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通讯作者:

李雪婷,lxting@hrbmu.edu.cn;

李百祥,libaix-ianghmu@aliyun.com

中图分类号:R735.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)10-1450-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231019

参考文献 1
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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参考文献 23
ILIEV R,FEDORKO M,MACHACKOVA T,et al.Ex⁃ pression levels of PIWI⁃interacting RNA,piR⁃823,are de⁃ regulated in tumor tissue,blood serum and urine of pa⁃ tients with renal cell carcinoma[J].Anticancer Res,2016,36(12):6419-6423
参考文献 24
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参考文献 25
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参考文献 26
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参考文献 27
MAI D M,ZHENG Y F,GUO H,et al.Serum piRNA ⁃ 54265 is a new biomarker for early detection and clinical surveillance of human colorectal cancer[J].Theranostics,2020,10(19):8468-8478
参考文献 28
WANG Z,YANG H,MA D,et al.Serum PIWI⁃interacting RNAs piR ⁃020619 and piR ⁃020450 are promising novel biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,2020,29(5):990-998
参考文献 29
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参考文献 30
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参考文献 31
MAI D M,DING P R,TAN L P,et al.PIWI ⁃interacting RNA⁃54265 is oncogenic and a potential therapeutic tar⁃ get in colorectal adenocarcinoma[J].Theranostics,2018,8(19):5213-5230
参考文献 32
IYER D N,WAN T M H,MAN J H W,et al.Small RNA profiling of piRNAs in colorectal cancer identifies consis⁃ tent overexpression of piR⁃24000 that correlates clinically with an aggressive disease phenotype[J].Cancers,2020,12(1):188
参考文献 33
VYCHYTILOVA⁃FALTEJSKOVA P,STITKOVCOVA K,RADOVA L,et al.Circulating PIWI ⁃ interacting RNAs piR ⁃ 5937 and piR ⁃ 28876 are promising diagnostic bio⁃ markers of colon cancer[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomark⁃ ers Prev,2018,27(9):1019-1028
参考文献 34
LIU Q,CHEN Q,ZHOU Z,et al.piRNA ⁃ 18 inhibition cell proliferation,migration and invasion in colorectal cancer[J].Biochem Genet,2023,61(5):1881-1897
参考文献 35
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参考文献 36
YIN J,QI W,JI C G,et al.Small RNA sequencing revealed aberrant piRNA expression profiles in colorectal cancer[J].Oncol Rep,2019,42(1):263-272
目录contents

    摘要

    PIWI相互作用RNA(PIWI-interacting RNA,piRNA)是一种新型小分子非编码RNA,它通过与PIWI蛋白形成复合体发挥调节作用,主要存在于哺乳动物(人类、小鼠等)的干细胞与生殖细胞中。越来越多的研究表明,piRNA可以通过表观遗传改变来调节基因表达,包括转座子沉默、DNA甲基化和染色质修饰等,在肿瘤的发生中起关键性作用。因此,piRNA具有作为生物标志物的可能,为癌症诊断与预后监测提供新的方法。文章综述了piRNA在结直肠癌中的生物学作用,为结直肠癌的发病机制和寻找其有效生物标志物的研究工作提供线索。

    Abstract

    PIWI -interacting RNAs(piRNA)are novel small -molecule non -coding RNAs that mediated by interacting with PIWI proteins. They are mainly among Droflies,mammalian(human,mouse,etc.)stem cells and germ cells. More and more studies have shown that piRNA can regulate gene expression through epigenetic changes,including transposon silencing,DNA methylation and chromatin modification,and play a key role in the occurrence of tumors. Therefore,piRNA has the potential as a biomarker to provide a new method for cancer diagnosis and prognosis monitoring. This article reviews the biological role of piRNA in colorectal cancer, providing clues for the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and the search for its effective biomarkers.

  • 结直肠癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一。根据世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(IARC)的数据[1]:在 2020 年,结直肠癌成为全球癌症死亡的第二大原因。其中,结直肠癌在我国癌症死亡原因中位居第 5位,新增28万人死亡,每年新发病例达55万人,且结直肠癌发病年轻化趋势明显。因早期通常无症状且缺乏有效的检测手段,60%~70%的结直肠癌患者确诊时已是晚期。结直肠癌的早期发现是决定其预后的最重要因素。因此,探索结直肠癌的发生机制,识别新的标志物是结直肠癌早期诊断早期治疗的关键。最近研究表明,piRNA在血清/血浆与肿瘤组织中表达稳定且易于检测[2],异常表达的PIWI 相互作用 RNA(PIWI⁃interacting RNA,piRNA)与多种恶性肿瘤的发生密切相关,并在恶性肿瘤的分化、转移和预后不良中发挥重要作用。此外,在人类基因组中已经鉴定出超过 2 万个 piRNA,远远大于 miRNA(2 000 个左右)的数量[3]。这表明 piRNA 可能是潜在的、有效的癌症诊断和预后的生物标志物。文章重点阐述了 piRNA 的生物学功能和在结直肠癌发生发展中的新进展,以及piRNA在结直肠癌诊断和预后中的新思路。

  • 1 piRNA的概述

  • 1.1 piRNA的特征与生物发生

  • 人类基因组中估计含有约 2 万个编码蛋白质的基因,约占基因组序列的2%。仅转录成RNA(约 3 000 个)不编码蛋白质的基因被称为非编码 RNA (non⁃coding RNA,ncRNA)[4]。这些 ncRNA 主要包括小干扰RNA(siRNA)、微RNA(miRNA)、piRNA等 (表1)。piRNA是一种长度约为26~30个核苷酸,能与来自Argonaut蛋白亚家族的PIWI蛋白结合,参与转座因子沉默与调节基因表达的小RNA[5]。最近,开发了许多生物信息学方法用于 piRNA 鉴定,分析它们的功能,以及寻找同源 piRNA 和 piRNA 簇 (表2)。piRNA 与其他小分子 ncRNA 如 siRNA 或 miRNA相比,长度更长。其次,piRNA由少量长单链 RNA前体生成,这些前体通过RNaseⅢ型酶独立机制从不同的转座子转录而来,称为“piRNA 簇”[6]。最后,piRNA在3′⁃端有2′⁃O⁃甲基修饰,在5′端有一个单磷酸基团,这表明其在不同物种中功能高度保守,具有抗氧化降解的能力,可作为一组有前景的肿瘤标志物[7]。piRNA的生物发生包括两种主要途径:一次扩增和二次扩增(也称为乒乓循环)[8]。这两种途径是对抗转座子强大防御功能的关键。在一次扩增途径中,长 piRNA 前体从 piRNA 簇中转录,在细胞质中被复杂因子切割和修饰,然后与 PIWI蛋白复合物转运到细胞核中,产生的piRNA可能在调控基因表达中发挥作用[9]。次要piRNA在乒乓循环中形成,以特异性增强piRNA序列[10]

  • 表1 小的ncRNA的分类

  • Table1 Classification of small non⁃coding RNA

  • 1.2 piRNA的生物学功能与调控机制

  • 以往研究表明,piRNA/PIWI 通路通过 DNA 甲基化参与转录基因沉默。DNA甲基化是DNA化学修饰的一种类型,是在不改变DNA碱基序列的情况下,由DNA甲基转移酶介导的基因表达调控[11],它在长期基因沉默中起着重要作用,特别是在启动子区域[12]。DNA高甲基化会抑制基因的表达,DNA低甲基化则会激活基因的表达。DNA甲基化异常可能直接或间接导致肿瘤抑制因子失活[13],piRNA可以通过调节 DNA 甲基化参与疾病进展[14]。piRNA 与 DNA甲基化之间的相互作用对基因组稳定性和基因表达具有深远影响,可能导致细胞信号转导通路的畸变,最终导致疾病的发生[15]。已有研究证明,piR⁃ NA在水螅和人类等生物中抑制转座子动员[5]。转座子,被称为跳跃基因,它们通过将自身插入基因组的方式进行重排,转座子的不当插入可能会破坏基因组的稳定性和完整性,引起染色体易位、反转、复制和缺失,过度激活的转座子有很高的致病性[16]。 piRNA簇含有很多转座子,piRNA可以和PIWI蛋白结合形成 piRNA/PIWI 复合物(piRISC)。piRISC 通常被认为是“细胞的免疫系统”,因为它在整个基因组中调节转座子的表达水平[17],参与转录或转录后基因沉默。piRISC功能丧失或表达减少可通过转座子的不受限制作用诱导更大的基因组损伤,同时导致疾病相关基因的异常表达[18]。piRNA可以抑制转座子动员,通过表观遗传机制实现转录沉默,并通过形成piRISC参与转录后抑制,从而调控癌症进展[7]

  • 表2 piRNA数据库及其描述

  • Table2 piRNA database and its description

  • piRNA 介导的基因调控是通过多种方式进行的,如表观遗传机制和piRNA在转录后水平介导的基因调控。其中,piRNA通过与RNA或RNA核酸内切裂解的相互作用,以及对mRNA稳定性或选择性剪接。同样重要的是,在生理和病理环境下,干扰 RNA/piRNA 样(iRNA/piRNA⁃L)可能通过与蛋白质编码基因的直接联系参与基因表达的翻译或翻译后调控[19]。此外,piRNA和PIWI蛋白在生殖干细胞中高度富集,参与生殖细胞发育、干细胞维持、减数分裂等。癌症干细胞处于异常的“干细胞”状态,参与癌症的发生,并与癌细胞的侵袭和转移密切相关。癌症干细胞中的转录信号、表观遗传状态和信号通路与干细胞中相类似。一些关键的信号通路,包括Wnt/β⁃catenin和Hedgehog通路,在癌症干细胞中可能被异常调节[20]。因此,piRNA可能是癌症预后和诊断的潜在生物标志物。

  • 2 piRNA与肿瘤

  • 许多研究表明,piRNA参与了多种癌症的发生,并在癌组织和非癌组织中差异表达,包括胃癌、乳腺癌和结直肠癌等[21]。然而,piRNA在不同类型癌症中的作用可能是复杂的(抑癌或促癌)。piR⁃823 是最重要的piRNA之一,其在肝细胞癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌等[21]几种癌症中显著上调并促进癌症进展。然而,piR⁃823在胃癌组织中表达下调,piR⁃823 高表达模型中胃癌细胞的生长受到抑制,这表明 piR⁃823抑制胃癌的发展[22]。同时,它被发现在肾细胞癌组织中下调,但矛盾的是它与较差的预后呈正相关,这表明 piR⁃823 在肾细胞癌中发病机制的复杂性[23]。除此之外,piR⁃651 也是研究较多的 piR⁃ NA 之一。它在经典霍奇金淋巴瘤[24]、胃癌、肺癌、肝细胞癌、乳腺癌和结直肠癌等几种癌症中都显著上调[21]。与piR⁃823不同的是,piR⁃651在胃癌的发展中具有促进作用。piR⁃651抑制剂(拮抗剂)可以抑制胃癌细胞的细胞周期[25]。值得注意的是,虽然 piR⁃651在经典霍奇金淋巴瘤患者样本中过表达,但低水平的piR⁃651与患者预后差有关。综上,piRNA 在不同类型癌症中的作用可能具有特异性。现已发现,piRNA可能通过PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR和Ras/ Raf/MEK/ERK 这两条通路参与癌症的进展[26]。 piRNA的异常表达很可能导致癌细胞机制失衡,从而引起细胞凋亡减少、增殖增加以及侵袭和转移增加,导致癌症发展。因此,探索癌症发生中相关的 piRNA及其分子机制,可以为癌症诊断与预后研究提供新的手段。

  • 3 piRNA作为结直肠癌诊断与预后生物标志物的价值

  • 目前,在结直肠癌中发现了一些异常表达的 piRNA,如piR⁃823、piR⁃1245和piR⁃54265等(图1)。这些异常表达的 piRNA 与结直肠癌诊断与预后密切相关。越来越多的研究表明在诊断结直肠癌方面,piRNA 比常用的结直肠癌生物标志物,如 CEA 和CA19⁃9更敏感[27-28],且在反复冻融或长期室温环境下,有些piRNA在血清和血浆样本中表现出高稳定性[2]。此外,piR⁃017724和piR⁃1245等少数piRNA 表达异常与结直肠癌晚期和整体临床表现不佳相关[229]。因此,piRNA有成为结直肠癌诊断与预后生物标志物的潜力,甚至成为结直肠癌的治疗靶点。

  • 图1 结直肠癌中异常表达的piRNA

  • Figure1 Abnormal expression of piRNA in colorectal cancer

  • 3.1 piRNA作为结直肠癌诊断生物标志物的价值

  • 3.1.1 piR⁃020619和piR⁃020450

  • 结直肠癌患者血清中piR⁃020619和piR⁃020450 的表达水平明显高于健康对照组[28],piRNA的激活可能参与了结直肠癌发病。联合使用这两种piRNA 的诊断性能较好。灵敏度高于常用的结直肠癌生物标志物(CEA和CA19⁃9)。最后,在胃癌、肺癌和乳腺癌患者的血清中发现piR⁃020619和piR⁃020450 的表达水平与正常对照组相似,证明这两种piRNA 对结直肠癌诊断具有一定特异性[28]

  • 3.1.2 piR⁃823

  • 在血浆和癌细胞系中已经鉴定出piR⁃823,其被认为是调节恶性肿瘤相关的 piRNA 之一[30]。高表达的血清 piR⁃823 与结直肠癌晚期(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期)、淋巴结转移、分化较差有关[30]。piR⁃823在结直肠癌发展中有多种机制。第一种机制是piRNA/PIWI复合物 2 磷酸化 STAT3,通过 STAT3/BCLx1/cyclinD1 信号通路,可能使细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂 (CDKI)表达,从而控制 G1 期的进展。另一种是通过“翻译后机制”,使热休克蛋白表达增加,从而抑制细胞凋亡和促进增殖,发挥促瘤作用[30]。piR⁃823 的诊断性能较好[30],受试者工作特征曲线(ROC 曲线)显示,piR⁃823诊断结直肠癌的特异度为89.3%,灵敏度为 83.3%,曲线下面积为 0.933(P <0.001),结直肠癌患者血清中piR⁃823的表达与癌变组织表达呈正相关(相关系数为 0.929,P <0.001)。这些研究支持piR⁃823作为结直肠癌诊断的无创生物标志物。

  • 3.1.3 piR⁃54265

  • piR⁃54265 在结直肠癌中表达上调,其表达水平与患者耐药和预后不良有关,是结直肠癌的致癌 piRNA[31]。功能研究表明,piR⁃54265 可以结合 PIWIL2蛋白,并通过激活STAT3信号通路起作用,促进结直肠癌细胞的增殖和转移[31]。此外,血清 piR⁃54265比临床常用的结直肠癌生物标志物CEA、 CA19⁃9 和 CA125 对结直肠癌的检测更敏感,该 piRNA稳定存在于患者血清中[27]。与对照组和其他类型癌症患者相比,发现只有结直肠癌患者血清 piR⁃54265的水平升高[27],表明血清piR⁃54265在结直肠癌诊断中具有一定特异性。这些发现支持血清 piR⁃54265作为结直肠癌早期诊断的生物标志物。

  • 3.1.4 piR⁃24000

  • 与邻近正常组织相比,piR⁃24000 在结直肠癌组织中的表达明显升高,为结直肠癌中的致癌基因[32]。piR⁃24000过表达与侵袭性结直肠癌表型有很大相关性。piR⁃24000诊断的ROC曲线下面积为 0.818(95%CI为0.752~0.883,灵敏度为93.1%,特异度为 68.97%,P <0.001)[32]。数据显示,piR⁃24000可以作为结直肠癌潜在的诊断标志物。但是,这种 piRNA的特异性相对较低,与其他相关的生物标志物联合使用为宜。

  • 3.1.5 piR⁃5937和piR⁃28876

  • piR⁃5937和piR⁃28876在结肠癌患者的血清样本中显著下调,与目前使用的生物标志物 CEA 和 CA19⁃9相比,它们在检测结肠癌方面具有更高的灵敏度[33]。此外,术后 1 个月患者血清样本中两种 piRNA 的表达水平均显著升高。提示 piR⁃5937 和 piR⁃28876 可作为早期结肠癌检测的非侵入性生物标志物,也可以作为手术治疗后监测患者的潜在手段。

  • 3.1.6 piR⁃18

  • piR⁃18 在结直肠癌和结直肠癌细胞系中的表达低于邻近组织和正常肠黏膜上皮细胞,这表明, piR⁃18 可能在结直肠癌中发挥抑制作用[34]。实验证明,piR ⁃18 过表达可以抑制结直肠癌细胞系 (SW480、LOVO)的增殖、侵袭以及迁移。上调piR⁃18 表达是结直肠癌治疗的新思路,piR⁃18有望成为新的诊断和治疗结直肠癌的生物标志物。

  • 3.2 piRNA作为结直肠癌预后生物标志物的价值

  • 3.2.1 piR⁃823

  • 过表达的piR⁃823与结直肠癌患者较差的总生存率有关,抑制 piR⁃823 可以显著抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖[35]。机制研究表明,piR⁃823 通过 G6PD/ HIF⁃α通路调控结直肠癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和凋亡,为有前景的结直肠癌预后生物标志物。

  • 3.2.2 piR⁃ 001311、piR⁃ 004153、piR⁃ 017723、piR⁃ 017724和piR⁃020365

  • 研究发现,诊断结直肠癌的5个piRNA组合(包括piR⁃001311、piR⁃004153、piR⁃017723、piR⁃017724 和 piR⁃020365)在肿瘤患者中差异表达[2]。此外,组合 piRNA 的诊断潜力优于 CEA 和 CA19⁃9,血清 piRNA的稳定性较好。低水平血清piR⁃017724与患者生存期较差有关,可能是结直肠癌的独立预后因素,有作为结直肠癌预后生物标志物的潜力[2]

  • 3.2.3 piR⁃18849、piR⁃19521和piR⁃17724

  • 与邻近非肿瘤组织相比,结直肠癌组织中piR⁃ 18849、piR⁃19521和piR⁃17724的表达水平升高[36]。高表达 piR⁃18849 与淋巴结转移相关。此外,piR⁃ 18849 和 piR⁃19521 的表达上调与肿瘤分化程度较差有关[36],提示这两种piRNA在结直肠癌发生中起调控作用,piR⁃18849和piR⁃19521可能成为结直肠癌患者预后的生物标志物。

  • 3.2.4 piR⁃1245

  • 在结直肠癌中,piR⁃1245的表达上调,起促癌作用[29]。piR⁃1245的表达水平与结直肠癌细胞的增殖率呈正相关。在结直肠癌细胞中,抑制piR⁃1245可以激活 p53 通路,从而抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞坏死和凋亡。piR⁃1245影响癌症相关基因,通过抑制几种肿瘤抑制基因的RNA水平发挥致癌作用,包括 B⁃细胞易位基因1(BTG1)、人尿苷磷酸化酶1(UPP1)、激活转录因子3(ATF3)等在内的9个功能相关的癌症基因[29]。结直肠癌患者预后不良与 piR⁃1245 表达上调有关,piR⁃1245 高表达患者的总生存期较短。由此表明,piR⁃1245是结直肠癌患者可靠的预后生物标志物。

  • 4 结语

  • 综上所述,piRNA在结直肠癌组织与血清中异常表达,提示piRNA可能调控了结直肠癌的发生发展。此外,piRNA 诊断性能优于常用生物标志物, piRNA 高表达患者的总生存期较短。由此我们认为 piRNA 为结直肠癌诊断与预后提供了新的可能。但总的来说,目前对这些piRNA在结直肠癌中的研究仍处于起步阶段,在临床实践中,建立新的基于 piRNA 的预后或诊断程序仍存在大量障碍。未来对piRNA在结直肠癌中的研究,需要关注以下几方面:①深入对piRNA在结直肠癌发病调控机制的研究;②确定结直肠癌中 piRNA 的整体表达谱; ③增加实验所用结直肠癌临床监测样本量;④尽可能增加结直肠癌样本深度测序的数量。相信随着多组学、测序等技术的进步,piRNA作为结直肠癌诊断和预后生物标志物的价值会得到全面和更深入的评估。

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    • [23] ILIEV R,FEDORKO M,MACHACKOVA T,et al.Ex⁃ pression levels of PIWI⁃interacting RNA,piR⁃823,are de⁃ regulated in tumor tissue,blood serum and urine of pa⁃ tients with renal cell carcinoma[J].Anticancer Res,2016,36(12):6419-6423

    • [24] CORDEIRO A,NAVARRO A,GAYA A N,et al.PiwiR⁃ NA ⁃651 as marker of treatment response and survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(29):46002-46013

    • [25] CHENG J,GUO J M,XIAO B X,et al.PiRNA,the new non⁃coding RNA,is aberrantly expressed in human cancer cells[J].Clin Chim Acta,2011,412(17/18):1621-1625

    • [26] LAW P T Y,QIN H,CHING A K K,et al.Deep sequenc⁃ ing of small RNA transcriptome reveals novel non⁃coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2013,58(6):1165-1173

    • [27] MAI D M,ZHENG Y F,GUO H,et al.Serum piRNA ⁃ 54265 is a new biomarker for early detection and clinical surveillance of human colorectal cancer[J].Theranostics,2020,10(19):8468-8478

    • [28] WANG Z,YANG H,MA D,et al.Serum PIWI⁃interacting RNAs piR ⁃020619 and piR ⁃020450 are promising novel biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,2020,29(5):990-998

    • [29] WENG W H,LIU N,TOIYAMA Y,et al.Novel evidence for a PIWI⁃interacting RNA(PiRNA)as an oncogenic me⁃ diator of disease progression,and a potential prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer[J].Mol Cancer,2018,17(1):16

    • [30] SABBAH N A,ABDALLA W M,MAWLA W A,et al.piRNA⁃823 is a unique potential diagnostic non⁃invasive biomarker in colorectal cancer patients[J].Genes,2021,12(4):598

    • [31] MAI D M,DING P R,TAN L P,et al.PIWI ⁃interacting RNA⁃54265 is oncogenic and a potential therapeutic tar⁃ get in colorectal adenocarcinoma[J].Theranostics,2018,8(19):5213-5230

    • [32] IYER D N,WAN T M H,MAN J H W,et al.Small RNA profiling of piRNAs in colorectal cancer identifies consis⁃ tent overexpression of piR⁃24000 that correlates clinically with an aggressive disease phenotype[J].Cancers,2020,12(1):188

    • [33] VYCHYTILOVA⁃FALTEJSKOVA P,STITKOVCOVA K,RADOVA L,et al.Circulating PIWI ⁃ interacting RNAs piR ⁃ 5937 and piR ⁃ 28876 are promising diagnostic bio⁃ markers of colon cancer[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomark⁃ ers Prev,2018,27(9):1019-1028

    • [34] LIU Q,CHEN Q,ZHOU Z,et al.piRNA ⁃ 18 inhibition cell proliferation,migration and invasion in colorectal cancer[J].Biochem Genet,2023,61(5):1881-1897

    • [35] FENG J L,YANG M Q,WEI Q,et al.Novel evidence for oncogenic piRNA⁃823 as a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer[J].J Cell Mol Med,2020,24(16):9028-9040

    • [36] YIN J,QI W,JI C G,et al.Small RNA sequencing revealed aberrant piRNA expression profiles in colorectal cancer[J].Oncol Rep,2019,42(1):263-272

  • 参考文献

    • [1] International Agency for Research on Cancer.Latest glob⁃ al cancer data:cancer burden rises to 19.3 million new cases and 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020[EB/OL].(2020-12-15)[2023-07-06].https://www.iarc.who.int/fr/featured⁃news/latest⁃global⁃cancer⁃data⁃cancer⁃burden⁃ rises⁃to⁃19⁃3⁃million⁃new⁃cases⁃and⁃10⁃0⁃million⁃cancer⁃ deaths⁃in⁃2020/

    • [2] QU A L,WANG W F,YANG Y M,et al.A serum piRNA signature as promising non ⁃invasive diagnostic and prog⁃ nostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer[J].Cancer Manag Res,2019,11:3703-3720

    • [3] WENG W H,LI H H,GOEL A.Piwi ⁃interacting RNAs(piRNAs)and cancer:emerging biological concepts and potential clinical implications[J].Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer,2019,1871(1):160-169

    • [4] LU S H,WANG T,ZHANG G,et al.Understanding the proteome encoded by“non ⁃ coding RNAs”:new insights into human genome[J].Sci China Life Sci,2020,63(7):986-995

    • [5] WU X,PAN Y,FANG Y,et al.The biogenesis and func⁃ tions of piRNAs in human diseases[J].Mol Ther Nucleic Acids,2020,21:108-120

    • [6] LITWIN M,SZCZEPAŃSKA ⁃ BUDA A,PIOTROWSKA A,et al.The meaning of PIWI proteins in cancer develop⁃ ment[J].Oncol Lett,2017,13(5):3354-3362

    • [7] CHEN S L,BEN S,XIN J Y,et al.The biogenesis and bio⁃ logical function of PIWI⁃interacting RNA in cancer[J].J Hematol Oncol,2021,14(1):93

    • [8] CHENG Y,WANG Q,JIANG W,et al.Emerging roles of piRNAs in cancer:challenges and prospects[J].Aging,2019,11(21):9932-9946

    • [9] IWASAKI Y W,SIOMI M C,SIOMI H.PIWI⁃interacting RNA:its biogenesis and functions[J].Annu Rev Bio⁃ chem,2015,84:405-433

    • [10] HUANG S Q,YOSHITAKE K,ASAKAWA S.A review of discovery profiling of PIWI⁃interacting RNAs and their di⁃ verse functions in metazoans[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(20):11166

    • [11] ZHU H,WU L F,MO X B,et al.Rheumatoid arthritis⁃as⁃ sociated DNA methylation sites in peripheral blood mono⁃ nuclear cells[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2019,78(1):36-42

    • [12] LUO C Y,HAJKOVA P,ECKER J R.Dynamic DNA methylation:in the right place at the right time[J].Sci⁃ ence,2018,361(6409):1336-1340

    • [13] HAZRA A,BOSE P,SUNITA P,et al.Molecular epigene⁃ tic dynamics in breast carcinogenesis[J].Arch Pharma⁃ cal Res,2021,44(8):741-763

    • [14] ZHONG N,NONG X,DIAO J,et al.piRNA⁃6426 increas⁃ es DNMT3B ⁃mediated SOAT1 methylation and improves heart failure[J].Aging,2022,14(6):2678-2694

    • [15] SU J F,ZHAO F,GAO Z W,et al.piR⁃823 demonstrates tumor oncogenic activity in esophageal squamous cell car⁃ cinoma through DNA methylation induction via DNA methyltransferase 3B[J].Pathol Res Pract,2020,216(4):152848

    • [16] TÓTH K F,PEZIC D,STUWE E,et al.The piRNA path⁃ way guards the germline genome against transposable ele⁃ ments[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2016,886:51-77

    • [17] WANG C,LIN H F.Roles of piRNAs in transposon and pseudogene regulation of germline mRNAs and lncRNAs[J].Genome Biol,2021,22(1):27

    • [18] RIQUELME I,PÉREZ-MORENO P,LETELIER P,et al.The emerging role of PIWI⁃interacting RNAs(piRNAs)in gastrointestinal cancers:an updated perspective[J].Can⁃ cers,2021,14(1):202

    • [19] MOKARRAM P,NIKNAM M,SADEGHDOUST M,et al.PIWI interacting RNAs perspectives:a new avenues in fu⁃ ture cancer investigations[J].Bioengineered,2021,12(2):10401-10419

    • [20] ZHUANG J,YANG X,JIN Y,et al.Biological roles of piRNAs in colorectal cancer[J].Gene,2021,769:145063

    • [21] YUAN C,QIN H,PONNUSAMY M,et al.PIWI⁃interact⁃ ing RNA in cancer:molecular mechanisms and possible clinical implications(review)[J].Oncol Rep,2021,46(3):209

    • [22] CHENG J,DENG H X,XIAO B X,et al.piR⁃823,a novel non ⁃coding small RNA,demonstrates in vitro and in vivo tumor suppressive activity in human gastric cancer cells [J].Cancer Lett,2012,315(1):12-17

    • [23] ILIEV R,FEDORKO M,MACHACKOVA T,et al.Ex⁃ pression levels of PIWI⁃interacting RNA,piR⁃823,are de⁃ regulated in tumor tissue,blood serum and urine of pa⁃ tients with renal cell carcinoma[J].Anticancer Res,2016,36(12):6419-6423

    • [24] CORDEIRO A,NAVARRO A,GAYA A N,et al.PiwiR⁃ NA ⁃651 as marker of treatment response and survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(29):46002-46013

    • [25] CHENG J,GUO J M,XIAO B X,et al.PiRNA,the new non⁃coding RNA,is aberrantly expressed in human cancer cells[J].Clin Chim Acta,2011,412(17/18):1621-1625

    • [26] LAW P T Y,QIN H,CHING A K K,et al.Deep sequenc⁃ ing of small RNA transcriptome reveals novel non⁃coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2013,58(6):1165-1173

    • [27] MAI D M,ZHENG Y F,GUO H,et al.Serum piRNA ⁃ 54265 is a new biomarker for early detection and clinical surveillance of human colorectal cancer[J].Theranostics,2020,10(19):8468-8478

    • [28] WANG Z,YANG H,MA D,et al.Serum PIWI⁃interacting RNAs piR ⁃020619 and piR ⁃020450 are promising novel biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,2020,29(5):990-998

    • [29] WENG W H,LIU N,TOIYAMA Y,et al.Novel evidence for a PIWI⁃interacting RNA(PiRNA)as an oncogenic me⁃ diator of disease progression,and a potential prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer[J].Mol Cancer,2018,17(1):16

    • [30] SABBAH N A,ABDALLA W M,MAWLA W A,et al.piRNA⁃823 is a unique potential diagnostic non⁃invasive biomarker in colorectal cancer patients[J].Genes,2021,12(4):598

    • [31] MAI D M,DING P R,TAN L P,et al.PIWI ⁃interacting RNA⁃54265 is oncogenic and a potential therapeutic tar⁃ get in colorectal adenocarcinoma[J].Theranostics,2018,8(19):5213-5230

    • [32] IYER D N,WAN T M H,MAN J H W,et al.Small RNA profiling of piRNAs in colorectal cancer identifies consis⁃ tent overexpression of piR⁃24000 that correlates clinically with an aggressive disease phenotype[J].Cancers,2020,12(1):188

    • [33] VYCHYTILOVA⁃FALTEJSKOVA P,STITKOVCOVA K,RADOVA L,et al.Circulating PIWI ⁃ interacting RNAs piR ⁃ 5937 and piR ⁃ 28876 are promising diagnostic bio⁃ markers of colon cancer[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomark⁃ ers Prev,2018,27(9):1019-1028

    • [34] LIU Q,CHEN Q,ZHOU Z,et al.piRNA ⁃ 18 inhibition cell proliferation,migration and invasion in colorectal cancer[J].Biochem Genet,2023,61(5):1881-1897

    • [35] FENG J L,YANG M Q,WEI Q,et al.Novel evidence for oncogenic piRNA⁃823 as a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer[J].J Cell Mol Med,2020,24(16):9028-9040

    • [36] YIN J,QI W,JI C G,et al.Small RNA sequencing revealed aberrant piRNA expression profiles in colorectal cancer[J].Oncol Rep,2019,42(1):263-272