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通讯作者:

岳震,E-mail:yzicu5336@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R619.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)10-1392-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231009

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
LA RUSSA R,MAIESE A,DI FAZIO N,et al.Post⁃trau⁃ matic meningitis is a diagnostic challenging time:a sys⁃ tematic review focusing on clinical and pathological fea⁃ tures[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(11):4148
参考文献 7
HAN H J,LI Y,LIU L,et al.The risk factors of intracrani⁃ al infection in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage un⁃ dergone hematoma puncture:what should we care[J].BMC Infect Dis,2020,20(1):949
参考文献 8
YAO J,LIU D.Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for intracranial infection after multiple traumatic cranioto⁃ my and preventive measures[J].J Craniofacial Surg,2019,30(7):1946-1948
参考文献 9
ZHANG R F,NIU J T.Early identification of correlated risk factors can improve the prognosis of patients with postoperative intracranial infection[J/OL].J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg,2022[2023-07-24].DOI:10.1055/a⁃1938-0202
参考文献 10
中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会,北京医学会神经外科学分会神经外科危重症学组.神经外科中枢神经系统感染诊治中国专家共识(2021 版)[J].中华神经外科杂志,2021,37(1):2-15
参考文献 11
中华医学会神经外科学分会,中国神经外科重症管理协作组.中国神经外科重症患者气道管理专家共识(2016)[J].中华医学杂志,2016,96(21):1639-1642
参考文献 12
杨小锋,王浩.重视神经重症患者颅内感染的防治 [J].中华创伤杂志,2019,35(1):6-9
参考文献 13
王庆宇,杨玉芳,徐少毅.重症监护病房开颅术后患者颅内感染的调查[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(5):1129-1132
参考文献 14
TUNKEL A R,HASBUN R,BHIMRAJ A,et al.2017 in⁃ fectious diseases society of America’s clinical practice guidelines for healthcare⁃associated ventriculitis and men⁃ ingitis[J].Clin Infect Dis,2017,64(6):34-65
参考文献 15
中华医学会神经外科学分会,中国神经外科重症管理协作组.神经外科脑脊液外引流中国专家共识(2018 版)[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(21):1646-1649
参考文献 16
CHAMPEY J,MOUREY C,FRANCONY G,et al.Strate⁃ gies to reduce external ventricular drain ⁃ related infec⁃ tions:a multicenter retrospective study[J].J Neurosurg,2018,130(6):1-6
参考文献 17
JAMJOOM A A B,JOANNIDES A J,POON M T C,et al.Prospective,multicentre study of external ventricular drainage ⁃ related infections in the UK and Ireland[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2018,89(2):120-126
参考文献 18
ZHENG W J,LI L M,HU Z H,et al.Bilateral external ventricular drains increase ventriculostomy⁃associated ce⁃ rebrospinal fluid infection in low modified graeb score in⁃ traventricular hemorrhage[J].World Neurosurg,2018,116:e550-e555
参考文献 19
DORRESTEIJN K R I S,BROUWER M C,JELLEMA K,et al.Bacterial external ventricular catheter⁃associated in⁃ fection[J].Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther,2020,18(3):219-229
参考文献 20
GOVERNALE L S,FEIN N,LOGSDON J,et al.Tech⁃ niques and complications of external lumbar drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus[J].Neurosurgery,2008,63(4 Suppl 2):379-384
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:建立预测神经重症患者术后颅内感染风险的列线图模型。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月—2021年1月南京医科大学第一附属医院神经外科监护病房行开颅手术的200例患者的临床资料。按照7∶3的比例随机分为训练集(n=140)和验证集(n=60)。采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归筛选神经重症患者术后发生颅内感染的危险因素并构建列线图预测模型。通过绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线及决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)评价模型的效能及临床净获益。结果:神经重症患者的原发病、脑室外引流时间、腰大池引流时间是术后发生颅内感染的危险因素 (P < 0.05)。绘制列线图模型的ROC曲线显示,训练集和验证集的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.774(95%CI: 0.695~0.853)、0.831(95%CI:0.725~0.936),DCA曲线显示颅内感染发生的预测可提高临床获益率。结论:基于神经重症术后颅内感染的危险因素构建了列线图预测模型,有助于早期筛查神经重症术后颅内感染高危患者,利于早期诊治,改善患者预后。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to establish a nomogram model for predicting the risk of postoperative intracranial infection in patients with severe neurological diseases. Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on clinical data from 200 patients who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital’s neurosurgical care unit between January 2018 and January 2021. The patients were randomly divided into a training set(n=140)and a validation set(n=60). Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to screen the risk factors,constructing the prediction model by nomogram. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curve was plotted to assess the predictive efficacy of the nomogram model for intracranial infection in patients with severe neurological diseases. Additionally,validation of the model and evaluation of its clinical net benefit were performed using decision curve analysis(DCA). Results:The protopathy,external ventricular drainage time and lumbar cisterna drainage time were the risk factors for postoperative intracranial infection(P < 0.05). ROC curve of the nomogram model showed that the area under curve(AUC) of the training set and the validation set were 0.774(95% CI:0.695~0.853)and 0.831(95% CI:0.725~0.936),respectively. DCA curves showed that the prediction of intracranial infection could improve the clinical benefit rate. Conclusion:Our nomogram prediction model based on risk factors associated with postoperative intracranial infection in patients with severe neurological diseases offers an effective approach for early identification of high-risk individuals,facilitating prompt diagnosis and treatment while improving the prognosis of patients.

  • 手术后颅内感染是神经外科术后常见且严重的并发症[1]。颅内感染的发生率为2.6%~30.0%[2],可发生在术中或术后的各个阶段。感染途径主要包括术中操作器械或术者的手直接接触感染,临近感染组织的感染直接扩散,术后切口脑脊液渗漏及导管相关性感染等。颅内感染的预后较差,由耐药菌引起的感染死亡率甚至高达70%[3]

  • 颅内感染的高死亡率、高致残率与早期诊断困难有关。早期颅内感染的临床症状、体征及影像学检查均缺乏特异性[4]。脑脊液培养受到致病菌数量、病原菌是否存活、培养环境和所用的抗菌药物等多种因素影响,脑脊液培养阳性率低于40%[5],且培养需要3~5 d。近年来研究发现脑脊液中降钙素原、白介素、乳酸等感染标志物能够帮助颅内诊断,但诊断价值不高[6]。脑脊液宏基因检测易受到背景菌的干扰且无法提供病原菌的药敏结果,未能广泛应用于临床。因此目前传统的诊断方法无法满足临床上早期快速明确诊断和及时治疗的迫切需求。

  • 因此,颅内感染的早期诊断给临床医生带来巨大困扰,特别对于神经重症患者,因其脑组织受损严重,意识障碍,长期卧床,抵抗力降低,易发生颅内感染。早期甄别颅内感染的高危患者、干预治疗,对预防和控制神经重症患者术后颅内感染,尽可能避免严重并发症有重要意义。大量回顾性研究发现引起颅内感染的危险因素包括患者年龄、手术时间、手术部位、手术类型、术前患者合并基础疾病、术后留置引流管、术后脑脊液漏等[17-9]。但尚缺乏经建立和验证的有效风险预测模型,能综合各种危险因素更准确地分析其与感染之间的关系。本研究拟应用Logistic回归寻找术后颅内感染与危险因素之间潜在的关系变量,构建神经重症手术后颅内感染的列线图模型,为早期预防和控制术后颅内感染提供临床参考依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析 2018 年1月—2021 年 1 月南京医科大学第一附属医院神经重症病房行手术治疗的 200 例患者的临床资料。其中男 122 例,女 78 例,年龄(56.8 ± 14.7)岁。入院格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (Glasgow coma scale,GCS)为(8.4±4.1)分。纳入标准:①神经重症患者,入院行颅脑手术治疗,术后配合规范治疗;②既往无颅脑手术史,无颅内感染病史;③年龄 >18岁且<80岁;④经患者或家属知情同意并签署手术知情同意书。排除标准:①术前存在颅内感染;②存在免疫缺陷性疾病;③合并严重的慢性心、肺、肾脏等疾病,合并其他脏器恶性肿瘤。本研究获得南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审核批准(审批号:2022⁃NT⁃07)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 收集患者年龄、性别、原发疾病。记录患者术后生理数据,包括GCS评分、心率、体温、白细胞计数、红细胞、淋巴细胞、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、空腹血糖、血红蛋白、脑脊液白细胞数、脑脊液糖、脑脊液培养结果。根据颅内感染诊断标准将患者分为感染组和未感染组[10]。把16项常见危险因素作为临床变量:年龄、性别、术前GCS评分、原发疾病、近1年接受化疗或免疫抑制剂、糖尿病病史、手术人工材料植入、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA)评分、末次手术时长、手术次数、是否使用糖皮质激素、术后脑脊液漏、是否合并其他部位感染、腰大池引流时间、术中失血量、脑室外引流时间。将纳入的 200 例患者以 7∶3 的比例随机分为训练集 (n=140)和验证集(n=60),训练集中感染组51例,未感染组89例;验证集中感染组22例,未感染组38例。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 26.0和R软件(4.2.1版本)进行数据整理及统计学分析。符合正态分布的定量资料采用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的连续性变量采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]进行描述,两组间比较采用 Mann Whitney U检验。定性资料用频数表示,采用 χ2 检验。将单因素分析中P <0.05的变量纳入多因素 Logistic回归分析,通过R软件构建列线图模型。绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线并计算曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)评估列线图模型效能,其中AUC >0.8为效能较高,AUC >0.5 且≤0.8 为中等,AUC≤0.5 为无意义。采用 Bootstrap 自抽样方法对模型进行内部验证。模型校准曲线越接近理想曲线,模型的校准度越好;采用决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis, DCA)评价预测模型的临床净获益情况。预测模型 DCA曲线远离极端曲线越远,则该模型的净获益范围越大。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 影响神经重症患者术后颅内感染的单因素及多因素分析

  • 在训练集中,对纳入研究的颅内感染危险因素行单因素分析,结果显示,原发病、脑室外引流时间、腰大池引流时间是神经重症患者术后发生颅内感染的危险因素(P <0.05,表1)。进一步做多因素二元Logistic回归分析,结果显示,原发病、脑室外引流时间、腰大池引流时间是神经重症患者术后发生颅内感染的独立危险因素(P <0.05,表2)。

  • 表1 训练集影响神经重症患者术后颅内感染的单因素分析

  • Table1 Univariate analysis of postoperative intracranial infection in patients with severe neurological disease(training set)

  • 表2 训练集影响神经重症患者术后颅内感染的多因素分析

  • Table2 Multivariate analysis of postoperative intracranial infection in patients with severe neurological disease(training set)

  • 2.2 预测神经重症患者术后颅内感染的列线图模型的构建及验证

  • 针对原发病、脑室外引流时间、腰大池引流时间建立列线图预测模型(图1)。绘制预测模型ROC 曲线,训练集中AUC为0.774(95%CI:0.695~0.853),验证集中AUC为0.831(95%CI:0.725~0.936)(图2)。通过两者的结果可以看出该模型拟合度较好,对预测术后颅内感染风险具有很好的参考价值。

  • 2.3 DCA结果

  • 模型临床决策曲线显示净获益显著高于“全干预”和“不干预”曲线(图3),提示模型具有良好临床实用性,能以较高的准确度预测神经重症患者的术后感染。

  • 图1 神经重症患者术后颅内感染发生风险的列线图模型

  • Figure1 Nomogram model for postoperative intracranial infection in patients with severe neurological disease

  • 图2 列线图预测神经重症患者术后颅内感染的ROC曲线

  • Figure2 ROC curve of postoperative intracranial infec⁃ tion in patients with severe neurological disease predicted by nomogram

  • 图3 列线图预测神经重症患者术后颅内感染的DCA曲线

  • Figure3 DCA curve of postoperative intracranial infec⁃ tion in patients with severe neurological disease predicted by nomogram

  • 3 讨论

  • 神经外科手术及各种操作易引起医院获得性的中枢神经系统感染,一旦发生,会进一步加重神经外科重症患者的病情,中枢神经系统感染的归因病死率可高达15%~30%[11],即使患者治愈,也常遗留不同程度的神经功能障碍。因此早期预警术后颅内感染,给予及时预防及治疗对改善患者预后至关重要。神经重症患者病情危重、抵抗力低,耐药菌感染风险高。在住院期间经历多次神经外科手术或检查操作,增加了颅内感染的发生率,因此神经重症患者颅内感染发生率较常规择期开颅手术发病率高[12]。目前单纯对神经重症患者颅内感染危险因素的报道较少,王庆宇等[13] 报道重症监护病房开颅术后患者颅内感染率为7.5%。术后颅内感染的危险因素主要分为患者自身因素、手术相关因素及术后管理因素。神经重症患者原发病常包含重型颅脑损伤、重症脑出血、巨大颅内肿瘤、脑血管病等。据报道,不同疾病及手术方式导致的颅内感染率不同,外伤或头皮裂伤超过 4 h 的手术部位感染发生率为10%~25%,清洁⁃污染手术包括进入鼻旁窦或乳突的手术感染发生率为6.8%~15.0%,清洁手术感染率为2.6%~5.0%[11]。本研究中脑出血是术后颅内感染的易感因素,考虑与纳入患者的年龄偏高[脑出血患者平均年龄为(61.7±11.6)岁,脑外伤患者平均年龄为(52.8±16.8)岁,P=0.004]以及基础病较多有关(P=0.014)。

  • 脑脊液引流术是临床常用的脑脊液净化治疗方法,主要包括脑室外引流及腰大池引流,引流管连接液体收集装置,可用于持续引流感染或血性脑脊液,同时降低颅内压。脑室外引流可用于脑室出血患者、有颅内压监测需要的急性颅脑创伤患者、中枢神经系统感染患者等。腰大池引流与脑室外引流的适应证基本一致,但需要排除严重的颅高压,而脑室外引流无绝对的禁忌证。经脑脊液引流管可监测脑室或腰大池内压力,也可经引流管局部脑室内或鞘内给药,经脑室外引流局部给药较腰大池引流更容易达到颅内脑脊液药物浓度。然而,脑脊液引流会产生导管相关并发症,如导管相关感染、出血、过度引流或导管梗阻等。根据文献报道,脑室外引流相关性颅内感染发生率达8%~22%[14],腰大池引流相关性颅内感染率为10%~50%[15]。本研究脑室外引流(OR=1.15,95%CI:1.04~1.29)和腰大池引流(OR=1.09,95%CI:1.01~1.18)均为神经重症患者术后颅内感染的独立危险因素,并且随着引流时间延长颅内感染风险升高。因此脑室外引流及腰大池引流时间成为预测术后颅内感染的重要指标。研究表明,多种因素与导管相关性颅内感染有关,包括引流管放置时间>5 d、留置引流管过程中频繁经导管留取脑脊液标本、引流管口出现脑脊液漏、穿刺道出血等[716-19]

  • 文献报道,通过严格的术后脑脊液管理措施,脑脊液引流相关性感染率下降至0.8%,这些措施包括尽量减少脑脊液标本采集频率或监测,断开或受损的引流管需要在无菌操作下重新连接,引流管连接断开或受损2次后即拔除[20]。同时建议引流管可经皮下隧道潜行,皮下隧道距离≥5 cm可有效避免引流管口渗液,若引流管口出现渗液应立即处置,必要时重新缝合或拔除引流管。此外,引流管口保持清洁干燥,周围皮肤定期消毒。非必要尽早拔除引流管,建议脑室外引流和腰大池引流的持续引流时间为 7~10 d,不应超过 2 周,若需要延长引流时间,可拔管另选位置重新置管。使用带涂层的脑脊液引流管也能减少感染的概率[1015]

  • 本研究构建并验证了神经重症患者术后颅内感染的列线图模型,筛选出影响神经重症患者术后颅内感染的危险因素,包括原发病、脑室外引流及腰大池引流。内部验证AUC 值及决策曲线提示模型的区分度及临床获益均较好。预测模型以列线图可视化呈现,有助于高效判断预测术后颅内感染。本研究为单中心回顾性研究,数据可能存在偏倚,需要大量多中心数据样本,纳入更多危险因素,提高模型的准确率。同时,该模型的预测实用价值还需要进一步前瞻性、多中心验证。

  • 综上所述,本研究构建的预测模型能为神经重症患者术后预防颅内感染提供理论依据和评估工具,为实现早期预警颅内感染,及时干预治疗,改善预后提供新的方法。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HU Y M,HE W,YAO D F,et al.Intrathecal or intraven⁃ tricular antimicrobial therapy for post⁃neurosurgical intra⁃ cranial infection due to multidrug⁃resistant and extensive⁃ ly drug⁃resistant Gram⁃negative bacteria:a systematic re⁃ view and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Int J Antimicrob Agents,2019,54(5):556-561

    • [2] GUO X H,FANG J K,WU Y.Risk factors of intracranial infection in patients after intracranial aneurysm surgery:implication for treatment strategies[J].Medicine,2021,100(48):e27946

    • [3] KHAN F Y,ABUKHATTAB M,BAAGER K.Nosocomial postneurosurgical Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis:a retrospective study of six cases admitted to Hamad Gener⁃ al Hospital,Qatar[J].J Hosp Infect,2012,80(2):176-179

    • [4] MOFIDI M,NEGARESH N,FARSI D,et al.Jolt accentu⁃ ation and its value as a sign in diagnosis of meningitis in patients with fever and headache[J].Turkish J Emerg Med,2017,17(1):29-31

    • [5] ZHANG Y,CUI P,ZHANG H C,et al.Clinical applica⁃ tion and evaluation of metagenomic next ⁃ generation se⁃ quencing in suspected adult central nervous system infec⁃ tion[J].J Transl Med,2020,18(1):199

    • [6] LA RUSSA R,MAIESE A,DI FAZIO N,et al.Post⁃trau⁃ matic meningitis is a diagnostic challenging time:a sys⁃ tematic review focusing on clinical and pathological fea⁃ tures[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(11):4148

    • [7] HAN H J,LI Y,LIU L,et al.The risk factors of intracrani⁃ al infection in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage un⁃ dergone hematoma puncture:what should we care[J].BMC Infect Dis,2020,20(1):949

    • [8] YAO J,LIU D.Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for intracranial infection after multiple traumatic cranioto⁃ my and preventive measures[J].J Craniofacial Surg,2019,30(7):1946-1948

    • [9] ZHANG R F,NIU J T.Early identification of correlated risk factors can improve the prognosis of patients with postoperative intracranial infection[J/OL].J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg,2022[2023-07-24].DOI:10.1055/a⁃1938-0202

    • [10] 中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会,北京医学会神经外科学分会神经外科危重症学组.神经外科中枢神经系统感染诊治中国专家共识(2021 版)[J].中华神经外科杂志,2021,37(1):2-15

    • [11] 中华医学会神经外科学分会,中国神经外科重症管理协作组.中国神经外科重症患者气道管理专家共识(2016)[J].中华医学杂志,2016,96(21):1639-1642

    • [12] 杨小锋,王浩.重视神经重症患者颅内感染的防治 [J].中华创伤杂志,2019,35(1):6-9

    • [13] 王庆宇,杨玉芳,徐少毅.重症监护病房开颅术后患者颅内感染的调查[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(5):1129-1132

    • [14] TUNKEL A R,HASBUN R,BHIMRAJ A,et al.2017 in⁃ fectious diseases society of America’s clinical practice guidelines for healthcare⁃associated ventriculitis and men⁃ ingitis[J].Clin Infect Dis,2017,64(6):34-65

    • [15] 中华医学会神经外科学分会,中国神经外科重症管理协作组.神经外科脑脊液外引流中国专家共识(2018 版)[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(21):1646-1649

    • [16] CHAMPEY J,MOUREY C,FRANCONY G,et al.Strate⁃ gies to reduce external ventricular drain ⁃ related infec⁃ tions:a multicenter retrospective study[J].J Neurosurg,2018,130(6):1-6

    • [17] JAMJOOM A A B,JOANNIDES A J,POON M T C,et al.Prospective,multicentre study of external ventricular drainage ⁃ related infections in the UK and Ireland[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2018,89(2):120-126

    • [18] ZHENG W J,LI L M,HU Z H,et al.Bilateral external ventricular drains increase ventriculostomy⁃associated ce⁃ rebrospinal fluid infection in low modified graeb score in⁃ traventricular hemorrhage[J].World Neurosurg,2018,116:e550-e555

    • [19] DORRESTEIJN K R I S,BROUWER M C,JELLEMA K,et al.Bacterial external ventricular catheter⁃associated in⁃ fection[J].Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther,2020,18(3):219-229

    • [20] GOVERNALE L S,FEIN N,LOGSDON J,et al.Tech⁃ niques and complications of external lumbar drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus[J].Neurosurgery,2008,63(4 Suppl 2):379-384

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HU Y M,HE W,YAO D F,et al.Intrathecal or intraven⁃ tricular antimicrobial therapy for post⁃neurosurgical intra⁃ cranial infection due to multidrug⁃resistant and extensive⁃ ly drug⁃resistant Gram⁃negative bacteria:a systematic re⁃ view and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Int J Antimicrob Agents,2019,54(5):556-561

    • [2] GUO X H,FANG J K,WU Y.Risk factors of intracranial infection in patients after intracranial aneurysm surgery:implication for treatment strategies[J].Medicine,2021,100(48):e27946

    • [3] KHAN F Y,ABUKHATTAB M,BAAGER K.Nosocomial postneurosurgical Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis:a retrospective study of six cases admitted to Hamad Gener⁃ al Hospital,Qatar[J].J Hosp Infect,2012,80(2):176-179

    • [4] MOFIDI M,NEGARESH N,FARSI D,et al.Jolt accentu⁃ ation and its value as a sign in diagnosis of meningitis in patients with fever and headache[J].Turkish J Emerg Med,2017,17(1):29-31

    • [5] ZHANG Y,CUI P,ZHANG H C,et al.Clinical applica⁃ tion and evaluation of metagenomic next ⁃ generation se⁃ quencing in suspected adult central nervous system infec⁃ tion[J].J Transl Med,2020,18(1):199

    • [6] LA RUSSA R,MAIESE A,DI FAZIO N,et al.Post⁃trau⁃ matic meningitis is a diagnostic challenging time:a sys⁃ tematic review focusing on clinical and pathological fea⁃ tures[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(11):4148

    • [7] HAN H J,LI Y,LIU L,et al.The risk factors of intracrani⁃ al infection in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage un⁃ dergone hematoma puncture:what should we care[J].BMC Infect Dis,2020,20(1):949

    • [8] YAO J,LIU D.Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for intracranial infection after multiple traumatic cranioto⁃ my and preventive measures[J].J Craniofacial Surg,2019,30(7):1946-1948

    • [9] ZHANG R F,NIU J T.Early identification of correlated risk factors can improve the prognosis of patients with postoperative intracranial infection[J/OL].J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg,2022[2023-07-24].DOI:10.1055/a⁃1938-0202

    • [10] 中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会,北京医学会神经外科学分会神经外科危重症学组.神经外科中枢神经系统感染诊治中国专家共识(2021 版)[J].中华神经外科杂志,2021,37(1):2-15

    • [11] 中华医学会神经外科学分会,中国神经外科重症管理协作组.中国神经外科重症患者气道管理专家共识(2016)[J].中华医学杂志,2016,96(21):1639-1642

    • [12] 杨小锋,王浩.重视神经重症患者颅内感染的防治 [J].中华创伤杂志,2019,35(1):6-9

    • [13] 王庆宇,杨玉芳,徐少毅.重症监护病房开颅术后患者颅内感染的调查[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(5):1129-1132

    • [14] TUNKEL A R,HASBUN R,BHIMRAJ A,et al.2017 in⁃ fectious diseases society of America’s clinical practice guidelines for healthcare⁃associated ventriculitis and men⁃ ingitis[J].Clin Infect Dis,2017,64(6):34-65

    • [15] 中华医学会神经外科学分会,中国神经外科重症管理协作组.神经外科脑脊液外引流中国专家共识(2018 版)[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(21):1646-1649

    • [16] CHAMPEY J,MOUREY C,FRANCONY G,et al.Strate⁃ gies to reduce external ventricular drain ⁃ related infec⁃ tions:a multicenter retrospective study[J].J Neurosurg,2018,130(6):1-6

    • [17] JAMJOOM A A B,JOANNIDES A J,POON M T C,et al.Prospective,multicentre study of external ventricular drainage ⁃ related infections in the UK and Ireland[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2018,89(2):120-126

    • [18] ZHENG W J,LI L M,HU Z H,et al.Bilateral external ventricular drains increase ventriculostomy⁃associated ce⁃ rebrospinal fluid infection in low modified graeb score in⁃ traventricular hemorrhage[J].World Neurosurg,2018,116:e550-e555

    • [19] DORRESTEIJN K R I S,BROUWER M C,JELLEMA K,et al.Bacterial external ventricular catheter⁃associated in⁃ fection[J].Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther,2020,18(3):219-229

    • [20] GOVERNALE L S,FEIN N,LOGSDON J,et al.Tech⁃ niques and complications of external lumbar drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus[J].Neurosurgery,2008,63(4 Suppl 2):379-384