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通讯作者:

林松,E-mail:linsong19711991@sina.com

中图分类号:R542.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)11-1535-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231109

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究急性 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者冠脉自发性再通 (spontaneous recanalization,SR)的影响因素及其对长期预后的影响。方法:连续纳入2011年7月—2019年4月于南京市第一医院诊断为STEMI并行急诊冠脉介入治疗的患者,根据冠脉造影结果分为非SR组(TIMI血流0~1级)和SR组(TIMI血流2~ 3级),收集两组患者一般临床资料、实验室检查结果、冠脉造影及药物治疗数据,主要观察终点为全因死亡。结果:共纳入 1124例STEMI 患者,其中包括SR 组272例(24.2%),非SR 组852例(75.8%)。SR 组患者高血压比例、肌酸激酶同工酶(cre- atine kinase isoenzyme-MB,CK-MB)峰值、肌酐、尿酸、血栓抽吸比例、主动脉内球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP)植入及院内死亡率明显低于非SR组,而左心室射血分数高于非SR组。多因素Logistic回归分析显示合并高血压不利于SR发生(OR= 0.744,95%CI:0.561~0.985,P=0.039)。随访时间为79(61,101)个月,124例患者出现全因死亡。Kaplan-Meier 曲线显示,SR组和非SR患者生存时间差异无统计学意义(log-rank P=0.182)。多因素COX回归分析显示,年龄、Killip分级、肌酐、院内IABP植入、左心室射血分数、单支病变、替格瑞洛、β受体阻滞剂为STEMI患者全因死亡的独立预测因子。结论:近1/4的STEMI患者急诊冠脉介入治疗前发生SR,合并高血压不利于SR发生,而长期随访显示SR并未降低STEMI患者的全因死亡率。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the factors of spontaneous recanalization(SR)and its impact on long-term prognosis in patients with acute ST -segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI). Methods:The study consecutively enrolled patients diagnosed with STEMI and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention in Nanjing First Hospital from July 2011 to April 2019. Patients were divided into the SR group(TIMI flow grade 0-1)and the non -SR group(TIMI flow grade 2-3)based on the results of coronary angiography. The data of the two groups were collected,including general clinical data,laboratory test results,coronary angiography and drug treatment. The primary endpoint was all - cause death. Results:Total 1124 patients were enrolled,including 272 patients (24.2%)in the SR group and 852 patients(75.8%)in the non-SR group. Patients with SR were significantly decreased in proportions of hypertension,creatine kinase isoenzyme -MB(CK -MB)peak value,creatinine levels,uric acid levels,thrombus vessel aspiration rate,intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP)implantation rate and in-hospital mortality,compared with the non-SR group. However,the left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in the SR group than in the non-SR group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension was a disadvantage for SR(OR=0.744,95%CI:0.561-0.985,P=0.039). The follow-up period was 79(61,101)months, during which 124 patients occurred all - cause mortality. Kaplan - Meier curves indicated that there was no significant difference in survival time between the SR group and the non-SR group(log-rank P=0.182). Multivariate COX regression analysis revealed that age, Killip classification,creatinine,in-hospital IABP implantation,left ventricular ejection fraction,single-vessel disease,ticagrelor and β -blocker were independent predictors of all - cause death in STEMI patients. Conclusion:Nearly 1/4 of STEMI patients occur SR before the primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Hypertension is an unfavorable factor for SR occurrence. However,long -term follow-up reveals that SR does not reduce all-cause mortality in STEMI patients.

  • 急性 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死(ST⁃segment eleva⁃ tion myocardial infarction,STEMI)是临床上常见的严重心血管疾病,主要发生机制是冠状动脉完全闭塞,导致心肌细胞坏死,临床表现为胸痛持续不缓解、心电图对应导联的ST段抬高及心肌酶肌钙蛋白升高。STEMI治疗的关键在于对梗死血管行再灌注策略,包括溶栓治疗、介入治疗及冠状动脉旁路移植术。再灌注治疗能够显著改善患者预后,减少心肌梗死面积,最大限度保障患者的心脏功能[1]。冠脉造影过程中发现,部分STEMI患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI) 术前出现梗死相关血管自发性再通(spontaneous re⁃ canalization,SR)现象,表现为心肌梗死溶栓治疗 (thormbolysis in myocardical infarction,TIMI)血流分数≥2 级[2]。冠脉 SR 可能与病变血管发生痉挛,内源性溶栓,术前使用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷及肝素有关[3-4]。既往研究发现,冠脉SR有利于减少梗死面积,保护心脏功能,降低心脏事件的发生,改善患者短期预后[5-6]。但目前尚缺乏冠脉SR对STEMI患者长期预后的研究,而且最近ATLANTIC研究显示,冠脉SR并不能预测低危STEMI患者30 d的心血管事件[7]。因此,本研究旨在探究STEMI患者冠脉SR的预测因素,以及冠脉SR对患者远期预后的影响。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究是基于南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)心内科牵头的MOODY心肌梗死注册研究(NCT03051048)的一项回顾性观察性研究[8]。纳入2011年7月—2019年4月在南京医科大学附属南京医院(南京市第一医院)确诊的急性 STEMI 患者 1 124 例,所有患者发病到入院 12 h 内行急诊冠状动脉造影。STEMI诊断标准按照中华医学会发布的急性 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南 (2019)[9]。排除标准:STEMI 患者发病超过 12 h 或未行急诊冠状动脉造影;已行溶栓治疗的患者;急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死;既往有严重心脏疾病、肝肾功能严重不全、恶性肿瘤病史及严重凝血系统疾病患者。研究方案由医院伦理审查委员会批准 (批件号:KY20170904⁃07)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 TIMI血流分级及冠脉SR的定义

  • TIMl 分级:①0级:血管闭塞远端无前向血流; ②1 级:病变远段血管有前向血流灌注但不能充盈远段血管床;③2级:造影剂可完全充盈冠状动脉远端,但造影剂充盈及清除速度减慢;④3级:造影剂完全充盈病变远段血管并快速清除。TIMI血流0~1级为无冠脉SR组,TIMI血流2~3级为冠脉SR组[10]

  • 1.2.2 资料收集

  • 收集 1 124 例患者基本信息、冠心病危险因素 (包括高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟)、临床表现、实验室检查结果[肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzyme⁃MB,CK⁃MB)峰值、血肌酐、尿酸及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇]、左心室射血分数、药物治疗方案、住院时间及冠状动脉介入治疗情况(TIMI 血流分级、罪犯血管、支架植入、血栓抽吸等)。所有患者入选后通过电话或门诊随访,末次随访时间为2023年 1月,随访终点为全因死亡。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS 22.0软件进行数据分析,对符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,两组间比较使用独立样本t检验。对不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,两组间比较使用 Mann⁃Whitney U 检验。计数资料采用例数和构成比(率)[n(%)]表示,两组间比较采用卡方检验。通过单因素分析筛选出有统计学差异的变量,多因素Logistic 回归分析探究冠脉SR的预测因素。利用 Kaplan⁃Meier 法绘制冠脉 SR 和冠脉非SR患者的生存曲线,Log⁃rank检验比较相应生存曲线间的差异。通过单因素分析筛选出有统计学差异的变量进入单因素COX回归分析,多因素COX 回归分析探究 STEMI 患者全因死亡的独立预后因子。所有检验均采用双侧检验,P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者基线资料

  • 本研究共纳入1 124例STEMI患者,其中SR组 272 例(24.2%),非 SR 组 852 例(75.8%)(表1)。两组患者一般资料(年龄、性别)、危险因素(糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟)、心率、平均动脉压、Killip分级、胸痛至就诊时间、前壁心肌梗死比例、梗死相关血管冠状动脉左前降支(left coronary artery descending, LAD)比例、介入治疗(包括支架植入比例、支架数目、长度、直径)及住院时间差异均无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。SR组患者高血压比例、CK⁃MB峰值、肌酐、尿酸、血栓抽吸比例、主动脉内球囊反搏(intra⁃ aortic balloon pump,IABP)植入及院内死亡率均明显低于非 SR 组,而左心室射血分数高于非 SR 组 (P<0.05)。这些结果提示与非 SR 组比较,SR 组梗死面积降低,左心室收缩功能明显改善,院内死亡率降低。

  • 表1 SR组和非SR组患者临床基线资料

  • Table1 Clinical baseline data of patients in SR group and non⁃SR group

  • 2.2 冠脉SR的影响因素分析

  • 单因素 Logistic 回归分析显示,高血压(OR= 0.729,95% CI:0.553~0.960,P=0.025)、肌酐(OR= 0.489,95% CI:0.275~0.870,P=0.015)及尿酸(OR= 0.848,95% CI:0.738~0.975,P=0.020)与冠脉 SR 相关。进一步纳入这些因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,发现合并高血压不利于冠脉SR发生(OR=0.744, 95%CI:0.561~0.985,P=0.039,表2)。

  • 2.3 冠脉SR与STEMI患者预后的关系

  • 所有患者随访至 2023 年 1 月,随访时间为 79(61,101)个月,期间 124 例患者出现全因死亡。全因死亡组患者年龄、Killip分级、胸痛至就诊时间、 CK⁃MB峰值、肌酐、IABP植入、住院时间等指标的数值均明显大于存活组(P<0.05);而男性患者比例、高脂血症、平均动脉压、左心室射血分数、单支病变比例,阿司匹林、替格瑞洛、他汀、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(angiotensin ⁃ converting enzyme inhibitor, ACEI)/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor blocker,ARB)及β受体阻滞剂使用率均低于存活组 (P<0.05,表3)。Kaplan⁃Meier 曲线显示,SR 组和非SR组患者在随访期间的生存时间差异并无统计学意义(Log⁃rank P=0.182,图1)。

  • 表2 Logistic回归分析冠脉SR的影响因素

  • Table2 Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors on SR

  • 2.4 糖尿病患者临床资料及预后分析

  • 根据是否合并糖尿病,将患者分为糖尿病组和非糖尿病组。糖尿病患者年龄、合并高血压及Killip Ⅲ~Ⅳ级比例均高于非糖尿病患者(P<0.05);而男性比例、吸烟比例、CK⁃MB峰值、尿酸及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均低于非糖尿病组(P<0.05,表4)。 Kaplan⁃Meier 曲线显示,糖尿病组和非糖尿病组患者在随访期间的生存时间差异无统计学意义 (log⁃rank P=0.289)。

  • 2.5 全因死亡生存分析

  • 单因素 COX 回归分析显示年龄、平均动脉压、 Killip分级、胸痛至就诊时间、高脂血症、吸烟、肌酐、尿酸、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、CK⁃MB峰值、左心室射血分数、单支病变、支架长度、院内IABP植入、替格瑞洛、β受体阻滞剂、ACEI/ARB 及住院时间均能预测 STEMI 患者发生全因死亡事件(表5)。多因素 COX 回归分析显示年龄、Killip 分级、肌酐、左心室射血分数、单支病变、院内 IABP 植入、替格瑞洛、β 受体阻滞剂为全因死亡的独立预测因子。

  • 3 讨论

  • 既往研究发现,部分STEMI患者行PCI术前会出现冠脉SR现象。冠脉SR发生比例为10%~30%[11],本研究中冠脉SR发生率为24.2%。SR标志着患者在心肌梗死早期发生再灌注,与非SR患者相比,SR 患者心肌梗死面积较小,发生心力衰竭的可能性更低[12-14]。Krawczyk 等[6] 发现初次行PCI前TIMI血流3级的患者左心室功能改善更好,这意味着SR有助于患者左心功能改善。利用心脏核磁共振显像评估心肌梗死面积和微血管阻塞,发现PCI前TIMI 血流越高,心肌梗死面积越低,微血管阻塞的发生率越低[15]。影响冠脉 SR 的因素有很多,一项纳入 1 209例患者的队列研究发现O型血与AMI患者梗死相关动脉的 SR 独立相关[16]。除此之外,脂蛋白 a、高凝血酶原和纤溶酶相关的标志物、纤维蛋白原与白蛋白比值、梗死前心绞痛等因素也被报道和冠脉SR有关[317]

  • 表3 全因死亡组与存活组患者临床基线资料

  • Table3 Clinical baseline data of patients in all cause mortality group and survival group

  • 图1 SR组和非SR组Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线

  • Figure1 Kaplan ⁃Meier survival curves of SR group and non⁃SR group

  • 本研究发现高血压可作为STEMI 患者冠脉SR 的独立预测因子,高血压不利于SR发生。这与既往研究结果一致,冠脉SR患者高血压比例明显低[18]。然而目前尚不清楚高血压如何影响冠脉SR。研究发现高血压危象患者的血管性血友病因子、凝血酶原片段和纤溶酶⁃抗纤溶酶复合物水平显著高于正常血压患者[19-20]。高血压可导致纤溶系统缺陷[21],降低血压可恢复患者组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue⁃ type plasminogen activator,t⁃PA)释放功能。高血压容易导致内皮细胞功能受损,内皮功能异常可导致血浆t⁃PA 水平升高,进一步影响血栓形成[22]。另外,高血压患者通常需要长期服用降压药物,这些降压药物可能对纤溶系统有一定影响[23-24]。因此,高血压可能通过作用纤溶系统影响冠脉SR,但具体机制仍需要更多研究阐明。

  • 表4 糖尿病与非糖尿病患者临床基线资料

  • Table4 Clinical baseline data of patients in diabetes group and non⁃diabetes group

  • 本研究发现尽管冠脉SR患者院内死亡率低,但长期随访中并未发现SR患者的全因死亡率明显降低。既往很多研究证实PCI 术前冠脉SR 可以降低患者在术后1、3、12个月的心血管事件。Stone等[25] 分析了入选4项PAMI试验的2 507例STEMI患者, 6 个月随访结果显示PCI前TIMI 血流3级是患者生存的独立预测因素。HORIZONS⁃AMI 研究纳入 3 602例STEMI患者,结果显示PCI术前TIMI血流2~3级可以显著降低患者1年死亡率[26]。ACSIS研究纳入3 840例STEMI 患者,TIMI 血流 1~3 级与 TIMI 血流0级相比,30 d主要心血管事件和1年死亡率都显著降低[27]。但也有部分研究得出了不同的结论,De 等[28] 根据TIMI评分将STEMI患者分为低危组和高危组,发现 TIMI 血流 3 级可以独立预测高危患者 1 年生存率,但在低危患者中没有显著差异。 ATLANTIC研究纳入1 680例STEMI患者,所有患者 6 h内行再灌注治疗,结果显示术前TIMI血流3级不是30 d主要心血管事件的独立预测因素[7]。Li等[11] 研究发现冠脉SR可以降低STEMI患者的院内心血管事件,但在中位数为41个月的长期随访中主要心血管事件无差异。ASSENT⁃4 PCI研究中纳入1 667例 STEMI 患者,结果发现 PCI 术前 TIMI 血流 3 级不是 3 个月生存的独立预测因子,但冠脉SR患者PCI术后出现 TIMI 血流 3 级和 ST 段回落的比例更高[29]。这些研究之间差异的原因可能是:①本研究中冠脉 SR定义为TIMI血流2级和3级,但是很多研究仅定义为TIMI血流3级;②本研究采用全因死亡作为主要终点事件,但很多研究采用主要心血管不良事件作为复合终点;③随访时间差异,本研究随访时间为79(61,101)个月,既往研究随访时间大多<12个月,影响远期预后的因素较多,可能受患者年龄、生活方式、其他疾病、药物治疗因素等干扰;④很多研究对STEMI进行危险分层,本研究并没有进行危险分层。

  • 表5 STEMI患者全因死亡COX回归分析结果

  • Table5 COX regression analysis of all cause mortality in patients with STEMI

  • 本研究尚有许多不足之处:①本研究仅收集患者入院时的基线数据,未收集随访期间数据,因此可能忽略了这些因素对患者预后的影响;②冠脉SR 受到患者纤溶与凝血系统的影响,早期使用低分子肝素等药物未能纳入数据分析中;③所有数据来自单中心的临床数据,需要有多中心、前瞻性和更大样本的临床随机对照实验来验证冠脉SR对患者预后的预测价值。

  • 综上,本研究结果显示24.2% 的STEMI患者急诊 PCI治疗前发生 SR,合并高血压不利于 SR 的发生,而长期随访显示SR并未降低STEMI患者的全因死亡。因此,SR对患者的预后影响仍然需要进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ESC S G.The task force for the management of acute myo⁃ cardial infarction in patients presenting with st ⁃ segment elevation of the European society of cardiology(esc)2017 esc guidelines for themanagement of acutemyocardial in⁃ farction in patients presenting with ST ⁃segment elevation [J].Russ J Cardiol,2018(5):103-158

    • [2] SHAABAN R,EL ETRIBY A,KAMAL D,et al.Prognos⁃ tic impact of pre⁃interventional culprit artery thrombolysis in myocardial infarction(TIMI)flow in patients with ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by prima⁃ ry percutaneous coronary intervention[J].Egypt Heart J,2022,74(1):1-8

    • [3] ZHAO Y P,YANG J J,JI Y Y,et al.Usefulness of fibrino⁃ gen ⁃to ⁃albumin ratio to predict no ⁃ reflow and short ⁃term prognosis in patients with ST⁃segment elevation myocardi⁃ al infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention[J].Heart Vessels,2019,34(10):1600-1607

    • [4] KRYCZKA K E,KRUK M,DEMKOW M,et al.Fibrino⁃ gen and a triad of thrombosis,inflammation,and the renin⁃ angiotensin system in premature coronary artery disease in women:a new insight into sex⁃related differences in the pathogenesis of the disease[J].Biomolecules,2021,11(7):1036

    • [5] OVERTCHOUK P,BARTHÉLÉMY O,HAUGUEL ⁃ MOREAU M,et al.Angiographic predictors of outcome in myocardial infarction patients presenting with cardiogenic shock:a CULPRIT ⁃ SHOCK angiographic substudy[J].EuroIntervention,2021,16(15):1237-1244

    • [6] KRAWCZYK K,STEPIEN K,NOWAK K,et al.ST ⁃seg⁃ ment re ⁃ elevation following primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction with patent infarct ⁃ related artery:impact on left ventricular function recovery and remodel⁃ ing[J].Pwki,2019,15(4):412-421

    • [7] BAUER T,ZEYMER U,DIALLO A,et al.Impact of pre⁃ procedural TIMI flow on clinical outcome in low ⁃ risk pa⁃ tients with ST ⁃ elevation myocardial infarction:results from the ATLANTIC study[J].Catheter Cardiovasc In⁃ terv,2020,95(3):494-500

    • [8] XUE X,KAN J,ZHANG J J,et al.Comparison in preva⁃ lence,predictors,and clinical outcome of VSR versus FWR after acute myocardial infarction:the prospective,multicenter registry MOODY trial ⁃ heart rupture analysis [J].Cardiovasc Revascularization Med,2019,20(12):1158-1164

    • [9] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南(2019)[J].中华心血管病杂志,2019,47(10):766-783

    • [10] HAIG C,CARRICK D,CARBERRY J,et al.Current smoking and prognosis after acute ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2019,12(6):993-1003

    • [11] LI X M,LI B Y,GAO J,et al.Influence of angiographic spontaneous coronary reperfusion on long ⁃term prognosis in patients with ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarc⁃ tion[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(45):79767-79774

    • [12] KAI T,OKA S,HOSHINO K,et al.Renal dysfunction as a predictor of slow ⁃ flow/no ⁃ reflow phenomenon and im⁃ paired ST segment resolution after percutaneous coronary intervention in ST ⁃ elevation myocardial infarction with initial thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 0[J].Circ J,2021,85(10):1770-1778

    • [13] KIM Y H,HER A Y,JEONG M H,et al.Two⁃year clini⁃ cal outcomes according to pre ⁃ PCI TIMI flow grade and reperfusion timing in non ⁃ STEMI after newer ⁃generation drug ⁃eluting stents implantation[J].Angiology,2022,73(2):152-164

    • [14] 匡龙,徐芳,吴春苑,等.左心室整体纵向应变对急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后MACE发生的预测价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(12):1745-1749

    • [15] DASTIDAR A G,BARITUSSID A,DE GARATE E,et al.Prognostic role of CMR and conventional risk factors in myocardial infarction with nonobstructed coronary ar⁃ teries[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2019,12(10):1973-1982

    • [16] LIN X L,ZHOU B Y,LI S,et al.Correlation of ABO blood groups with spontaneous recanalization in acute myocardial infarction[J].Scand Cardiovasc J,2017,51(4):217-220

    • [17] KANG M G,KOO B K,TANTRY U S,et al.Associa⁃ tion between thrombogenicity indices and coronary micro⁃ vascular dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial in⁃ farction[J].JACC Basic Transl Sci,2021,6(9/10):749-761

    • [18] LANOY E,TCHECHE D,FELDMAN L,et al.Prothrom⁃ botic markers and early spontaneous recanalization in ST⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction[J].Thromb Hae⁃ most,2007,98(8):420-426

    • [19] ZHAO W Y,WEI Z L,XIN G,et al.Piezo1 initiates platelet hyperreactivity and accelerates thrombosis in hy⁃ pertension[J].J Thromb Haemost,2021,19(12):3113-3125

    • [20] BRASCHI A.Acute exercise ⁃induced changes in hemo⁃ static and fibrinolytic properties:analogies,similarities,and differences between normotensive subjects and pa⁃ tients with essential hypertension[J].Platelets,2019,30(6):675-689

    • [21] ANDERSEN H,HANSEN M H,BUHL K B,et al.Plas⁃ minogen deficiency and amiloride mitigate angiotensin Ⅱ ⁃induced hypertension in type 1 diabetic mice suggesting effects through the epithelial sodium channel[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2020,9(23):e016387

    • [22] BELLIEN J,IACOB M,RICHARD V,et al.Evidence for wall shear stress ⁃ dependent t ⁃PA release in human con⁃ duit arteries:role of endothelial factors and impact of high blood pressure[J].Hypertens Res,2021,44(3):310-317

    • [23] HAMID S,RHALEB I A,KASSEM K M,et al.Role of kinins in hypertension and heart failure[J].Pharmaceuti⁃ cals,2020,13(11):347

    • [24] BRASCHI A.Potential protective role of blood pressure ⁃ lowering drugs on the balance between hemostasis and fibrinolysis in hypertensive patients at rest and during exercise[J].Am J Cardiovasc Drugs,2019,19(2):133-171

    • [25] STONE G W,COX D,GARCIA E,et al.Normal flow(TI⁃ MI ⁃3)before mechanical reperfusion therapy is an inde⁃ pendent determinant of survival in acute myocardial in⁃ farction[J].Circulation,2001,104(6):636-641

    • [26] RAKOWSKI T,DUDEK D,DZIEWIERZ A,et al.Impact of infarct ⁃ related artery patency before primary PCI on outcome in patients with ST ⁃segment elevation myocardial infarction:the HORIZONS ⁃AMI trial[J].Euro Interven⁃ tion,2013,8(11):1307-1314

    • [27] SCHAMROTH P N,COHEN T,KLEMPFNER R,et al.Temporal trends in the pre ⁃ procedural TIMI flow grade among patients with ST⁃ segment elevation myocardial in⁃ farction ⁃ from the ACSIS registry[J].IJC Heart Vasc,2021,36:100868

    • [28] DE L G,ERNST N,ZIJLSTRA F.Preprocedural TIMI flow and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty[J].ACC Curr J Rev,2004,13(6):39-40

    • [29] ZEYMER U,HUBER K,FU Y L,et al.Impact of TIMI 3 patency before primary percutaneous coronary interven⁃ tion for ST⁃elevation myocardial infarction on clinical out⁃ come:results from the ASSENT ⁃ 4 PCI study[J].Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care,2012,1(2):136-142

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ESC S G.The task force for the management of acute myo⁃ cardial infarction in patients presenting with st ⁃ segment elevation of the European society of cardiology(esc)2017 esc guidelines for themanagement of acutemyocardial in⁃ farction in patients presenting with ST ⁃segment elevation [J].Russ J Cardiol,2018(5):103-158

    • [2] SHAABAN R,EL ETRIBY A,KAMAL D,et al.Prognos⁃ tic impact of pre⁃interventional culprit artery thrombolysis in myocardial infarction(TIMI)flow in patients with ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by prima⁃ ry percutaneous coronary intervention[J].Egypt Heart J,2022,74(1):1-8

    • [3] ZHAO Y P,YANG J J,JI Y Y,et al.Usefulness of fibrino⁃ gen ⁃to ⁃albumin ratio to predict no ⁃ reflow and short ⁃term prognosis in patients with ST⁃segment elevation myocardi⁃ al infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention[J].Heart Vessels,2019,34(10):1600-1607

    • [4] KRYCZKA K E,KRUK M,DEMKOW M,et al.Fibrino⁃ gen and a triad of thrombosis,inflammation,and the renin⁃ angiotensin system in premature coronary artery disease in women:a new insight into sex⁃related differences in the pathogenesis of the disease[J].Biomolecules,2021,11(7):1036

    • [5] OVERTCHOUK P,BARTHÉLÉMY O,HAUGUEL ⁃ MOREAU M,et al.Angiographic predictors of outcome in myocardial infarction patients presenting with cardiogenic shock:a CULPRIT ⁃ SHOCK angiographic substudy[J].EuroIntervention,2021,16(15):1237-1244

    • [6] KRAWCZYK K,STEPIEN K,NOWAK K,et al.ST ⁃seg⁃ ment re ⁃ elevation following primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction with patent infarct ⁃ related artery:impact on left ventricular function recovery and remodel⁃ ing[J].Pwki,2019,15(4):412-421

    • [7] BAUER T,ZEYMER U,DIALLO A,et al.Impact of pre⁃ procedural TIMI flow on clinical outcome in low ⁃ risk pa⁃ tients with ST ⁃ elevation myocardial infarction:results from the ATLANTIC study[J].Catheter Cardiovasc In⁃ terv,2020,95(3):494-500

    • [8] XUE X,KAN J,ZHANG J J,et al.Comparison in preva⁃ lence,predictors,and clinical outcome of VSR versus FWR after acute myocardial infarction:the prospective,multicenter registry MOODY trial ⁃ heart rupture analysis [J].Cardiovasc Revascularization Med,2019,20(12):1158-1164

    • [9] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南(2019)[J].中华心血管病杂志,2019,47(10):766-783

    • [10] HAIG C,CARRICK D,CARBERRY J,et al.Current smoking and prognosis after acute ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2019,12(6):993-1003

    • [11] LI X M,LI B Y,GAO J,et al.Influence of angiographic spontaneous coronary reperfusion on long ⁃term prognosis in patients with ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarc⁃ tion[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(45):79767-79774

    • [12] KAI T,OKA S,HOSHINO K,et al.Renal dysfunction as a predictor of slow ⁃ flow/no ⁃ reflow phenomenon and im⁃ paired ST segment resolution after percutaneous coronary intervention in ST ⁃ elevation myocardial infarction with initial thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 0[J].Circ J,2021,85(10):1770-1778

    • [13] KIM Y H,HER A Y,JEONG M H,et al.Two⁃year clini⁃ cal outcomes according to pre ⁃ PCI TIMI flow grade and reperfusion timing in non ⁃ STEMI after newer ⁃generation drug ⁃eluting stents implantation[J].Angiology,2022,73(2):152-164

    • [14] 匡龙,徐芳,吴春苑,等.左心室整体纵向应变对急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后MACE发生的预测价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(12):1745-1749

    • [15] DASTIDAR A G,BARITUSSID A,DE GARATE E,et al.Prognostic role of CMR and conventional risk factors in myocardial infarction with nonobstructed coronary ar⁃ teries[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2019,12(10):1973-1982

    • [16] LIN X L,ZHOU B Y,LI S,et al.Correlation of ABO blood groups with spontaneous recanalization in acute myocardial infarction[J].Scand Cardiovasc J,2017,51(4):217-220

    • [17] KANG M G,KOO B K,TANTRY U S,et al.Associa⁃ tion between thrombogenicity indices and coronary micro⁃ vascular dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial in⁃ farction[J].JACC Basic Transl Sci,2021,6(9/10):749-761

    • [18] LANOY E,TCHECHE D,FELDMAN L,et al.Prothrom⁃ botic markers and early spontaneous recanalization in ST⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction[J].Thromb Hae⁃ most,2007,98(8):420-426

    • [19] ZHAO W Y,WEI Z L,XIN G,et al.Piezo1 initiates platelet hyperreactivity and accelerates thrombosis in hy⁃ pertension[J].J Thromb Haemost,2021,19(12):3113-3125

    • [20] BRASCHI A.Acute exercise ⁃induced changes in hemo⁃ static and fibrinolytic properties:analogies,similarities,and differences between normotensive subjects and pa⁃ tients with essential hypertension[J].Platelets,2019,30(6):675-689

    • [21] ANDERSEN H,HANSEN M H,BUHL K B,et al.Plas⁃ minogen deficiency and amiloride mitigate angiotensin Ⅱ ⁃induced hypertension in type 1 diabetic mice suggesting effects through the epithelial sodium channel[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2020,9(23):e016387

    • [22] BELLIEN J,IACOB M,RICHARD V,et al.Evidence for wall shear stress ⁃ dependent t ⁃PA release in human con⁃ duit arteries:role of endothelial factors and impact of high blood pressure[J].Hypertens Res,2021,44(3):310-317

    • [23] HAMID S,RHALEB I A,KASSEM K M,et al.Role of kinins in hypertension and heart failure[J].Pharmaceuti⁃ cals,2020,13(11):347

    • [24] BRASCHI A.Potential protective role of blood pressure ⁃ lowering drugs on the balance between hemostasis and fibrinolysis in hypertensive patients at rest and during exercise[J].Am J Cardiovasc Drugs,2019,19(2):133-171

    • [25] STONE G W,COX D,GARCIA E,et al.Normal flow(TI⁃ MI ⁃3)before mechanical reperfusion therapy is an inde⁃ pendent determinant of survival in acute myocardial in⁃ farction[J].Circulation,2001,104(6):636-641

    • [26] RAKOWSKI T,DUDEK D,DZIEWIERZ A,et al.Impact of infarct ⁃ related artery patency before primary PCI on outcome in patients with ST ⁃segment elevation myocardial infarction:the HORIZONS ⁃AMI trial[J].Euro Interven⁃ tion,2013,8(11):1307-1314

    • [27] SCHAMROTH P N,COHEN T,KLEMPFNER R,et al.Temporal trends in the pre ⁃ procedural TIMI flow grade among patients with ST⁃ segment elevation myocardial in⁃ farction ⁃ from the ACSIS registry[J].IJC Heart Vasc,2021,36:100868

    • [28] DE L G,ERNST N,ZIJLSTRA F.Preprocedural TIMI flow and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty[J].ACC Curr J Rev,2004,13(6):39-40

    • [29] ZEYMER U,HUBER K,FU Y L,et al.Impact of TIMI 3 patency before primary percutaneous coronary interven⁃ tion for ST⁃elevation myocardial infarction on clinical out⁃ come:results from the ASSENT ⁃ 4 PCI study[J].Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care,2012,1(2):136-142