammation,2021,18(1):51

    • [16] LI S,LU G,WANG D,et al.MicroRNA ⁃ 4443 regulates monocyte activation by targeting tumor necrosis factor re⁃ ceptor associated factor 4 in stroke ⁃induced immunosup⁃ pression[J].Eur J Neurol,2020,27(8):1625-1637

    • [17] LI X M,LIN S Y,CHEN X L,et al.The prognostic value of serum cytokines in patients with acute ischemic stroke [J].Aging Dis,2019,10(3):544-556

    • [18] LI J H,CHEN S Q,XIAO X,et al.IL⁃9 and Th9 cells in health and diseases ⁃ from tolerance to immunopathology [J].Cytokine Growth Factor Rev,2017,37:47-55

    • [19] MOAAZ M,LOTFY H.Changes and significance of T helper ⁃9 cells and interleukin ⁃9 in patients with athero⁃ sclerotic chronic lower limb ischemia:effect on IL⁃17 re⁃ lease[J].Vascular,2020,28(4):378-389

    • [20] HUI J J,ZHANG J P,MAO X Q,et al.The initial glyce⁃ mic variability is associated with early neurological dete ⁃ rioration in diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke [J].Neurol Sci,2018,39(9):1571-1577

    • [21] HAN L,HOU Z,MA M,et al.Impact of glycosylated he⁃ moglobin on early neurological deterioration in acute mild ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous throm⁃ bolysis[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2023,14:1073267

    • [22] 龚鹏宇,周俊山,龚亚驰,等.轻度急性缺血性卒中早期神经功能恶化的风险因素及列线图预测模型的构建 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1039-1043,1083

    • [23] NAM K W,KANG M K,JEONG H Y,et al.Triglyceride⁃ glucose index is associated with early neurological dete ⁃ rioration in single subcortical infarction:Early prognosis in single subcortical infarctions[J].Int J Stroke,2021,16(8):944-952

    • [24] HECK D,JOST A.Carotid stenosis,stroke,and carotid ar⁃ tery revascularization[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2021,65:49-54

    • [25] ABBOTT A.Asymptomatic carotid stenosis and stroke risk [J].Lancet Neurol,2021,20(9):698-699

    • [26] XIE X,XIAO J,WANG Y,et al.Predictive model of early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke:a retrospective cohort study[J].J Stroke Cerebro⁃ vasc Dis,2021,30(3):105459

    • [27] JI X,TIAN L,YAO S,et al.A systematic review of body fluids biomarkers associated with early neurological dete⁃ rioration following acute ischemic stroke[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2022,14:918473

    • [28] MITSIAS P D.Early neurological deterioration after intra⁃ venous thrombolysis:still no end in sight in the quest for understanding END[J].Stroke,2020,51(9):2615-2617

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LI H,DAI Y,WU H,et al.Predictors of early neurologic deterioration in acute pontine infarction[J].Stroke,2020,51(2):637-640

    • [2] CHEN C,CHU S F,AI Q D,et al.CKLF1 aggravates fo⁃ cal cerebral ischemia injury at early stage partly by modu⁃ lating microglia/macrophage toward M1 polarization through CCR4[J].Cell Mol Neurobiol,2019,39(5):651-669

    • [3] LIN Y Y,ZHANG L,DAI Y Q,et al.Expression of inter⁃ leukin ⁃9 and its upstream stimulating factors in rats with ischemic stroke[J].Neurol Sci,2015,36(6):913-920

    • [4] ORMSTAD H,DALSBOTTEN AASS H C,LUND ⁃ SØRENSEN N,et al.Serum levels of cytokines and C⁃re⁃ active protein in acute ischemic stroke patients,and their relationship to stroke lateralization,type,and infarct vol⁃ ume[J].J Neurol,2011,258(4):677-685

    • [5] TAN S,SHAN Y,LIN Y,et al.Neutralization of interleu⁃ kin ⁃ 9 ameliorates experimental stroke by repairing the blood⁃brain barrier via down⁃regulation of astrocyte⁃de⁃ rived vascular endothelial growth factor⁃A[J].FASEB J,2019,33(3):4376-4387

    • [6] 中华医学会神经病学分会,中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组,彭斌,等.中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南 2018[J].中华神经科杂志,2018,51(9):666-682

    • [7] KWAH L K,DIONG J.National institutes of health stroke scale(NIHSS)[J].J Physiother,2014,60(1):61

    • [8] 郭洪权,李华,谢怡,等.大脑中动脉供血区急性脑梗死患者早期神经功能恶化危险因素分析[J].中国脑血管病杂志,2017,14(1):15-19

    • [9] 张君芳,姜帅,赵晓玲,等.老年急性脑梗死患者梗死部位与执行功能关系分析[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2021,23(6):604-608

    • [10] MARTIN A J,PRICE C I.A systematic review and meta⁃ analysis of molecular biomarkers associated with early neurological deterioration following acute stroke[J].Cere⁃ brovasc Dis Basel Switz,2018,46(5/6):230-241

    • [11] VYNCKIER J,MAAMARI B,GRUNDER L,et al.Early neurologic deterioration in lacunar stroke:clinical and imaging predictors and association with long⁃term outcome [J/OL].Neurology,2021[2023-04-11].DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000012661

    • [12] NG G J L,QUEK A M L,CHEUNG C,et al.Stroke bio⁃ markers in clinical practice:a critical appraisal[J].Neu⁃ rochem Int,2017,107:11-22

    • [13] DENG Q W,HUANG S,LI S,et al.Inflammatory factors as potential markers of early neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke patients receiving endovascular therapy⁃the AISRNA study[J].J Inflamm Res,2021,14:4399-4407

    • [14] NAM K W,KIM T J,LEE J S,et al.Neutrophil⁃to⁃lympho⁃ cyte ratio predicts early worsening in stroke due to large vessel disease[J].PLoS One,2019,14(8):e0221597

    • [15] GONG P,LIU Y,GONG Y,et al.The association of neu⁃ trophil to lymphocyte ratio,platelet to lymphocyte ratio,and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio with post ⁃thrombolysis early neurological outcomes in patients with acute isch⁃ emic stroke[J].J Neuroinflammation,2021,18(1):51

    • [16] LI S,LU G,WANG D,et al.MicroRNA ⁃ 4443 regulates monocyte activation by targeting tumor necrosis factor re⁃ ceptor associated factor 4 in stroke ⁃induced immunosup⁃ pression[J].Eur J Neurol,2020,27(8):1625-1637

    • [17] LI X M,LIN S Y,CHEN X L,et al.The prognostic value of serum cytokines in patients with acute ischemic stroke [J].Aging Dis,2019,10(3):544-556

    • [18] LI J H,CHEN S Q,XIAO X,et al.IL⁃9 and Th9 cells in health and diseases ⁃ from tolerance to immunopathology [J].Cytokine Growth Factor Rev,2017,37:47-55

    • [19] MOAAZ M,LOTFY H.Changes and significance of T helper ⁃9 cells and interleukin ⁃9 in patients with athero⁃ sclerotic chronic lower limb ischemia:effect on IL⁃17 re⁃ lease[J].Vascular,2020,28(4):378-389

    • [20] HUI J J,ZHANG J P,MAO X Q,et al.The initial glyce⁃ mic variability is associated with early neurological dete ⁃ rioration in diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke [J].Neurol Sci,2018,39(9):1571-1577

    • [21] HAN L,HOU Z,MA M,et al.Impact of glycosylated he⁃ moglobin on early neurological deterioration in acute mild ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous throm⁃ bolysis[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2023,14:1073267

    • [22] 龚鹏宇,周俊山,龚亚驰,等.轻度急性缺血性卒中早期神经功能恶化的风险因素及列线图预测模型的构建 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1039-1043,1083

    • [23] NAM K W,KANG M K,JEONG H Y,et al.Triglyceride⁃ glucose index is associated with early neurological dete ⁃ rioration in single subcortical infarction:Early prognosis in single subcortical infarctions[J].Int J Stroke,2021,16(8):944-952

    • [24] HECK D,JOST A.Carotid stenosis,stroke,and carotid ar⁃ tery revascularization[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2021,65:49-54

    • [25] ABBOTT A.Asymptomatic carotid stenosis and stroke risk [J].Lancet Neurol,2021,20(9):698-699

    • [26] XIE X,XIAO J,WANG Y,et al.Predictive model of early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke:a retrospective cohort study[J].J Stroke Cerebro⁃ vasc Dis,2021,30(3):105459

    • [27] JI X,TIAN L,YAO S,et al.A systematic review of body fluids biomarkers associated with early neurological dete⁃ rioration following acute ischemic stroke[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2022,14:918473

    • [28] MITSIAS P D.Early neurological deterioration after intra⁃ venous thrombolysis:still no end in sight in the quest for understanding END[J].Stroke,2020,51(9):2615-2617