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通讯作者:

姚根宏,E-mail:yaogenhong@nju.edu.cn

中图分类号:R392.32

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)11-1509-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231105

参考文献 1
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 23
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参考文献 24
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参考文献 25
畅秀丽,张安兵.白芍总苷调控 NF⁃κB/NLRP3 信号通路对急性痛风性关节炎大鼠的影响机制研究[J].中国免疫学杂志,2023,39(2):313-317
参考文献 26
MENG Q,MENG W,BIAN H,et al.Total glucosides of paeony protects THP⁃1 macrophages against monosodium urate ⁃ induced inflammation via MALAT1/miR ⁃ 876 ⁃ 5p/NLRP3 signaling cascade in gouty arthritis[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2021,138:111413
参考文献 27
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨白芍总苷(total glucosides of paeony,TGP)治疗干燥综合征的效果及与抑制核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域 (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain,NOD)样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3, NLRP3)炎症体活化的关系,旨在阐明TGP治疗干燥综合征的新机制。方法:选取雌性非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠为干燥综合征模型。400 mg/kg TGP灌胃1个月后,测量小鼠唾液流量,观察颌下腺组织淋巴细胞浸润情况,检测脾脏细胞NLRP3炎症体活化状态。体外刺激脾脏细胞NLRP3炎症体活化,并用100 μg/mL TGP处理,RT-qPCR和Western blot法检测脾脏细胞NLRP3炎症体活化状态。结果:与对照组相比,TGP灌胃组小鼠唾液流量显著增加(P<0.05),颌下腺组织淋巴细胞浸润显著减少,脾脏细胞的NLRP3炎症体表达水平显著下降(P<0.05);体外实验也表明,TGP抑制脾脏细胞的炎症体活化(P<0.05)。结论:TGP改善干燥综合征小鼠症状,其机制与抑制NLRP3炎症体活化相关,揭示了TGP治疗干燥综合征的新机制,为进一步推广应用 TGP治疗干燥综合征提供了新的证据。

    Abstract

    Objective:The efficacy of total glucosides of paeony(TGP)in the treatment of Sjögren’s syndrome(SS)and its relationship with inhibition of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasome activation were investigated,so as to clarify the novel mechanisms of TGP on treatment of SS. Methods:Female non-obese diabetic mice were selected as the model of SS. The non-obese diabetic mice were intragastric administrated with TGP(400 mg/kg)for 1 month. The saliva flow rates of mice were measured. The lymphocyte infiltration in submandibular gland was determined. The NLRP3 inflammasome activation of spleen was detected. In vitro,the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in cultured splenocytes with 100 μg/mL TGP treatment. Then,the NLRP3 inflammasome activation was determined by RT -qPCR and Western blot. Results:Compared with the mice of control group,the saliva flow rates were significantly increased(P<0.05)and the lymphocyte infiltration in submandibular gland was significantly reduced in non-obese diabetic mice of TGP treatment group. The NLRP3 inflammasome of spleen was inhibited in non - obese diabetic mice with TGP treatment(P<0.05). In vitro,the NLRP3 inflammasome activation of splenocytes was also suppressed by TGP(P<0.05). Conclusion:TGP alleviates SS-like symptoms in non-obese diabetic mice,and these beneficial effects are related to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings not only uncover the novel mechanisms of therapeutic effects of TGP in SS,but also provide new evidences for application of TGP in treatment of SS patients.

  • 干燥综合征(Sjögren’s syndrome,SS)是一种慢性炎症性自身免疫病,其特征是泪腺和唾液腺功能受损,从而导致口眼干燥[1]。迄今为止,该疾病尚无特异性的治疗方法。当前一些SS治疗药物显示出一定效果,但也增加了患者感染和罹患恶性肿瘤的风险[2]。因此,寻找治疗效果好且不良反应小的药物是临床亟需解决的问题。白芍总苷(total gluco⁃ sides of paeony,TGP)是中药白芍的主要有效成分,主要由芍药苷、羟基芍药苷、芍药花苷、芍药内酯苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等成分组成[3]。研究表明,TGP具有抗炎、护肝及免疫调节等多种作用[4],已成为临床治疗SS患者的药物之一。

  • 核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(nucleotide binding oligomerization domain,NOD)样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白 3(NOD ⁃like receptor pyrin domain containing3,NLRP3)炎症体是 NOD 样受体家族的重要一员,其炎症体由NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis⁃ associated speck ⁃like protein containing a carboxyter⁃ minal CARD,ASC)及半胱氨酸蛋白酶⁃1 前体(pro⁃ Caspase ⁃1)组成。被激活的 NLRP3 炎症体可促使 ASC将pro⁃Caspase⁃1切割成Caspase⁃1,继而触发白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃1β及IL⁃18的释放,引起炎症反应[5-6]。已有研究显示,NLRP3炎症体及下游因子在SS患者的外周血单个核细胞、泪液和眼结膜印迹细胞中表达上调[7-8]。有证据表明,在重症SS患者的血清中存在炎性DNA积聚以及DNA降解受损。此外,重症SS患者外周血单个核细胞和唾液腺巨噬细胞均表现出NLRP3炎症体的激活,这可能与炎性DNA积聚有关[9]。一项关于SS合并非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的研究显示,SS患者唾液腺中P2X7、NLRP3、Caspase⁃1和 IL⁃18表达量均显著高于对照组[10]。以上研究结果说明SS的发病机制与NLRP3炎症体密切相关。

  • 脾脏是机体重要的免疫器官,研究发现脾脏细胞的炎症体激活后,会释放IL⁃1β、IL⁃18以及肿瘤坏死因子⁃α(tumor necrosis factor⁃α,TNF⁃α)等[11]。然而,TGP是否通过抑制脾脏NLRP3炎症体激活发挥免疫调节作用尚不清楚。本研究以雌性非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠为实验对象,观察TGP对SS小鼠的抗炎效果,并探索了TGP在体内外对SS小鼠脾脏NLRP3 炎症体的调节作用。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)级雌性非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠(7 周龄)购自常州卡文斯实验动物有限公司。TGP(宁波立华制药有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20055058)。抗小鼠NLRP3、 ASC 和 Caspase ⁃1 抗体(Cell Signaling Technology 公司,美国);抗β⁃肌动蛋白(β⁃actin)抗体(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司);RNA提取试剂盒、逆转录试剂盒和ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix(南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 动物分组与给药

  • 采用文献报道的公认SS小鼠模型[12],非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠作为 SS 模型小鼠。将 7 周龄非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠适应性饲养 1周后,随机分为对照组和 TGP组。TGP配制成 20 mg/mL 溶液。参照文献报道,按照成人与小鼠用药剂量换算系数计算[13],TGP 组每日以400 mg/kg TGP溶液(400 μL)灌胃,对照组以等体积PBS灌胃,连续用药4周后处理小鼠。

  • 1.2.2 唾液流量测定

  • 小鼠唾液流量测定方法根据文献报道[14],具体步骤如下:每只小鼠腹腔注射80 μL 0.14%的戊巴比妥钠麻醉,麻醉后腹腔注射毛果芸香碱,收集小鼠 15 min分泌的唾液。

  • 1.2.3 颌下腺病理

  • 小鼠处死后取颌下腺,于 4%多聚甲醛中固定过夜,然后制作石蜡切片,采用苏木精和伊红 (H&E)染色,并在显微镜下观察和拍照。

  • 1.2.4 实时荧光定量PCR(RT⁃qPCR)法检测mRNA 水平

  • 取适量脾脏组织,加1 mL TRIzol,提取总RNA;将总RNA逆转录成cDNA;采用RT⁃PCR法,以GAPDH 为内参,检测NLRP3、Caspase⁃1及ASC的表达。PCR 引物由金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成:GAPDH 上游引物序列 5′⁃AACGGATTTGGCCGTATTGG⁃3′,下游引物序列 5′ ⁃ CATTCTCGGCCTTGACTGTG ⁃ 3′; NLRP3 上游引物序列 5′⁃GTGTGGAT⁃CTTTGCTGC⁃ GAT ⁃ 3′,下游引物序列 5′ ⁃ TCTTCA ⁃ AGGCT⁃ GTCCTCCTG ⁃ 3′;Caspase ⁃ 1 上游引物序列 5′ ⁃ TCATTTCCGCGGTTGAATCC⁃3′,下游引物序列 5′ ⁃ CCAACAGGGCGTGAATACAG ⁃3′;ASC 上游引物序列 5′⁃GGCTGGCCTAAC ⁃TCAAGAGA⁃3′,下游引物序列5′⁃GATGCCCTCTTCTGGCTTTG⁃3′。

  • 1.2.5 蛋白印迹(Western blot)法检测蛋白表达

  • 提取小鼠脾脏总蛋白,然后加入上样缓冲液, 100℃加热样本15 min直至蛋白变性。每组取蛋白样品10 μL进行凝胶电泳并转移至PVDF 膜,5%脱脂牛奶封闭1.5 h,加入相应的一抗(抗小鼠NLRP3、 ASC、Caspase⁃1 抗体),抗体均以 1∶1 000 的比例稀释,摇床 4℃孵育过夜,次日用 TBST 洗 3 次,每次 10 min,加入辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxi⁃ dase,HRP)标记的二抗,室温孵育1 h,TBST洗涤后加发光液于凝胶成像仪曝光,用Image J软件进行分析。

  • 1.2.6 培养的脾脏细胞NLRP3炎症小体检测

  • 无菌条件下分离小鼠脾脏细胞,裂解红细胞后,将脾脏细胞以2×106 个/孔的密度接种在6孔板中,采用无血清RPMI 1640培养基37℃、5% CO2、饱和湿度下培养。根据文献报道[15-16],采用脂多糖 (lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)刺激细胞,按照处理干预因素将脾脏细胞分为3组:对照组、LPS+ATP处理组、LPS+ ATP+TGP处理组。对照组不加任何药物及刺激剂; LPS+ATP 组加入 1 μg/mL LPS 刺激细胞 4 h 后用 5 mmol/L ATP 刺激40 min;LPS +ATP + TGP 组加入 100 μg/mL TGP 同时连续加 LPS + ATP 进行刺激,方案同 LPS + ATP 组,LPS 刺激 4 h + ATP 刺激 40 min 后结束培养。按照 1.2.4 及 1.2.5 方法检测细胞中 NLRP3、ASC 和 Caspase ⁃ 1 的 mRNA 和蛋白的表达。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用Graph Pad Prism 9.0软件进行作图和数据分析,结果用均值±标准差(x-±s)表示,所有实验均独立重复3次。两组之间比较采用t检验,多组间差异比较采用One⁃way ANOVA 分析,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 TGP治疗后SS小鼠唾液流量增加

  • TGP 灌胃 1 个月后,两组小鼠之间的体重没有明显差异(P>0.05,图1A)。TGP 组小鼠的唾液流量较PBS组显著增加(P<0.05,图1B)。TGP组颌下腺重量较PBS组明显下降(P<0.05,图1C)。

  • 图1 TGP降低小鼠颌下腺重量同时增加唾液流量但对体重无显著影响

  • Figure1 TGP decreased the weight of submandibular gland and increased saliva flow in mice,but had no significant effect on body weight of mice

  • 2.2 TGP治疗后颌下腺中淋巴浸润减少

  • 对照组小鼠颌下腺的血管和导管周围可见多个淋巴细胞浸润灶,而TGP组小鼠颌下淋巴细胞浸润显著减少(图2)。

  • 2.3 TGP抑制小鼠体内脾脏细胞NLRP3炎症体活化

  • 与对照组比较,TGP组小鼠脾脏组织中NLRP3、 ASC和Caspase⁃1 mRNA表达明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图3A~C)。Western blot 检测蛋白表达水平,结果显示 TGP 治疗后小鼠脾脏组织中 NLRP3、ASC和Caspase⁃1蛋白表达也显著低于PBS 处理组(P<0.05,图3D、E)。

  • 2.4 TGP体外抑制脾脏细胞NLRP3炎症体活化

  • 与对照组相比,LPS+ATP组脾脏细胞中NLRP3、 ASC及Caspase⁃1的mRNA表达量显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。但是,与LPS+ATP组相比, LPS+ATP+TGP 组脾脏细胞中 NLRP3、ASC 及 Cas⁃ pase⁃1的mRNA 表达量显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图4A~C)。为了进一步验证以上结果,采用Western blot 法检测了以上炎症体相关基因的蛋白表达水平。LPS+ATP 组脾脏细胞的 NLRP3、 ASC及Caspase⁃1的蛋白表达水平显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而LPS+ATP+TGP组脾脏细胞中NLRP3、ASC及Caspase⁃1的蛋白表达水平显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图4D、E)。

  • 图2 TGP减轻颌下腺淋巴细胞浸润

  • Figure2 TGP reduces lymphocyte infiltration in subman⁃ dibular gland

  • 图3 TGP抑制小鼠脾脏组织NLRP3、ASC和Caspase⁃1基因和蛋白的表达

  • Figure3 TGP inhibits mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3,ASC and Caspase⁃1 in spleen tissue from mice

  • 图4 TGP体外抑制小鼠脾脏细胞NLRP3、ASC和Caspase⁃1的活化

  • Figure4 TGP inhibits the activation of NLRP3,ASC and Caspase⁃1 in mouse spleen cells in vitro

  • 3 讨论

  • SS确切病因及发病机制尚不清楚,一般认为可能与病毒感染、环境、药物及激素水平相关[17]。到目前为止,SS的治疗药物仍以激素类药物及免疫抑制剂为主,但这类药物有明显的不良反应[18]。近年来,中药治疗SS的效果在临床实践中得到证实,其中TGP有较好的免疫调节作用且不良反应少,在治疗SS中显现出一定优势[19]

  • 炎症体是一种受病原体相关分子模式或危险相关分子模式刺激的细胞内蛋白质复合体。这种复合体存在于免疫细胞的胞浆中,如单核细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞。其中 NLRP3 炎症体表达于多种细胞的胞浆中,包括粒细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、T细胞和B细胞等[20]。近年来研究表明,NLRP3炎症体参与了多种自身免疫病的发展, NLRP3炎症体的激活与疾病活动密切相关,抑制其激活可延缓疾病进程[21-22]

  • 尽管 TGP 已被用于临床治疗 SS 患者,但是, TGP 改善 SS 病情的机制尚不明确。以往研究结果显示,TGP 可减轻 NOD 小鼠的炎症反应,降低血清及颌下腺中细胞因子和自身抗原的浓度[23]。在SS 模型小鼠中,TGP可通过调节神经递质改善小鼠便秘,同时通过调节免疫调节肽的浓度来抑制小鼠的肠道炎症[13]。在一项关于原发性SS的临床试验中发现,TGP可下调Treg细胞表面程序性细胞死亡蛋白⁃1(programmed death⁃1,PD⁃1)的表达,进而增强 Treg细胞的免疫抑制功能,抑制T、B淋巴细胞的活化和自身抗体的分泌,从而缓解疾病症状[24]。本研究中 TGP 治疗小鼠的唾液流量显著增加,颌下腺组织淋巴细胞浸润明显减少,表明 TGP 能够缓解SS症状;与对照组小鼠相比,TGP 组小鼠脾脏中 NLRP3 炎症体表达水平明显降低,说明 TGP 可抑制脾脏中 NLRP3 炎症体。同时体外研究也证实, TGP 可显著抑制脾脏细胞中经 LPS 和 ATP 诱导活化后的 NLRP3 炎症体。最近一项研究表明,TGP 通过抑制 NF⁃κB/NLRP3 信号通路改善急性痛风性关节炎的炎症状态。这与本研究结论一致,即 TGP 可以抑制 NLRP3 炎症体活化[25]。另一项研究中,体外模拟痛风性关节炎的巨噬细胞炎症,发现 TGP 能抑制巨噬细胞中的 NLRP3 炎症体活化,进一步研究表明其机制在于调控 miR⁃876⁃5p 通路。该研究结论与本研究结果一样,证明了 TGP 能抑制NLRP3炎症体活化[26]

  • 抑制炎症体活化是治疗 SS 的新方向,研究显示,P2X7能够激活NLRP3炎症体。在自身免疫性外分泌病小鼠模型中,P2X7缺陷小鼠不表现出NLRP3 激活,并且 P2X7 受体拮抗剂能减少唾液腺炎症和增加唾液分泌[27]。在另一项动物实验中,抑制 NLRP3 炎症体的激活能够减轻 NOD/ShiLtJ 小鼠颌下腺细胞凋亡及炎症反应,从而改善SS症状[28]。这与本研究结果一致,即抑制NLRP3炎症体激活从而达到治疗SS等自身免疫性疾病的目的。

  • 综上所述,本研究结果提示TGP改善SS症状的机制可能是通过抑制脾脏细胞NLRP3 炎症体的活化。本研究结果不仅揭示了TGP治疗SS的新机制,而且为进一步推广应用TGP治疗SS患者提供了新的证据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 许华宁,吴意赟,宋旭光,等.涎腺杨氏模量值在干燥综合征诊断中的可靠性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(6):861-866

    • [2] 孙幸福,黄菲.原发性干燥综合征患者血液学异常的临床探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(7):1000⁃1002

    • [3] 马丽,李作孝.白芍总苷的免疫调节功能及其临床应用[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2010,16(17):244-246

    • [4] JIANG H,LI J,WANG L,et al.Total glucosides of paeony:a review of its phytochemistry,role in autoimmune diseases,and mechanisms of action[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2020,258:112913

    • [5] SHEN H,YANG Y,MENG X,et al.NLRP3:A promising therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases[J].Autoim⁃ mun Rev,2018,17(7):694-702

    • [6] YANG Y,WANG H,KOUADIR M,et al.Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors[J].Cell Death Dis,2019,10(2):128

    • [7] KIM S K,CHOE J Y,LEE G H.Enhanced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome⁃related inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Sjögren’s syndrome[J].Clin Chim Acta,2017,474:147-154

    • [8] NIU L,ZHANG S,WU J,et al.Upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the tears and ocular surface of dry eye patients[J].PloS One,2015,10(5):e126277

    • [9] VAKRAKOU A G,BOIU S,ZIAKAS P D,et al.Systemic activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in patients with severe primary Sjögren’s syndrome fueled by inflammagenic DNA accumulations[J].JAutoimmun,2018,91:23-33

    • [10] BALDINI C,SANTINI E,ROSSI C,et al.The P2X7 receptor ⁃ NLRP3 inflammasome complex predicts the development of non ⁃ Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Sjogren’s syndrome:a prospective,observational,single ⁃ centre study[J].J Intern Med,2017,282(2):175-186

    • [11] FAN H,ZHANG S,LI N,et al.Stable expression ratios of five pyroptosis ⁃inducing cytokines in the spleen and thy⁃ mus of mice showed potential immune regulation at the organ level[J].Lupus,2020,29(3):290-302

    • [12] SCURON M D,FAY B,OLIVER J,et al.Spontaneous model of sjögren’s syndrome in NOD mice[J].Curr Pro⁃ toc Pharmacol,2019,86(1):e65

    • [13] LIU G,WANG Z,LI X,et al.Total glucosides of paeony(TGP)alleviates constipation and intestinal inflammation in mice induced by Sjögren’s syndrome[J].J Ethnophar⁃ macol,2020,260:113056

    • [14] 林青,张前德.黄芪丹参对干燥综合征模型大鼠颌下腺的干预研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2010,30(4):454-457

    • [15] LI X,ZHANG X,PAN Y,et al.mTOR regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via reactive oxygen species in murine lupus[J].Acta Biochim Biophys Sin(Shanghai),2018,50(9):888-896

    • [16] 熊传锋,齐杰莹,邓蓉,等.白芍总苷抑制小鼠T淋巴细胞体外增殖促进活化诱导细胞死亡[J].南方医科大学学报,2020,40(1):118-124

    • [17] ANDRÉ F,BÖCKLE B C.Sjögren’s syndrome[J].J Dtsch Dermatol Ges,2022,20(7):980-1002

    • [18] FELTEN R,SCHER F,SIBILIA J,et al.The pipeline of targeted therapies under clinical development for primary Sjögren’s syndrome:a systematic review of trials[J].Autoimmun Rev,2019,18(6):576-582

    • [19] ZHANG L,WEI W.Anti⁃inflammatory and immunoregu⁃ latory effects of paeoniflorin and total glucosides of paeony [J].Pharmacol Ther,2020,207:107452

    • [20] GORAILONA M,ANNA C,PIOTR L.NLRP3 inflamma⁃ someat the interface of inflammation,endothelial dysfunc⁃ tion,and type 2 diabetes[J].Cells,2021,10(2):314

    • [21] ZHAO C,GU Y,ZENG X,et al.NLRP3 inflammasome regulates Th17 differentiation in rheumatoid arthritis[J].Clin Immunol,2018,197:154-160

    • [22] SHAO S,CHEN C,SHI G,et al.Therapeutic potential of the target on NLRP3 inflammasome in multiple sclerosis [J].Pharmacol Ther,2021,227:107880

    • [23] LI B,LIU G,LIU R,et al.Total glucosides of paeony(TGP)alleviates Sjogren’s syndrome through inhibiting inflammatory responses in mice[J].Phytomedicine,2020,71:153203

    • [24] CHEN Y,WANG Y,XU L,et al.Influence of total gluco⁃ sides of paeony on PD ⁃ 1/PD ⁃ L1 expression in primary Sjögren’s syndrome[J].Int J Rheum Dis,2019,22(2):200-206

    • [25] 畅秀丽,张安兵.白芍总苷调控 NF⁃κB/NLRP3 信号通路对急性痛风性关节炎大鼠的影响机制研究[J].中国免疫学杂志,2023,39(2):313-317

    • [26] MENG Q,MENG W,BIAN H,et al.Total glucosides of paeony protects THP⁃1 macrophages against monosodium urate ⁃ induced inflammation via MALAT1/miR ⁃ 876 ⁃ 5p/NLRP3 signaling cascade in gouty arthritis[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2021,138:111413

    • [27] KHALAFALLAMAHMOUD G,WOODSLUCAS T,CAM⁃ DENJEAN M,et al.P2X7 receptor antagonism prevents IL ⁃ 1β release from salivary epithelial cells and reduces inflammation in a mouse model of autoimmune exocrino ⁃ pathy[J].JBiolChem,2017,292(40):16626-16637

    • [28] HE J,WANG Y,XU L,et al.Ruscogenin ameliorated Sjögren’s syndrome by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2022,2022:6425121

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 许华宁,吴意赟,宋旭光,等.涎腺杨氏模量值在干燥综合征诊断中的可靠性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(6):861-866

    • [2] 孙幸福,黄菲.原发性干燥综合征患者血液学异常的临床探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(7):1000⁃1002

    • [3] 马丽,李作孝.白芍总苷的免疫调节功能及其临床应用[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2010,16(17):244-246

    • [4] JIANG H,LI J,WANG L,et al.Total glucosides of paeony:a review of its phytochemistry,role in autoimmune diseases,and mechanisms of action[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2020,258:112913

    • [5] SHEN H,YANG Y,MENG X,et al.NLRP3:A promising therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases[J].Autoim⁃ mun Rev,2018,17(7):694-702

    • [6] YANG Y,WANG H,KOUADIR M,et al.Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors[J].Cell Death Dis,2019,10(2):128

    • [7] KIM S K,CHOE J Y,LEE G H.Enhanced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome⁃related inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Sjögren’s syndrome[J].Clin Chim Acta,2017,474:147-154

    • [8] NIU L,ZHANG S,WU J,et al.Upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the tears and ocular surface of dry eye patients[J].PloS One,2015,10(5):e126277

    • [9] VAKRAKOU A G,BOIU S,ZIAKAS P D,et al.Systemic activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in patients with severe primary Sjögren’s syndrome fueled by inflammagenic DNA accumulations[J].JAutoimmun,2018,91:23-33

    • [10] BALDINI C,SANTINI E,ROSSI C,et al.The P2X7 receptor ⁃ NLRP3 inflammasome complex predicts the development of non ⁃ Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Sjogren’s syndrome:a prospective,observational,single ⁃ centre study[J].J Intern Med,2017,282(2):175-186

    • [11] FAN H,ZHANG S,LI N,et al.Stable expression ratios of five pyroptosis ⁃inducing cytokines in the spleen and thy⁃ mus of mice showed potential immune regulation at the organ level[J].Lupus,2020,29(3):290-302

    • [12] SCURON M D,FAY B,OLIVER J,et al.Spontaneous model of sjögren’s syndrome in NOD mice[J].Curr Pro⁃ toc Pharmacol,2019,86(1):e65

    • [13] LIU G,WANG Z,LI X,et al.Total glucosides of paeony(TGP)alleviates constipation and intestinal inflammation in mice induced by Sjögren’s syndrome[J].J Ethnophar⁃ macol,2020,260:113056

    • [14] 林青,张前德.黄芪丹参对干燥综合征模型大鼠颌下腺的干预研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2010,30(4):454-457

    • [15] LI X,ZHANG X,PAN Y,et al.mTOR regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via reactive oxygen species in murine lupus[J].Acta Biochim Biophys Sin(Shanghai),2018,50(9):888-896

    • [16] 熊传锋,齐杰莹,邓蓉,等.白芍总苷抑制小鼠T淋巴细胞体外增殖促进活化诱导细胞死亡[J].南方医科大学学报,2020,40(1):118-124

    • [17] ANDRÉ F,BÖCKLE B C.Sjögren’s syndrome[J].J Dtsch Dermatol Ges,2022,20(7):980-1002

    • [18] FELTEN R,SCHER F,SIBILIA J,et al.The pipeline of targeted therapies under clinical development for primary Sjögren’s syndrome:a systematic review of trials[J].Autoimmun Rev,2019,18(6):576-582

    • [19] ZHANG L,WEI W.Anti⁃inflammatory and immunoregu⁃ latory effects of paeoniflorin and total glucosides of paeony [J].Pharmacol Ther,2020,207:107452

    • [20] GORAILONA M,ANNA C,PIOTR L.NLRP3 inflamma⁃ someat the interface of inflammation,endothelial dysfunc⁃ tion,and type 2 diabetes[J].Cells,2021,10(2):314

    • [21] ZHAO C,GU Y,ZENG X,et al.NLRP3 inflammasome regulates Th17 differentiation in rheumatoid arthritis[J].Clin Immunol,2018,197:154-160

    • [22] SHAO S,CHEN C,SHI G,et al.Therapeutic potential of the target on NLRP3 inflammasome in multiple sclerosis [J].Pharmacol Ther,2021,227:107880

    • [23] LI B,LIU G,LIU R,et al.Total glucosides of paeony(TGP)alleviates Sjogren’s syndrome through inhibiting inflammatory responses in mice[J].Phytomedicine,2020,71:153203

    • [24] CHEN Y,WANG Y,XU L,et al.Influence of total gluco⁃ sides of paeony on PD ⁃ 1/PD ⁃ L1 expression in primary Sjögren’s syndrome[J].Int J Rheum Dis,2019,22(2):200-206

    • [25] 畅秀丽,张安兵.白芍总苷调控 NF⁃κB/NLRP3 信号通路对急性痛风性关节炎大鼠的影响机制研究[J].中国免疫学杂志,2023,39(2):313-317

    • [26] MENG Q,MENG W,BIAN H,et al.Total glucosides of paeony protects THP⁃1 macrophages against monosodium urate ⁃ induced inflammation via MALAT1/miR ⁃ 876 ⁃ 5p/NLRP3 signaling cascade in gouty arthritis[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2021,138:111413

    • [27] KHALAFALLAMAHMOUD G,WOODSLUCAS T,CAM⁃ DENJEAN M,et al.P2X7 receptor antagonism prevents IL ⁃ 1β release from salivary epithelial cells and reduces inflammation in a mouse model of autoimmune exocrino ⁃ pathy[J].JBiolChem,2017,292(40):16626-16637

    • [28] HE J,WANG Y,XU L,et al.Ruscogenin ameliorated Sjögren’s syndrome by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2022,2022:6425121